worksheet

For “Explain” questions please provide a complete explanation based on the lecture notes and textbook.

For “Name or Identify” questions you may list the answer.

For questions 7, 8, and 12:

Please outline the passages without changing or editing them (as they are written by past students).  Outline them using the Roman numeral system that we discussed in class and that are in your textbook.

Com. St. 11

Chapter 1:

Introduction to Public Speaking – Reasons

Communication in the Modern World

Interviews

Examples of speeches that provide information, reinforce feelings and
demonstrate process
Directions
Proposing a toast
Demonstrate to new customers how to use a cell phone
Expressing feelings of sympathy to a colleague over the loss of a close
Friend or family member

Principles of Communication applied every day
We inform, we shape, we move others and we are equally informed, molded, and
moved by others.

Classical Origins of Speaking

In ancient times public speaking was called rhetoric – the art of the orator.

Classical Rhetoric dealt with skill in persuasive oratory

Corax – considered one of the founders of rhetoric
Gorgias – brilliant speechmaker and teacher – emphasized ornate style, figures of
speech and emotionalism – were called the Sophists – at first were respected
teachers – however the sophistry has evolved a negative connotation
Isocrates – more influential than Gorgias – a more fluid prose style of writing and
speaking
Plato – had little regard for rhetoric – was not a true art – attacked the method of
Rhetoric – and that it was not a useful pursuit
Aristotle – challenged Plato’s beliefs about rhetoric – introduced the three
methods of proofs – ethos – pathos – logos
Cicero – speakers should be educated in the liberal arts
Quintilian – famous Roman lawyer who stressed that an orator must be a good
man and skilled in speaking – an orator must inform, move, and please

When you arrange a speech into an introduction, body, and conclusion you are applying
Aristotle. When you research your topic – Cicero. And when you practice delivery –
Quintilian.

The Communication Process

In the 1940s Shannon and Weaver wrote The Mathematical Theory of Communication.
In order for communication to take place there must be a source, a message, a channel,
and a receiver.

Criticized for lack of flexibility. More dynamic models developed including the
Transactional Model.

Communication Model

Sender – originates communication – with ideas, thoughts, feelings and intensions
then encodes the idea-thought-feeling into an understandable symbol. Symbols are
verbal and nonverbal expressions or actions that have meaning.

Message – arranged in some kind of logical structure

Channel – means of transporting the message. We convey our messages through sight,
sound, smell, taste, and touch.

Receiver – is the destination – and decodes or changed the symbols in your organized
message into ideals-thoughts-feelings that gives meaning to the message.

Feedback – is a verbal or nonverbal response.- transforms senders into receivers and
receivers into senders

Setting – the occasion, environment, space, and time.

Noise – a distortion or a distraction to communication – three types – external, internal,
and semantic

External – interference that can be perceived by the senses in the speech setting
Internal – interference or disruption that occurs within the sender or receiver
Semantic Noise – barrier to word or other symbol meanings because of

differences in environment, nationality, pronunciation, values or experiences

Communication Model Applied to Public Speaking

Applying Communication Model to Everyday Life

Designing a Plan

Critically evaluate speaking situations
Plan, prepare, and organize speeches
Deliver speeches in front of an audience with ease

Com. St. 11 – Notes for Chapter 2

Understanding and Reducing Your Apprehension

Speech Anxiety is Common

Researchers from a 1986 study found that public speaking was the number 1
fear.

Research into Stress and Communication Apprehension
Hans Selye famous research into stress reduction (1936) identified the stages
known as general adaptation syndrome.

Alarm Reaction – is the physical call to arms for the body to release various
chemicals in response to the fight-or-flight situation.

Physical Symptons of Nervousness:
Increased heart rate
Thickening speech due to decreased flow of saliva
Butterflies in the stomach
Increased sweating
Tiredness or yawning
Jumpiness or jitterness
Tightening of muscles
Shaky hands and legs, twitching in some muscles

Extra shot of adrenaline

Resistance Stage – reduces the general physiological alarms and channels
energy to those organs that are most capable of handling the tension. The body
stabilizes, maintains itself and begins to adapt to the stress.

Phase of Exhaustion – the body systems that were summoned to cope with the
stress are depleted. People who are under severe chronic pressure can develop
ulcers, hypertension, and heart disease.

McCroskey coined the term communication apprehension to describe an
individual’s anxiety. 20% of college students experience high anxiety regarding
public speaking. Apprehension is circular – it feeds on itself and defeats your
growth.

Lower communication apprehension through behavior modification techniques
known as systematic desensitization.

Reducing Communication Apprehension

Accept anxiety honestly and face it – most are irrational fears and have no basis

Ellis and Harper refer to the dread of the future as the concept of awfullizing.
These fears usually have no basis.

Develop a Positive Attitude
Replace negative self-talk with positive self-talk

Adopt Constructive Behaviors
Do something!

Maintain a Health Body
Exercise can help us to relax and reduce stress. Learn to relax naturally rather
than chemically. To speak clearly you need a clear head.

Be Thoroughly Prepared
Work on every aspect of the speech as much as you can – the research, the
outline, and the delivery. Careful research, clear organization, and a prepared
delivery will help you to build confidence and security in each speaking
assignment.

Reward Yourself
Do something nice for yourself if you’ve worked hard and deserve it.

Let Go of Mistakes
Don’t dwell on the past or on your failure – just try not to repeat them.

Accept Constructive Criticism
Allow yourself to hear and absorb constructive criticism. Criticism is meant to
promote success and to help you overcome failure.

Notes – Chapter 3

Building Your First Speech

Extemporaneous Delivery and Speaking Styles

Delivery – method of presenting the material whether it is extemporaneous, manuscript,
impromptu or memorized

Extemporaneous – researches a topic, prepares an outline, employs speaking notes

Manuscripts – word for word

Impromptu – surprise speech without any notes or prior presentation

Memorized – situations where eye contact and accurate timing

Creating a Blueprint

Choose an interesting, well-defined topic – general to specific

Understand the general purpose – the direction of the material presented. Informative
speeches enlighten and educate, define concepts, demonstrate procedures or describe.
Persuasive speeches influence and alter the beliefs, feelings, or behavior of listeners.
Entertaining speeches is to gain a humorous response by poking fund at people, or events.

Conduct Extensive Research – find interesting factual materials to support the topic and
to establish your credibility as a speaker.

Write Specific Purpose and Thesis Statements – represents the main objective, which
joins all ideas to one common theme and enables the speaker to keep on target. The
thesis statement is often called the central idea or central objective expands the specific
purpose.

Write a Comprehensive Outline – logical outline to keep you on track throughout the
presentation, A speech has three major parts – introduction, body, conclusion. Since the
body is the biggest portion it should be developed first. The introduction should get
attention and promote curiosity as well as prepare the audience for the topic and thesis
statement. The conclusion resolves the ideas you have presented in the speech. The
audience should sense finality and resolution to the topic.

Be Sensitive to Audience Members – consider the needs and feelings of your audience.

Understand Your Ethical Responsibilities – when you present a speech you are claiming
to have knowledge about a topic that could benefit the audience. You have an ethical
responsibility to convey this knowledge fairly and accurately without misleading your
listners.

Choose Extemporaneous Delivery

Practice the Speech – successful public speaking requires practice.

Be confident and prepared

Notes for Chapter 7

Selecting the Topic and Purpose

Getting Ideas

Your Own Knowledge and Experience

Brainstorming

Proquest Direct, Academic Search Elite, The Reader’s Guide to Periodical
Literature or Info Trac

Use search engines such as Google and Yahoo

Ask for Help

Selecting the Topic – Five Guidelines

It should be sufficiently narrow and conform to the time limit

It should interest you, the speaker

It should provide new information

It should be appropriate

It should conform to the general purpose

Chapter 8 – Conducting Research

Preparing for Research

Establishing Credibility

Check reliability of authors and the authenticity of publications or so-called
experts.

Don’t rely on hearsay, gossip columns, or fabrication for evidence

Be willing to spend the time researching ideas from sources that are
credible and noteworthy

Cite specific authorities to build confidence and believability

Primary and Secondary Sources

Using General References

The Catalog

Periodical Indexes

Accessing the Library by Computer

Guidelines for Search the Internet

Examine the authorship or source of the website

Identify the purpose of the website

Evaluate the content of the site

Research Substantive Sources

Biographies

Directories and Handbooks

Dictionaries

Encyclopedias

Almanacs, Yearbooks, and Statistical Publications

Collection of Quotations

Books

Magazines, Journals, and Newspapers

Interviews with Authorities

Legislative and Governmental Research

Institutional and Organizational Research

Specialized Libraries and Museums

Keeping Accurate Notes

Include the topic heading

Type of supporting information (statistic, quotation, comparison or
contrast, etc.)

Place bibliographic entry
Write down specific details of information.

Interviewing – conduct interviews by teleconference, e-mail, or in person

The Bibliography: How to Record an Entry

Avoiding Plagiarism

Thinking Critically About Speech Research and Construction

Be Willing to Test Information

Be Organized

View Ideas from Different Perspectives

Think for Yourself

Com. St. 11 – Study Questions for Final Exam

1.

 

Explain the strategy of being “thoroughly prepared” for reducing communication apprehension.

 

2.  Explain extemporaneous delivery?

 

3.  Name five resources, which can be helpful in gathering ideas for a speech.

 

4.  Identify five reference sources for a speech.

 

5.  Identify the elements of vocal delivery.

 

6.  Identify five strategies for the introduction and conclusion.

                 

7.  Outline the following body (second main point):

     Through marketing, establish an emotional connection.  According to Fox News 2016, it is important to create an advertisement that will captivate the viewers and consumers emotions.  According to Money Talk co-host, Aaron M. Sanchez, the emotional aspect plays numerous roles in consumer behavior.  It is not only about making the consumer purchase the product, it is also about maintaining them.  Therefore, it is crucial to create a long lasting emotional affect.  In Psychology Today 2013, it states that, “fMRI neuro-imagery shows that when evaluating brands, consumers primarily use emotions (personal feelings and experiences) rather than information (brand attributes, features, and facts)”.

 

8.  Outline the following conclusion: 

     Although it is not scientifically proved if environmental experience can make healing on people with cancer, according to a research in 

academia.edu

 website, spatial qualities definitely are related to emotional experience of people.  Therefore, design can improve environmental experiences and add the wholesome to the character of the built environment.

 

9.  Please explain how to cite the following source in your speech.

Adams, G. S., & Inesi, M. E. (2016). Impediments to forgiveness: Victim and        transgressor attributions of intent and guilt. Journal of Personality and        Social Psychology, 111, 866–881.

 

10.  Please explain how to cite the following source in your speech.

Prospective Psychology.org

 

11.  Please explain how to cite the following source in your speech.

Helen Fisher Says the Future of Love Will Play Out by Prehistoric Rules
By Helen Fisher, PhD
Wall Street Journal, July 2014

 

12.   Outline the following introduction:

     Hi everyone!  By the show of hands, how many of you can admit that you tend to lie through situations?  What many of us do not realize are the consequences that come with lying.  Even the smallest lies, like a white lie, will eventually come back to haunt us.  Today, I would like to discuss the consequences of lying.   This includes losing trust, having broken promises and having these aspects lead to rumors.

 
 

13.  Write a specific purpose and thesis for the following topic (Informative Speech):

Kindness

 
 

14.  Write a specific purpose and thesis for the following topic (Persuasive Speech):

Compassion