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Question 1
In the wake of September 11, 2001 and years to come, discuss the potential threats to the U.S. public
health, and safety from a toxicological standpoint. Discuss how your life has changed since this event, if at
all, and whether you feel that we are now more or less prepared to manage these potential toxicological
threats
Question 2
Discuss and differentiate between sub chronic toxicity testing and chronic toxicity testing.
Question 3
Discuss how you perceive “risk.” What toxicological risks do we experience in our daily lives, sometimes
without recognition? What are some behaviors that can result in increased risk and how can we take
steps to avoid them?
Each Question must be answered with at least 200 words in length. You are required to use at least your textbook
as source material for your response. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased
and quoted material must have accompanying citations.
Case Study
Background and Instructions:
In recent years, honeybee colonies have been experiencing “Colony Collapse Disorder” (CCD). Given the key role of
honeybees in pollinating our agricultural crops, it has become a serious issue. Many causes for the collapse of
honeybee colonies are currently being investigated.
The potential causes include viruses, parasites, urban sprawl, pesticides, and other environmental pollutants.
Examine the phenomenon of CCD from a toxicological standpoint by researching three groups of chemicals that
are being investigated as potential contributors to CCD: Antibiotics, miticides, and neonicotinoid pesticides.
The assigned Case Study for this course deals with the phenomena of “Colony Collapse Disorder” in honeybee
populations, and should include the following components:
A brief introduction of the phenomenon.
Background information on the groups of chemicals pertinent to the Case Study.
Analysis of the key potential causes of the phenomena.
Summary of the article’s conclusions and your own opinions on the potential causes for the phenomena.
Write a 4-5 page analysis (double spaced, 12 pt. type) of the potential causes listed above, and then discuss your
opinion regarding which, if any, is the most likely cause. If you do not believe any of these chemicals are
contributing to CCD, provide a brief discussion about what you believe to be the cause.
Be sure to provide both in-text references as well as the full citations in APA format at the end of your analysis.
Include a cover page and brief abstract for your analysis (these pages are not to be included in the total 4-5 page
requirement). The Case Study assignment must follow APA style guidelines, therefore the APA rules for
formatting, quoting, paraphrasing, citing, and listing of sources are to be followed.
Science With Bees.
Authors:
Princing, McKenna
Source:
Bee Culture
. Nov2013, Vol. 141 Issue 11, p35-35. 1p.
Document Type:
Article
Subject Terms:
*
RESEARCH
HONEYBEE
— Diseases — Prevention
HONEYBEE
COLONY collapse disorder of honeybees — Risk factors
WORKER
honeybees
Company/Entity:
UNIVERSITY of Washington
Abstract:
The article offers information on a study conducted by researchers of University of Washington (UW) on the reasons behind large die-offs of honey bees. It informs that colony collapse disorder (CCD) due to chemical use, mites, and unsustainable beekeeping practices, are responsible for vanishing of workers bees from the hive. It also informs about carbon filtration method used by UW researchers to extract pesticides from beeswax.
ISSN:
1071-3190
Accession Number:
91720751
Society in a Box.
Authors:
Aciman, Alexander
Jones, Heather
Source:
Time
. 8/19/2013, Vol. 182 Issue 8, p28. 1p. 2 Color Photographs.
Document Type:
Article
Subject Terms:
*RESEARCH
HONEYBEE
BEE
HIVE
S
BEE culture
HONEY, Comb
ANIMAL communication
NAICS/Industry Codes:
112910
Apiculture
Abstract:
The article presents an analysis of the anatomy of the honeybee and its communication habits and life during concerns over colony collapse disorder (CCD) in 2013. Topics include a discussion of the bee’s anatomical features including the mandible, the sting, and its two sets of wings, an exploration of the hierarchy of the hive, and an explanation for the honeybee’s communicative dances.
Full Text Word Count:
830
ISSN:
0040-781X
Accession Number:
89629784
Publisher Logo:
Translate Full Text:
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Society in a Box
A honeybee’s life, death and world
Humans have been keeping honeybees for thousands of years, yet the insects still manage to surprise us. Lost in the debate over what is causing the death of bees is how intricately complex their lives are, from the tiniest brood to the virgin queen. After all, what other invertebrate communicates by dance?
THE ANATOMY
Things you may not know about Apis mellifera
ELECTROSTATIC CHARGE
A charge on the bee’s hair attracts pollen.
THE PROBOSCIS
The airtight, strawlike tube sucks up nectar and also works in reverse to feed offspring from a honey stomach.
MANDIBLE
The jaws help bite and pack pollen as well as shape wax for building honeycomb.
EYES
Bees have five of them–two large compound eyes and three ocelli used to detect light intensity. A worker’s eyes have nearly 7,000 lenses.
WING HOOKS
Hooks enable the bee to attach one of each set of wings together during flight for maximum efficiency.
LEGS
Brushes scrape pollen from front to back, where it collects in the pollen basket, a sac attached to the rear leg.
WAX PLATES
Bees secrete wax beneath plates on their abdomen and use it to build honeycomb.
WINGS
A bee has two sets of wings. Rapid flapping generates warmth and evaporates water from nectar to make honey.
HONEY STOMACH
A second reservoir where nectar is temporarily stored before being regurgitated.
STING
When a bee stings, a barb prevents the stinger from being pulled out; the bee then tears its abdomen while freeing itself before dying.
VENOM
The unique mixture of chemicals that causes a sting to hurt may play a role in stopping the spread of HIV, which venom has been shown to destroy.
• The oldest known honeybee specimen dates from 100 million years ago.
• The 17th century naturalist Jan Swammerdam discovered that the king bee had ovaries and was, in fact, a queen.
• In 1923 scientist Rudolf Steiner predicted that within 100 years artificial cultivation of honeybees would have severe consequences on the bee population.
THE BASICS
Actual size, 0.4–0.6 in. (5–15 mm)
DUTIES
WORKER
Construction, storage, keeping the nursery, guarding, caretaking, scouting and foraging.
DRONE
Mates with a virgin queen in midair. Can fly backward, rotate and flip.
QUEEN
Lays up to 1,500 eggs a day, possibly more. Secretes pheromones to control workers.
LIFE SPAN
20–30 days
Dies after mating
3–7 years
THE BREEDS
There are 20,000 species of bees worldwide, but only six main types are kept commercially:
ITALIAN
RUSSIAN
CARNIOLAN
CAUCASIAN
GERMAN
BUCKFAST
1/12 TEASPOON
Amount of honey a worker bee will produce during its short life
$15 billion
Estimated annual amount by which bee pollination increases crop value
In a single trip, a worker bee can visit up to 100 flowers and carry more than half its weight in pollen
In order to produce 1 lb. (0.4 kg) of honey, hive workers fly a collective 55,000 miles (89,000 km)
and tap 2,000,000 flowers
THE HIVE
A colony typically comprises 20,000 to 30,000 bees. Although it has long been believed that bees hibernate in the winter, the colony creates a winter ecosystem inside the hive and lives off honey, with the bees maintaining warmth by working their wings. Middle-aged worker bees build by attaching each comb to the walls of the hive–a process that often requires more than 2 lb. (1 kg) of wax.
THE DANCE
When a scout worker has successfully located food, it alerts its fellow foragers about the food’s location with a series of dance moves. Through the number of turns, the duration of the dance and the moves themselves, the scout can communicate the distance to the food, the angle of the food to the sun and whether it is near or far.
SUN
The scout dances in a figure-eight shape to tell other workers to fly toward the sun. The number of dance patterns in a given time indicates distance.
SUN
The angle at which the scout dances gives the angle of the food source relative to the hive and the sun.
FOOD
HIVE
NEARBY ROUND DANCE
60°
FOOD
HIVE
THE FUTURE
THE ROBOBEE
Harvard’s School of Engineering and Applied Sciences conducted the first successful flight of a life-size robotic fly in 2007. The lab has received $10 million in grant money from the National Science Foundation to build a network of autonomous artificial bees.
ARTIFICIAL MUSCLES CAN BEAT WINGS 120 TIMES PER SECOND
AIRFOILS ROTATE INDEPENDENTLY
WEIGHS 80 MG
APPLICATIONS
• SEARCH AND RESCUE
• ARTIFICIAL POLLINATION
• COVERT SURVEILLANCE
• HIGH-RESOLUTION WEATHER AND CLIMATE MAPPING
• TRAFFIC MONITORING
Sources: Washington University School of Medicine; PBS; USDA; Roger A. Morse and Nicholas W. Calderone, Cornell University; Bee/Rose-Lynn Fisher; National Geographic; Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Encyclopaedia Britannica; Bees/Lectures by Rudolf Steiner; North Carolina State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
PHOTO (COLOR)
PHOTO (COLOR)
~~~~~~~~
By Alexander Aciman and Heather Jones
Copyright © Time Inc., 2013. All rights reserved. No part of this material may be duplicated or redisseminated without permission.
The Humble Bumble Bee.
Authors:
Brownlee, Ken
Source:
Claims
. Jul2013, Vol. 61 Issue 7, p30-29. 4p.
Document Type:
Article
Subject Terms:
*
INSURANCE adjusters
BEES — Reproduction
COLONY collapse disorder of honeybees
BEEHIVES
LIVESTOCK insurance
AGRICULTURAL insurance
NAICS/Industry Codes:
112910 Apiculture
524291
Claims Adjusting
524126
Direct Property and Casualty Insurance Carriers
524129
Other direct insurance (except life, health and medical) carriers
Abstract:
The article discusses the value of bees and how a colony collapse disorder “CCD” or when the bees fail to return to the hives is considered as a major disaster in the making by Washington. It points out that bees are needed to pollinate hundreds of crops and beekeepers need some form of agricultural livestock insurance to cover their losses. It indicates that in handling a livestock or crop claim, adjusters must have a good scientific and investigative mind.
ISSN:
0895-7991
Accession Number:
88841015
