UOFT International Relations and Its Role to Promote Education in The Philippines PPT

Classification of Variables•1. According to continuity of
values
1. discrete variable
2. continuous variable
•1. According to functional
relationship
1. independent variable
2. dependent variable
Independent Variable –
something that is changed by
the scientist
What is tested
What is manipulated
Dependent Variable –
something that might be
affected by the change in the
independent variable
What is observed
What is measured
The data collected during the
investigation
Example
Students of different ages were
given the same jigsaw puzzle to
put together. They were timed to
see how long it took to finish the
puzzle.
What was the independent
variable?
Ages of the students
Different ages were tested by
the scientist
What was the dependent
variable?
The time it to put the puzzle
together
The time was observed and
measured by the scientist
An investigation was done
with an electromagnetic
system made from a battery
and wire wrapped around a
nail. Different sizes of nails
were used. The number of
paper clips the electromagnet
could pick up was measured.
Independent variable:
Sizes of nails
These were changed by the scientist
Dependent variable:
Number of paper clips picked up
The number of paper clips observed
and counted (measured)
Some Examples of Independent and
Dependent Variables
The following is a hypothesis for a study.
1. “There will be a statistically significant
difference in graduation rates of at-risk highschool seniors who participate in an intensive
study program as opposed to at-risk highschool seniors who do not participate in the
intensive study program.” (LaFountain & Bartos,
2002, p. 57)
IV: Participation in intensive study program.
DV: Graduation rates.
The following is a description of a study.
2. “A director of residential living on a large university
campus is concerned about the large turnover rate in
resident assistants. In recent years many resident
assistants have left their positions before completing
even 1 year in their assignments. The director wants to
identify the factors that predict commitment as a
resident assistant (defined as continuing in the position
a minimum of 2 years). The director decides to assess
knowledge of the position, attitude toward residential
policies, and ability to handle conflicts as predictors for
commitment to the position.” (LaFountain & Bartos,
2002, p. 8)
IV: knowledge of position, attitude toward policies, and
ability to handle conflicts.
DV: commitment to position (continuing in position for 2
years or not continuing).
3. Levels of Measurement
The Levels of Measurement
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
Some Definitions
Variable
Some Definitions
Variable
Attribute
Attribute
Some Definitions
Variable
Attribute
Gender
Attribute
Some Definitions
Variable
Attribute
Gender
Attribute
Female
Male
Qualities of Variables
exhaustive – should include all
possible answerable responses
mutually exclusive – no respondent
should be able to have two attributes
simultaneously (e.g., employed vs.
unemployed – it is possible to be both
if looking for a second job while
employed)
What is Level of Measurement?
the relationship of the values that are
assigned to the attributes for a variable
What is Level of Measurement?
the relationship of the values that are
assigned to the attributes for a variable
relationship
What is Level of Measurement?
the relationship of the values that are
assigned to the attributes for a variable
values
relationship
1
2
3
What is Level of Measurement?
the relationship of the values that are
assigned to the attributes for a variable
attributes
values
relationship
Republican
Independent
Democrat
1
2
3
What is Level of Measurement?
the relationship of the values that are
assigned to the attributes for a variable
variable
attributes
values
relationship
Party Affiliation
Republican
Independent
Democrat
1
2
3
Why is Level of Measurement
Important?
helps you decide what statistical
analysis is appropriate on the values
that were assigned
helps you decide how to interpet the
data from that variable
Nominal Measurement
the values just “name” the attribute
uniquely
Nominal Measurement
the values just “name” the attribute
uniquely
does not imply any ordering of the
cases
Nominal Measurement
the values just “name” the attribute
uniquely
does not imply any ordering of the
cases
for example, jersey numbers in
football
Nominal Measurement
the values just “name” the attribute
uniquely
does not imply any ordering of the
cases
for example, jersey numbers in
football
even though player 32 has higher
number than player 19, you can’t say
from the data that he’s greater than or
more than the other
Ordinal Measurement
when attributes can be rank-ordered
Ordinal Measurement
when attributes can be rank-ordered
distances between attributes do not
have any meaning
Ordinal Measurement
when attributes can be rank-ordered
distances between attributes do not
have any meaning
for example, code Educational
Attainment as 0=less than H.S.;
1=some H.S.; 2=H.S. degree;
3=some college; 4=college degree;
5=post college
Ordinal Measurement
when attributes can be rank-ordered
distances between attributes do not
have any meaning
for example, code Educational
Attainment as 0=less than H.S.;
1=some H.S.; 2=H.S. degree;
3=some college; 4=college degree;
5=post college
is distance from 0 to 1 same as 3 to
4?
Interval Measurement
when distance between attributes has
meaning
Interval Measurement
when distance between attributes has
meaning
for example, temperature (in
Fahrenheit) – distance from 30-40 is
same as distance from 70-80
Interval Measurement
when distance between attributes has
meaning
for example, temperature (in
Fahrenheit) – distance from 30-40 is
same as distance from 70-80
but note that ratios don’t make any
sense – 80 degrees is not twice as
hot as 40 degrees (although the
attribute values are)
Ratio Measurement
has an absolute zero that is
meaningful
Ratio Measurement
has an absolute zero that is
meaningful
can construct a meaningful ratio
(fraction)
Ratio Measurement
has an absolute zero that is
meaningful
can construct a meaningful ratio
(fraction)
for example,number of clients in past
six months
Ratio Measurement
has an absolute zero that is
meaningful
can construct a meaningful ratio
(fraction)
for example,number of clients in past
six months
it is meaningful to say that “…we had
twice as many clients in this period as
we did in the previous six months
The Hierarchy of Levels
Nominal
The Hierarchy of Levels
Nominal
Attributes are only named; weakest
The Hierarchy of Levels
Ordinal
Nominal
Attributes are only named; weakest
The Hierarchy of Levels
Ordinal
Nominal
Attributes can be ordered
Attributes are only named; weakest
The Hierarchy of Levels
Interval
Ordinal
Nominal
Attributes can be ordered
Attributes are only named; weakest
The Hierarchy of Levels
Interval
Ordinal
Nominal
Distance is meaningful
Attributes can be ordered
Attributes are only named; weakest
The Hierarchy of Levels
Ratio
Interval
Ordinal
Nominal
Distance is meaningful
Attributes can be ordered
Attributes are only named; weakest
The Hierarchy of Levels
Ratio
Interval
Ordinal
Nominal
Absolute zero
Distance is meaningful
Attributes can be ordered
Attributes are only named; weakest