Students posted discussions Answer in APA format with 1 citations per paragraph treat each answer as a separate work or file and each work or file need separate references. At least 350 word each answer if you can. Support your posts with specific refere

SOCW04 week7 discussion #1

Learning Resources to be used as references to support your answer.

Note:

To access this week’s required library resources, please click on the link to the Course Readings List, found in the Course Materials section of your Syllabus.

Required Readings

Gehlert, S., & Browne, T. (Eds.). (2012). Handbook of health social work (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

· Chapter 7, “Community and Health” (pp. 143–163)

Gehlert, S., & Browne, T. (Eds.). (2012). Handbook of health social work (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

· Chapter 4, “Public Health and Social Work”

· Section: “History of Public Health and Social Work” (pp. 65–67)

· Section: “Common Values” (pp. 70–75)

Coren, E., Iredale, W., Rutter, D., & Bywaters, P. (2011). The contribution of social work and social interventions across the life course to the reduction of health inequalities: A new agenda for social work education? Social Work Education, 30(6), 594–609.

Note: Retrieved from Walden Library databases.

Errickson, S. P., Alvarez, M., Forquera, R., Whitehead, T. L., Fleg, A., … Schoenbach, V. J. (2011). What will health-care reform mean for minority health disparities? Public Health Reports, 126(2), 170–175. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3056029/

Nguyen, D. D., Ho, K. H., & Williams, J. H. (2011). Social determinants and health service use among racial and ethnic minorities: Findings from a community sample. Social Work in Health Care, 50(5), 390–405.

Note: Retrieved from Walden Library databases.

Robinson, L. M., Dauenhauer, J., Bishop, K. M., & Baxter, J. (2012). Growing health disparities for persons who are aging with intellectual and developmental disabilities: The social work linchpin. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 55(2), 175–190.

Note: Retrieved from Walden Library databases.

Optional Resources

Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). HHS action plan to reduce racial and ethnic health disparities. A nation free of disparities in health and health care. Retrieved from http://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/npa/files/Plans/HHS/HHS_Plan_complete

Work #1

Answer in APA format with 1 citations per paragraph treat each answer as a separate work or file and each work or file need separate references. At least 350 word each answer if you can.
Support your posts with specific references to the Learning Resources given in this work. Be sure to provide full APA citations for your references. Treat each work, file or answer as a separate work and each work or answer needs separate references.

Be sure to support your postings and responses with specific references to the resources and the current literature given in the work using appropriate APA format and style

Work #1

Respond to at least two different colleagues’ postings in one or more of the following ways:

· Critique your colleague’s post by suggesting additional determinants for health disparity.

· Submit a constructive critique of your colleague’s post. Expand on your colleague’s explanation about access to health care.

· Expand on your colleague’s posting by providing additional insights or contrasting perspectives based on readings and evidence.

Work #1 Cara Colantuono

· RE: Discussion 1 – Week 7

COLLAPSE

Top of Form

· Main Post:

· Healthcare equality is influenced by a multitude of factors including socioeconomic status, access to healthcare, environmental components, behavioral health, and ethnicity (Gehlert & Browne, 2012). The minority population that I have chosen to focus on is the LGBT community. In the LGBT community, there are non-biological disparities including lack of cultural competency and health education among healthcare providers, and lack of public health awareness and inclusion in the community (Stall, Matthews, Friedman, Kinsky, Egan, Coulter, & Markovic, 2016).

· Medical social workers have the opportunity to advocate for minorities experiencing healthcare disparities through education, empowerment, and teaching of social justice on the micro, mezzo, and macro levels (Gehlert & Browne, 2012). Social workers promoting education about the LGBT community can influence a high level of inclusion and equality among healthcare providers. Furthermore, public health policy involves the improvement and progression of healthcare screening and efforts to access the community to promote prevention (Stall, et al., 2016). Public health social workers act as case managers, advocates, discharge planners, and educators (Gehlert & Browne, 2012). Social workers are in a unique position to highlight and advocate for advancements in the LGBT community to bridge the gaps in healthcare disparities.

References

· Gehlert, S., & Browne, T. (Eds.). (2012). Handbook of health social work (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley

· Stall, R., Matthews, D. D., Reuel Friedman, M., Kinsky, S., Egan, J. E., Coulter, R. S., & Markovic, N. (2016). The continuing development of health disparities research on lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals. American Journal of Public Health. Pp. 787-789. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303183

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Work #2

Answer in APA format with 1 citations per paragraph treat each answer as a separate work or file and each work or file need separate references. At least 350 word each answer if you can.
Support your posts with specific references to the Learning Resources given in this work. Be sure to provide full APA citations for your references. Treat each work, file or answer as a separate work and each work or answer needs separate references.

Be sure to support your postings and responses with specific references to the resources and the current literature given in the work using appropriate APA format and style

Work #2

Respond to at least two different colleagues’ postings anwer in the following ways:

· 1. Critique your colleague’s post by suggesting additional determinants for health disparity.

· 2. Submit a constructive critique of your colleague’s post. Expand on your colleague’s explanation about access to health care.

· 3. Expand on your colleague’s posting by providing additional insights or contrasting perspectives based on readings and evidence.

Work #2 Mary Cummins

RE: Discussion 1 – Week 7

COLLAPSE

Top of Form

Minority populations are known to be disadvantaged when it comes to their health and health care. One specific group of people that has suffered from these ongoing health disparities is the American Indian population. (Ngyuen, 2011). For example, American Indians are far more likely to die from chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and other alcohol-related causes than any other population. American Indians are also more likely to commit suicide and, in comparison with national data, are more likely suffer from PTSD and alcohol dependence. (Johnson, 2001).

These health disparities are due, in part, to the lack of funding within the Indian Health Service (IHS) system and the way in which this funding is dispersed. Despite the fact that more than one-third of demands for health care services was in relation to mental health, only a small percentage of the already limited budget is allocated for mental health services. (Johnson, 2001). These health disparities are also due to the lack of literature and research having been done in regards to the American Indian communities.

In recent years, more literature has been presented that documents the racial and ethnic disparities in healthcare. However, more ongoing work and progress in relation to these disparities are needed. Not only do we, as social workers, need to know where and why health disparities exist, but we need to know what services we can offer disadvantaged populations in order to help bridge this gap in health care. (Coren, 2011).

References
Nguyen, D. D., Ho, K. H., & Williams, J. H. (2011). Social determinants and health service use among racial and ethnic minorities: Findings from a community sample. Social Work in Health Care, 50(5), 390–405.

Johnson, J., Cameron, M. (2001). Barriers to providing effective mental health services to American Indians. Mental Health Serv Res. 3(4), 215–223.

SOCW 90 week7 discussion 1

Learning Resources to be used as resource to support your answers.

Note:

To access this week’s required library resources, please click on the link to the Course Readings List, found in the Course Materials section of your Syllabus.
Required Readings

Agaibi, C. E., & Wilson, J. P. (2005). Trauma, PTSD, and resilience: A review of the literature. Trauma Violence Abuse, 6, 195–216.

Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.

· “Trauma-and Stressor-Related Disorders” (pp. 265–290)

Pietrzak, R., Goldstein, M., Malley, J., Johnson, D., & Southwick, S. (2009). Subsyndromal posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with health and psychosocial difficulties in veterans of operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. Depression and Anxiety [serial online], 26(8), 739–744.

Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

Rosen, G. M., Spitzer, R. L., & McHugh, P. R. (2008). Problems with the post-traumatic stress disorder diagnosis and its future in DSM-V. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 192, 3–4.

Problems with the post-traumatic stress disorder diagnosis and its future in DSM-V by Rosen, G.M., Spitzer, R.L., & McHugh, P.R. in The British Journal of Psychiatry, 192/1. Copyright 2008 by the Royal Medico-Psychological Association. Reprinted by permission of the Royal College of Psychiatrists via the Copyright Clearance Center.

Van der Kolk, B. A. (2005). Developmental trauma disorder: Towards a rational diagnosis for chronically traumatized children. Retrieved from www. traumacenter.org

Van der Kolk, B.A. (2005). Developmental trauma disorder: Towards a rational diagnosis for children with complex trauma histories by Van der Kolk, B.A., in Psychiatric Annals, 35/5. Copyright 2005 by Slack Incorporated. Reprinted by permission of Slack Incorporated via the Copyright Clearance Center.

Work #3

Be sure to support your postings and responses with specific references to the resources and the current literature given in the work using appropriate APA format and style

Work #3

Respond to at least two colleagues who selected articles that addressed different national tragedies. Analyze and discuss the similarities and differences of the needs of the individuals involved in these tragedies. What are some of the factors that needed to be addressed by the mental health community in both of these events? How can social work address the gaps in available services?

Work #3 Alyssa Coan

RE: Discussion – Week 7

COLLAPSE

Top of Form

A national event

There are many types of traumas that can occur in a person’s life time. One of the most largely recognized trauma that the American nation faced was the 9/11 terror attacks. The 9/11 terror attacks occurred when two terrorist planes collided into the twin towers in New York City bringing both buildings crashing down, killing hundreds. This attack effected many individuals as individuals lost their loved ones, a city lost major buildings and witnessed the towers fall, the responders afterword’s had to handle everything that was left and a nation witnessed a horrific event by terrorists. People have very resilient minds in order to continue through life even after traumatic events such as this occur (Agaibi, & Wilson, 2005). However, this coping mechanism is not always easy for those effected to understand. A single traumatic event like 9/11 can create a change in behaviors and often can create a biological and psychological response to reminders of the trauma (Van der Kolk, 2005). Disorders such as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Acute Stress Disorder, and other specified trauma disorders can develop (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).

Psychological issues from the event

According to the DMS V anyone who directly witnesses an event, an occurrence to others as it was happening, learning that an close family member of=r friend was involved in a traumatic event and experiencing exposure to the traumatic event can all cause a stress or trauma disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).). With this type of trauma there are many things that can become emotionally unsound across the nation. On a national level, creating a feeling of safety and security to go about regular daily routines would be very important. In addition, having educated individuals (like social workers) in how to handle trauma be prepared to help families in the support of their losses and perceptions of the event. An event like this can cause an individual to feel withdrawn and might exhibit limited emotional responses and episodes of irritability, sadness, or anger which might stem from nightmares memories of the event, or by anything that reminds the person about the event (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).

Intervention by story telling

In this type of situation, being sensitive to the trauma and still making progress in understanding and helping the client move forward in healing and managing trauma symptoms. A study done by Costantino, Primavera, Malgady, and Costantino (2014), describe how Narrative Therapy was used to help children and families understand their trauma from the attacks. Guidelines from the National Association of Social Workers show that Narrative Therapy fits many of the ideals of how to work with a client and how to create a safe and healthy client social worker relationship. Story telling in a narrative therapy setting can allow a social worker to gather evidence, understand different area’s that might need addressed in sessions, prioritize trauma’s and exhibit a respect for the client that they are the “professional” of their life (Cairney & Oliver, 2017).

This type of therapy can help social workers understand more complex trauma’s and give insight to where resources and policy might lack in the ability to assist the client fully (Cairney & Oliver, 2017). Utilizing an evidence based practice such as Narrative Therapy can help maximize helpfulness to assist people in all areas not just social work (i.e. police, nurses, doctors, EMT, etc.). Handling trauma victims can be difficult as each person may react differently to different types of coping methods. Often victims disclose that they were retraumatized in their treatment from others before making it to a social worker (Cairney & Oliver, 2017).

References
Agaibi, C. E., & Wilson, J. P. (2005). Trauma, PTSD, and resilience: A review of the literature. Trauma Violence Abuse, 6, 195–216.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.

Cairney, P. & Oliver, K. (2017). Evidence-based policymaking is not like evidence-based medicine, so how far should you go to bridge the divide between evidence and policy? Health Research Policy & Systems. 12(35).

Costantinoo, G., Primavera, L. H., Malgady, R. G., & Costantino, E. (2014). Culturally oriented trauma treatments for Latino children post 9/11. Journal of Children and Adolescent Trauma. 7(1). 247-255.

Van der Kolk, B. A. (2005). Developmental trauma disorder: Towards a rational diagnosis for chronically traumatized children. Retrieved from www. traumacenter.org

Work #4

Be sure to support your postings and responses with specific references to the resources and the current literature given in the work using appropriate APA format and style

Work #4
Respond to at least two colleagues who selected articles that addressed different national tragedies. Analyze and discuss the similarities and differences of the needs of the individuals involved in these tragedies. What are some of the factors that needed to be addressed by the mental health community in both of these events? How can social work address the gaps in available services?

Work #4 Michele Munzner

RE: Discussion – Week 7

COLLAPSE

Top of Form

National Traumatic Event: September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks in New York City

Terrorism is not a new event in the world. On September 11, 2001 terrorist hijacked multiple airplanes to crash into prominent locations in the United States. Two airplanes which crashed into the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, one airplane crashed into the Pentagon, and one airplane crashed in Shanksville, Pennsylvania (History.com, n.d.).

The initial affects were consistent with post traumatic symptoms of shock, disbelief, sadness, fear, and anger (Miller & Heldring, 2004). There was an elevated sense of anxiety, decreased sense of control, and safety concerns (Miller & Heldring, 2004). In addition, indirect symptoms such as complicated bereavement, increased substance abuse, and family violence were reported (Miller & Heldring, 2004). Furthermore, there were fears of retribution within the Muslim community. Some of the psychosocial issues that need to be address following this event are depression, anxiety, adaptation to the new normal, and substance abuse.

After this event occurred, The New York State Psychiatric Institute was overwhelmed with requests from clinicians for training (Marshall & Suh, 2003). To accommodate this demand, The New York Consortium for Effective Trauma Treatment provided intensive training from experienced clinicians from around the world (Marshall & Suh, 2003). The clients treated by the consortium presented with diverse issues with many being influenced by ethnic and cultural backgrounds creating increase awareness that all aspects of the 9/11 attacks, such as political, economic, cultural, and social needed to be accounted for during treatment (Marshall & Suh, 2003). Using a theoretical framework drawn from Shalev’s observations that PTSD bears a resemblance to an impaired recovery provides the underlying premise of therapeutic goals (Marshall & Suh, 2003). The premise is that adaptation with the physical environment is essential to life and that healthy psychological functioning requires flexibility with adaptation providing the goal to assist with the adaptation to the new normal (Marshall & Suh, 2003). Exposure therapy to mitigate cognitive distortions was done through in vivo exposure. The authors cited three successful uses of this technique by taking baby steps toward their avoidance of the trauma causing event (Marshall & Suh, 2003). One individual feared returning to her art studio and using in vivo exposure by first walking by it with a therapist, with continued exposures of a longer period each time allowed her to overcome her fear and return to her studio which was located a few blocks from the world trade center (Marshall & Suh, 2003).

As a social worker, it is necessary to continue to learn new approaches to providing therapy to clients. Continuing education that is required to renew a license does not always provide the necessary experience to learn these new techniques and it is incumbent upon the social work professional to engage in educational opportunities beyond CEU’s to become proficient in evidence based therapy techniques. The in vivo technique used was taught to many clinicians in response to a traumatic disaster, however, thinking proactively, clinicians can keep abreast of new techniques by reviewing the current literature and take action to learn them before another disaster strikes.

References:

History.com. (n.d.). 9/11 Attacks – Facts & Summary. Retrieved from

http://www.history.com/topics/9-11-attacks

Marshall, R. D., & Suh, E. J. (2003). Contextualizing trauma: Using evidence-based treatments

in a multicultural community after 9/11. Psychiatric Quarterly, 74(4), 401-420. doi:10.1023/a:1026043728263

Miller, A. M., & Heldring, M. (2004). Mental health and primary care in a time of terrorism:

Psychological impact of terrorist attacks. Families, Systems, & Health, 22(1), 7-30. doi:10.1037/1091-7527.22.1.4a

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