Science Question

ntroduction

Nuclear weapons have remained a controversial topic since they were first deployed in Combat in 1945. One argument in favor of nuclear weapons is the peace hypothesis, which assumes that the presence of nuclear weapons is enough deterrent against aggression due to the doctrine of mutually assured destruction (Taylor, 2021).

Thesis. This paper argues that “Nuclear weapons do not make the world more peaceful considering their inability to prevent thousands of global conflicts since 1945. Due to their destructive potential, these weapons increase the risk of nuclear accidents and the possibility of both nuclear and non-nuclear conflicts taking place.

Nuclear weapons do not guarantee world peace and have been unable to stop hundreds of conflicts from taking place.

Nuclear weapons increase the risk of indirect conflicts between nuclear powers (Futter & Zala, 2021).

Nuclear weapons encourage nations to be aggressive. g- Nuclear-armed North Korea maintains an aggressive posture due to the presence of Nuclear weapons.

Nuclear accidents increase the risk of nuclear accidents, which poses a threat to world peace and security.

The 1986 Chernobyl nuclear accident in Ukraine claimed over 30 lives and led to contamination (Torrens & Castellano, 2019).

Three-mile nuclear accident in the United States led to radioactive contamination.

The Fukushima nuclear disaster of 2011 illustrated the destructive nature of military or civilian nuclear reactors.

A common argument is that Nuclear weapons bring peace through mutually assured destruction MAD).

The doctrine of MAD only shifts war from nuclear powers to other nations.

MAD does not reduce the risks associated with the accidental use of nuclear weapons (Taylor, 2021).

MAD does not remove the risk of non-nuclear conflicts e.g Korea war, Vietnam war, etc.

Nuclear weapons do not guarantee world peace. Rather, they include the risks of the nuclear and non-nuclear conflicts, while giving nuclear-armed nations the deterrence they need to act irresponsibly.

Annotated Bibliographies & How to Write Them
What Is an Annotated Bibliography?
What Is the Purpose of an Annotated Bibliography?
What Is the Difference Between an Annotated Bibliography and an Abstract?
What Goes Into the Content of the Annotations?
What Is the Process for Writing an Annotated Bibliography?
Sample Annotated Bibliography Entries for a Journal Article
What Is an Annotated Bibliography?
An annotated bibliography is a list of citations to books, articles, and documents. Each
citation is followed by a brief (usually about 150 words) descriptive and evaluative
paragraph (the annotation).
What Is the Purpose of an Annotated Bibliography?
First, we must know the purpose of the annotation in an annotated bibliography. The
purpose of the annotation is to inform the reader of the relevance, accuracy, and quality
of the sources cited.
Depending on the assignment, the annotated bibliography may serve a number of
purposes. These include but are not limited to the following:
Review of literature on a particular subject
Illustration of the quality of research completed by the student
Provisions of examples of the types of resources available on a particular subject
Description of other items on a topic that may be of interest or useful to the
reader
Exploration of a subject for further, more in depth research
The purpose of this annotated bibliography will be to review current literature in Nursing
Informatics.
What Is the Difference Between an Annotated Bibliography and an Abstract?
Abstracts are purely descriptive summaries often found at the beginning of scholarly
journal articles or in periodical indices such as Ovid and CINAHL (Cumulative Index to
Allied health and Nursing Literature).
Annotations are descriptive and critical; they expose the author’s point-of-view, clarity
and appropriateness of expression, and authority.
What Goes Into the Content of the Annotations?
Below are some of the most common forms of annotated bibliographies.
Indicative
This form of annotation defines the scope of the source, lists the significant topics
included in the article, and tells what the source is about.
In the indicative entry there is no attempt to give actual data such as hypotheses, proofs,
or theorems. Generally, only topics or chapter titles are included.
Informative
This form of annotation is a summary of the source document. It gives the reader actual
information about the source.
To write an informative annotated bibliography, begin by writing the thesis; then develop
the thesis with the argument or hypothesis, list the proofs, and state the conclusion.
Evaluative
In this form of annotation the sources strengths and weaknesses are assessed. You may
state why the source is interesting or helpful to you, or why it is not. In doing this, the
kind and source of information should be listed. In brief, you are assessing the source’s
usefulness.
Combination
Most annotated bibliographies are of the combination type, that is, they combine one or
more of the types explained above. They usually contain one or two sentences
summarizing or describing the content and one or more sentences providing an
evaluation.
What Is the Process for Writing an Annotated Bibliography?
Creating an annotated bibliography calls for the application of a variety of intellectual
skills: concise exposition, succinct analysis, and informed library research.
First, locate and record citations to books, periodicals, and documents that may contain
useful information and ideas about your topic. Then, briefly examine and review the
actual articles. Then, choose those articles that provide a variety of perspective on your
topic.
Next, cite the articles, books, or documents using APA Format.
Arrange the bibliographic entries (citations) just as you would any other bibliography.
This is usually arranged alphabetically by the author’s last name. Skip two lines after the
citation and follow with the annotation.
Write a concise annotation that summarizes the central theme and scope of the article.
Include one or more sentences that a) evaluate the authority or background of the author;
b) comment on the intended audience; c) compare or contrast this work with another you
have also cited; or d) explain how this work explain your bibliography topic. Remember
to be brief and include only directly significant information. Remember too, to write in an
efficient manner.
Sample Annotated Bibliography Entries for a Journal Article (APA Format)
Goldschneider, F. K., Waite, L. J., & Witsberger, C. (1986). Nonfamily living and the
erosion of traditional family orientations among young adults. American
Sociological Review, 51, 541-554.
The authors, researchers at the Rand Corporation and brown University, use data
from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Young Women and Young Men to test
their hypothesis that Nonfamily living by young adults alters their attitudes,
values, plans, and expectations, moving them away from their belief in traditional
sex roles. They find their hypothesis strongly supported in young females, while
effects were fewer in studies of young males. Increasing the time away from
parents before marrying increased individualism, self-sufficiency, and changes in
attitudes about families. In contrast, an earlier study by Williams cite below
shows no significant gender differences in sex role attitudes as a result of non
family living.
Sewell, W. (1989). Weaving a program: Literate programming in WEB. American
Journal of Programming Languages, 65, (1), 600-675.
Sewell explains the code language within this article including certain lines of
code as examples. One useful idea that Sewell uses is to explain characters and
how they work in the programming of a web page. He also goes through a
description of list making and title sections within the article. This will be very
useful since all web pages have a title section and most contain lists. The author
also introduces PASCAL.