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July 2010
Name: ________________________________
Lab Report for Lab #7: Reading the Stars
Description:
Stars come in many sizes and colors. It turns out that knowing a star’s color and size can tell you where it is in its evolutionary cycle. Stars evolve from protostars to stellar remnants on timescales of hundreds of millions to hundreds of billions of years. Astronomy has not been around that long – humans haven’t been around that long! How can astronomers know that stars change on those timescales?
The answer is that astronomers came up with a clever experiment to determine this information. This exercise presents students with the information necessary to deduce the basic outline of stellar evolution. Using astronomical data, students will analyze plots to determine which stages come first and how a star changes on the H-R Diagram throughout its existence.
Students will repeat a clever experiment. The purpose of repeating this experiment is many-fold. First, science requires that any theory be repeatable. That is, it must be that no matter who does the experiment, the same result occurs. Second, repeating this experiment will deepen a student’s understanding of the astronomy concepts and science processes involved in the experiment.
Introduction:
In order to piece together the story of stellar evolution, you have to have all the data. In this exercise, the focus is on analysis of data, so data will be presented to you and explained to you and you will have to analyze and interpret the data to draw conclusions about stellar evolution.
1. Examine color-magnitude diagrams of clusters of stars. Since a cluster of stars is a group of stars that were formed at the same time from the same cloud of gas and dust, we can learn a lot about the stars within that cluster. A color-magnitude diagram is a kind of H-R Diagram. The horizontal axis is for the color, which is correlated to temperature, as on the H-R Diagram. The vertical axis is for apparent magnitude, which is similar to absolute magnitude or luminosity, as on the H-R Diagram. Because all the stars in a cluster are at the same location in space, the apparent magnitude (how bright a star appears) can be treated as a kind of absolute magnitude (how bright a star would appear if it were at a standard distance from Earth). At the end of this exercise you will find modified color-magnitude diagrams (the vertical axis has been changed to absolute magnitude for comparison purposes) for several clusters of stars: h + ( Persei, the Pleiades, M11, the Hyades, Praesepe, and M67.
2. Identify trends you see in the color-magnitude diagrams.
(a) Do you see any trends among these color-magnitude diagrams?
(b) Can you determine the sequence from youngest to oldest?
(c) What do you notice about the main sequence, red giants and white dwarfs on these diagrams?
(d) Can you put them in some order that makes sense based on what you see?
(e) Once you have put the diagrams together, compare your order to other small group members in your small group via your small group discussion board. If your order is different from that of another member, discuss to determine which way makes more sense. Try to come to consensus on an order and an explanation for your order. When you are confident that your ordering is complete, show your instructor.
[Type answers here]
3. (a) Based on the order you have derived, what can you say about what happens to a star during its existence?
(b) Does a star begin as a white dwarf, main sequence or red giant star?
(c) Following that stage, what does the star become?
(d) Do all stars evolve the same way, at the same pace?
(e) How can you tell which stage comes first?
When you have arrived at a sequence of stages for stellar evolution, run this by your instructor.
[Type answers here]
4. Write up a summary of the sequence you have derived from the data. Include any other information you know about these various stages in stellar evolution: the type of nuclear fusion going on in the core (if at all), the size and temperature, relative to the previous stage.
[Type answer here]
OPTIONAL STEP 5: Create a story of the life cycle of a star based on your findings. Be as creative as you want. Feel free to take artistic license (by making the stars anthropomorphic, for example), but include actual accurate scientific information (like which stage comes first, relative temperatures and sizes, etc. Please limit your paper to 5 pages, single spaced.
CMDs:
Pleiades:
http://personal.tcu.edu/~mfanelli/imastro/pleiades_cmd_webda
M11:
http://www.ucolick.org/~kirsten/COSMOS05/m11cmdiso
Hyades:
http://homepage.mac.com/andjames/Page030b.htm
“Einstein survey of stars in the Hyades: Optical Properties and X-ray Luminosities.”, Micela, et.al. AJ., 325, 798 (1988)
M67:
http://www.aanda.org/index.php?option=com_article&access=standard&Itemid=129&url=/articles/aa/full/2006/17/aa4291-05/aa4291-05.html
h + ( Persei (or h + chi Persei):
http://iopscience.iop.org/1538-3881/122/1/248/201081.fg3.html
Praesepe:
Zero Age Main Sequence (ZAMS) Color Magnitude Diagram (CMD):
http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/cas/cas2002/cas-projects/germany_ngc1960_1/
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