RU CMC Section for Metopimazine Essay

  • View Lecture 21: Final Written Report
  • Final Project. Students will write the CMC section for a clinical trial application (CTA or IND) for Phase 1 study for metopazime in the US. Write the CMC sections for drug substance and drug product sections for three formulations. Instructions and information to support the authoring have been provided in the readings, instructions, and the lecture.  

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    See the Final Project Instructions handout provided in this Week’s Module for the rubric and additional information regarding this assignment. Also, see the readings provided in this Week’s Module for further information.CHEM07493 – Final Project Rubric

    Final Project
    There are two MDDs mentioned in the final project: 50 mg/day and 100 mg/day. This was a
    typo.
    Please use 100 mg/day MDD for all your calculations, specifications and project. I have
    provided an example of the IND as a reading. You will need to provide a similar IND for your
    final project. However, I have removed a few sections form the requirement. Please ONLY
    provide the sections listed in the checklist below.
    1. You need to provide the information listed in slides 10 and 14 of lecture 21. The chemistry
    manufacturing and controls section only is what I want – not any other sections. The
    section details required is presented below as a checklist. I will use the list provided below as
    a checklist. If you miss something in this list it will be automatically deduct points.
    2. You do no need to provide an IB for this final project. You need to provide the CMC section
    of an IND.
    3. You have to assume a Phase 1 study. The reason I say this is because the level of detail and
    the specifications will be catered for Phase 1 study. Please use the information I provide in
    the lecture as a guide.
    4. On slide 11 – I provide the two formulations I want you to use.
    5. The reference standard would discuss the purity of the reference standard and the batch being
    used. So you would include the data for the reference std provided.
    6. Composition section will discuss the amount/type/role/quality std of each excipient added to
    the active ingredient (drug substance). Formulation section would discuss the actual
    formulation (whether its tablet or injectable) and its route of administration. If its injectable it
    would discuss how it will be administered in the patient. Eg whether it needs to be diluted or
    not – using IV bags or syringes etc.
    7. The manufacturing process describes the synthesis of the drug substance in the drug
    substance sections (Sections S) or how the active was formulated to make capsules or
    solution for injection in the drug product section (Sections P).
    8. Control of materials briefly describes the starting materials used to manufacture the active
    drug substance and their vendor and purity information.
    9. When you don’t have the information – eg Manufacturer, reference standard – then just make
    it up and let me know about it (as a foot note or ref note).
    10. A lot of the information you are looking for below is provided in the literature paper I
    provided as a reading. For instance characterization (NMR, MS) is in the literature paper.
    Impurities and batch data information was provided in the lecture.
    11. Control of drug product includes the specifications for drug product and justification for
    specs. This is similar to assignment 4 you did. Difference is assignment 4 was for drug
    substance (which you will include in drug substance sections) and this will be specifications
    for drug product. We have discussed the differences for oral versus parenteral drug product
    formulations in the lectures. For both drug substance and drug product sections you will need
    to provide a justification of each test using data and calculations in the justification of
    specification section.
    12. The final project lecture indicates the formulations you need to discuss. You need to provide
    a generic manufacturing process for the capsules and solution for injection in the drug
    product manufacturing process sections.
    You will be using the route provided in the Metopimazine paper (provided as a reading) as your
    manufacturing process to make the drug substance. The paper at the end in the experimental
    section also provides details about the characterization regarding NMR etc.
    CHECKLIST FINAL PROJECT
    Section 3.2.S DRUG SUBSTANCE
    ☐3.2.S.1 General Information
    ☐3.2.S.1.1 Nomenclature
    ☐3.2.S.1.2 Structure
    ☐3.2.S.1.3 General Properties
    ☐3.2.S.2.1 Manufacturer
    ☐3.2.S.2.2 Description of Manufacturing Process and Process Controls
    ☐3.2.S.2.3 Control of Starting Materials
    ☐3.2.S.3 Characterization
    ☐3.2.S.3.1 Elucidation of Structure and Other Characteristics
    ☐3.2.S.3.2 Impurities
    ☐3.2.S.4 Control of Drug Substance
    ☐3.2.S.4.1 Specification
    ☐3.2.S.4.2 Analytical Procedures
    ☐3.2.S.4.4 Batch Analyses
    ☐3.2.S.4.5 Justification of Specification
    ☐3.2.S.5 Reference Standards or Materials
    ☐3.2.S.6 Container Closure Systems
    ☐3.2.S.7 Stability
    3.2.P DRUG PRODUCT – Formulation 1
    ☐3.2.P.1 Description and Composition of
    the Drug Product
    ☐3.2.P.2 Pharmaceutical Development
    ☐3.2.P.3.1 Manufacturer
    ☐3.2.P.3.2 Batch Formula
    ☐3.2.P.3.3 Description of Manufacturing
    Process and Process Controls
    ☐3.2.P.4 Control of Excipients
    ☐3.2.P.4.5 Excipients of Human or Animal
    Origin
    ☐3.2.P.4.6 Novel Excipients
    ☐3.2.P.5 Control of Drug Product
    ☐3.2.P.5.1 Specification
    ☐3.2.P.5.2 Analytical Procedures
    ☐3.2.P.5.4 Batch Analyses
    ☐3.2.P.5.5 Characterization of Impurities
    ☐3.2.P.5.6 Justification of Specification
    ☐3.2.P.6 Reference Standards or Materials
    ☐3.2.P.7 Container Closure Systems
    ☐3.2.P.8 Stability
    3.2.P DRUG PRODUCT – Formulation 2
    ☐3.2.P.1 Description and Composition of
    the Drug Product
    ☐3.2.P.2 Pharmaceutical Development
    ☐3.2.P.3.1 Manufacturer
    ☐3.2.P.3.2 Batch Formula
    ☐3.2.P.3.3 Description of Manufacturing
    Process and Process Controls
    ☐3.2.P.3.4 Controls of Critical Steps and
    Intermediates
    ☐3.2.P.4 Control of Excipients
    ☐3.2.P.4.5 Excipients of Human or Animal
    Origin
    ☐3.2.P.4.6 Novel Excipients
    ☐3.2.P.5 Control of Drug Product
    ☐3.2.P.5.1 Specification
    ☐3.2.P.5.2 Analytical Procedures
    ☐3.2.P.5.4 Batch Analyses
    ☐3.2.P.5.5 Characterization of Impurities
    ☐3.2.P.5.6 Justification of Specification
    ☐3.2.P.6 Reference Standards or Materials
    ☐3.2.P.7 Container Closure Systems
    ☐3.2.P.8 Stability
    Rubric to be used for grading: Out of 130 points
    Criteria
    Checklist for
    Drug substance
    Manufacturing
    Section
    Specifications
    Justification of
    Specifications
    Checklist for
    Formulation 1
    Manufacturing
    Section
    Specifications
    Does not meet
    expectations (0)
    Does not meet
    expectations (0)
    Does not meet
    expectations (0)
    Does not meet
    expectations (0)
    Does not meet
    expectations (0)
    Justification of
    Specifications
    Checklist for
    Formulation 2
    Does not meet
    expectations (0)
    Does not meet
    expectations (0)
    Does not meet
    expectations (0)
    Does not meet
    expectations (0)
    Manufacturing
    Section
    Does not meet
    expectations (0)
    Ratings (points)
    Meets some
    expectations
    (10)
    Meets some
    expectations (2)
    Meets some
    expectations (4)
    Meets some
    expectations (4)
    Meets some
    expectations
    (10)
    Meets some
    expectations (2)
    Meets some
    expectations (4)
    Meets some
    expectations (4)
    Meets some
    expectations
    (10)
    Meets some
    expectations (2)
    Meets all
    expectations
    (20)
    Meets all
    expectations (4)
    Meets all
    expectations (8)
    Meets all
    expectations (8)
    Meets all
    expectations
    (20)
    Meets all
    expectations (4)
    Meets all
    expectations (8)
    Meets all
    expectations (8)
    Meets all
    expectations
    (20)
    Meets all
    expectations (4)
    Points
    20
    4
    8
    8
    20
    4
    8
    8
    20
    4
    Specifications
    Justification of
    Specifications
    Format, layout,
    and Language
    Does not meet
    expectations (0)
    Does not meet
    expectations (0)
    Does not meet
    expectations (0)
    Meets some
    expectations (4)
    Meets some
    expectations (4)
    Meets some
    expectations
    (2.5)
    Meets all
    expectations (8)
    Meets all
    expectations (8)
    Meets all
    expectations (5)
    8
    8
    10
    Late penalty: 10% deduction for each day up to 3 days. After 3 days the grade will be 0.
    Article
    pubs.acs.org/OPRD
    A Simple and Commercially Viable Process for Improved Yields of
    Metopimazine, a Dopamine D2‑Receptor Antagonist
    Venumanikanta Karicherla, Kumar Phani, Mohan Reddy Bodireddy, Kumar Babu Prashanth,
    Madhusudana Rao Gajula,* and Kumar Pramod*
    Chemical Research Division, API R&D Centre, Micro Labs Ltd., Plot No.43-45, KIADB Industrial Area, Fourth Phase,
    Bommasandra-Jigani Link Road, Bommasandra, Bangalore, Karnataka 560 105, India
    Downloaded via BRISTOL-MYERS SQUIBB on December 9, 2018 at 05:31:53 (UTC).
    See https://pubs.acs.org/sharingguidelines for options on how to legitimately share published articles.
    S Supporting Information
    *
    ABSTRACT: An efficient, practical, and commercially viable manufacturing process was developed with ≥99.7% purity and 31%
    overall yield (including four chemical reactions and one recrystallization) for an active pharmaceutical ingredient, called
    Metopimazine (1), an antiemetic drug used to prevent emesis during chemotherapy. The development of two in situ, one-pot
    methods in the present synthetic route helped to improve the overall yield of 1 (31%) compared with earlier reports (60 °C.
    To study the effect of NaOH on the course of the reaction,
    the same reaction was carried out in the presence of NaOH, but
    the formation of compound 5 was low (68%) even after 6 h
    with increased formation of impurities (10% of 5a and 8% of
    5b) compared with the reaction in KOH.
    When we studied the effect of temperature on the course of
    reaction (e.g., 20−30 °C, 30−40 °C, and 40−50 °C in acetone)
    20%, 35%, and 66% of compound 5 was formed, respectively
    (entries 4−6, Table 7). The study disclosed that the optimum
    temperature for maximum formation (84%) of compound 5
    was 50−60 °C (entry 3, Table 7 and Figure S40, Supporting
    Information)
    Then, the effect of load of powdered KOH on the course of
    the reaction was studied in acetone (e.g., 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0
    equiv of powdered KOH), 4%, 20%, 84%, and 69% of
    compound 5 was formed, respectively. In 1.0 equiv of KOH,
    low formation of compound 5 was observed. The deprotection
    large amount of water is required to isolate compound 4. To
    overcome these issues, we replaced acetic acid with lactic acid
    and also DMF with acetonitrile. Accordingly, the same reaction
    was carried out in acetonitrile using Zn/lactic acid as selective
    reducing agent, and the conversion increased up to 83% (4)
    (entry 2, Table 6). In addition, the lactic acid is an
    environmentally benign, nonvolatile, and biodegradable green
    reagent.26,27 The solvent, acetonitrile, was recovered after the
    completion of the reaction, and it is one of the added
    advantages over DMF.
    With the help of the modified process, the inevitable
    compound 4a that was formed in oxidation process was
    successfully converted into the desired compound 4 using a
    reduction process. This modification provided improved yield
    (85%) of compound 4 compared with previously reported
    chemoselective oxidation methods.17−19 The study disclosed
    that the conversion of compound 4a to compound 4 was good
    in Zn/lactic acid/acetonitrile system (entry 2, Table 6, and
    Figure S16, Supporting Information).
    New Process Conditions for 10-(3-Chloropropyl)-2(methylsulfonyl)-10H-phenothiazine (5) Derivative. The
    conversion of 1-[2-(methylsulfonyl)-5-oxido-10H-phenothiazin-10-yl]ethanone (4) to 10-(3-chloropropyl)-2-(methylsulfonyl)-10H-phenothiazine (5) in the presence of base using 1bromo-3-chloropropane was achieved through deprotection
    followed by in situ N-alkylation as shown in Scheme 6.
    The reaction of compound 4 in the presence of KOH using
    1-bromo-3-chloropropane in dichloromethane at reflux temperature provided 40% of compound 5 through deprotection
    followed by in situ N-alkylation in one-pot (entry 1, Table 7)
    along with 15% of impurity 5a and 3% of impurity 5b. To
    improve the conversion further, the same reaction was carried
    out at 50−60 °C using ethyl acetate, acetone, acetonitrile, THF,
    DMSO, and DMF and 35%, 84%, 42%, 35%, 61%, and 64% of
    725
    DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00052
    Org. Process Res. Dev. 2017, 21, 720−731
    Organic Process Research & Development
    Article
    K2CO3 at reflux temperature, and the reaction was unsuccessful
    (entry 1, Table 9). The same reaction was carried out in ethyl
    acetate, acetone, and methanol at reflux temperature, but the
    reaction was unsuccessful (entries 2−4). It is due to inadequate
    temperature. If the same reaction was conducted in toluene at
    reflux temperature, then 50% of compound 1 and 1% of
    impurity 1a and 2% of impurity 1b were formed (entry 5).
    The same reaction was carried out in alcoholic solvents and
    also in acetonitrile at reflux temperature, and the formation of
    compound 1 was low (43−47%) along with 1−2% of impurity
    1a and 1−3% of impurity 1b (entries 6−9, Table 9).
    Interestingly, in DMAc, the conversion was very low (30%)
    with 1% of impurity 1a and 2% of impurity 1b (entry 10).
    However, in the case of DMSO and DMF, 51% and 63% of
    compound 1 was formed, respectively (entries 11 and 12) in
    the presence of K2CO3 at 90−100 °C. In DMSO and DMF, 2%
    of impurity 1a and 1% and 12% impurity 1b was formed,
    respectively. It is found that in DMF, the conversion was good
    (63%) (entry 12). It was observed that both in toluene (entry
    5) and DMF (entry 12), the conversion was good compared to
    other single solvents (entries 1−4 and 6−11). This encouraged
    us to study the effect of mixture of toluene and DMF. For
    example, in the mixture of toluene−DMF in 4:6, 5:5, 6:4, 7:3,
    8:2, and 9:1 ratio, 63%, 68%, 70%, 72%, 81%, and 73% of
    compound 1 was formed, respectively (entries 13−17 and 24,
    Table 9). With a decrease in the DMF ratio (e.g., a decrease
    from 6 to 2), the formation of impurity 1a decreased from 5%
    to 1.5%, and impurity 1b also decreased from 11% to 8%
    (entries 13−17). Interestingly, a further decrease of the DMF
    ratio leads to an increase of impurities (3% of 1a and 10% of
    1b; see entry 24).
    The study revealed that the formation of compound 1 (81%)
    was good, and the impurities profile (1.5% of 1a and 8% of 1b)
    is also tolerable in 8:2 ratio of toluene−DMF mixture (entry
    17, Table 9 and Figure S59, Supporting Information).
    Then, the effect of base on the course of reaction was studied
    (e.g., Na2CO3, Et3N, and piperidine in toluene/DMF (8:2
    ratio)), and the conversion was 67%, 31%, and 37%,
    respectively (entries 18−20, Table 9). The formation of
    impurities in the presence of K2CO3 was low (1.5% of 1a
    and 8% of 1b) compared with Na2CO3 and Et3N. In presence
    of piperidine, the conversion was not acceptable (37%), but the
    formation of impurities was considerably lower (1% of 1a and
    2% 1b). The investigation revealed that K2CO3 is a suitable
    base for the maximum conversion (81%) with acceptable
    impurities profile (entry 17, Table 9 and Figure S59,
    Supporting Information).
    Then, the effect of temperature on the course of reaction was
    studied in toluene/DMF (8:2 ratio). Accordingly, a reaction of
    of compound 4 was completed, but N-alkylation was not
    proceeding because of insufficient KOH. In the case of 2.0
    equiv of KOH, the same situation was observed, but the
    formation of 5 was increased (20%) slightly. When the same
    reaction was allowed to occur in the presence of 4.0 equiv of
    KOH, the formation of 5 decreased (69%) as the formation of
    impurities increased (20% of 5a and 4% of 5b). The study
    revealed that 3.0 equiv of powdered KOH in acetone provided
    the maximum formation of 5 (84%) along with 9% of impurity
    5a and 1.5% of impurity 5b (Figure S40, Supporting
    Information).
    The formation of a potential impurity (5a) was at a high level
    (9%) (entry 3, Table 7), which severely affects the required
    quality of the obtained API. Hence, its removal is mandatory up
    to the level of not more than 2.5%. Therefore, we planned to
    improve the quality of compound 5 by isolating it in different
    solvents (e.g., acetone, methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile, and
    ethyl acetate), and the obtained results were presented in Table
    8 (entries 1−5). The study disclosed that methanol was the
    Table 8. Selection of Suitable Solvent for Isolation of
    Compound 5a
    purity (% by HPLC)
    entry
    solvent
    yieldb (%)
    product
    5
    5a
    5b
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    acetone
    methanol
    ethanol
    acetonitrile
    ethyl acetate
    65
    60
    64
    66
    68
    5
    5
    5
    5
    5
    89
    96
    91
    90
    89
    05
    02
    04
    06
    07
    01
    1.2
    01
    01
    01
    a
    Reaction conditions: crude compound 5 (10 g, 0.031 mol) in solvent
    (100 mL) at reflux temperature for 30 min, cool to 20−30 °C, stir for
    1 h and filter the solid. bIsolated yield.
    best option to isolate the desired compound 5 and also to
    remove the potential impurity 5a up to the process capability
    level (

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