Revise to Original work INF 103

INF 103 Informal Logic Revise wholepapers to original work.

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Week 2 Assignment

Final Paper Outline
Review the Final Paper instructions in Week 5. Then, visit the Ashford Writing Center (located in the Learning Resources tab in the left navigation bar).
The outline must contain:

· Introduction with thesis statement

· At least five body paragraphs, using the

provided model

· Conclusion

· Reference page containing at least
three
academic resources, two of which are found in the Ashford Online Library. Each side of the debate should be provided at least one valid source for.

The Final Paper Outline must be
three pages
in length (excluding title and reference page) and in APA (6th edition) format. If you would like to refer to APA samples and tutorials, log into the Ashford Writing Center (located in the Learning Resources tab in the left navigation bar). Click on the “APA & Research Guides” tab and review the resources.

Week 3 Assignment

Stereotype Paper
Read

Stereotyping Has Lasting Negative Impact: Prejudice has lingering effects, study shows

and watch

How Pre-existing Beliefs Distort Logical Reasoning

.
Discuss three stereotypes you encounter in your own life and the effect those stereotypes can have on others. This can be a stereotype you realize you have been guilty of holding or someone else’s. Explain (a) what the stereotype is and (b) what sort of argument, no matter how flawed, might be used to support it, and (c) identify any mistakes you find in that argument.
The paper must be three pages in length (excluding title and reference page) and in APA (6th edition) format. You must use at least three resources, one of which must be the course text, and two resources must either be found in the Ashford Online Library or from the provided sources. If you would like to refer to APA samples and tutorials, log into the Ashford Writing Center (located in the Learning Resources tab in the left navigation bar). Click on the “APA & Research Guides” tab and review the resources.

Final Paper Instructions for Week 2 & 5

Argument Paper
For the Final Paper, you will identify a specific claim relative to one of the topics listed below and defend it with as strong an argument as possible. These topics are presented below as questions. The best way to develop a thesis statement is to offer an answer to the question, and then state in a clear and specific sentence the basis for your answer.

· Should homosexuals be able to marry?

· Is racism and anti-Semitism still a problem in the United States?

· Is factory farming cruel to animals?

· Is anthropogenic climate change (what used to be known as “global warming”) a problem that needs immediate and/or long term attention?

· Should physician-assisted suicide be legal?

· What, if any, limits should there be to embryonic stem cell research?

· Should public workers be allowed to join unions and engage in collective bargaining?

· Is the death penalty just and applied fairly?

· Are there any legitimate restrictions on gun ownership?

· Is it a problem if one percent of Americans possess 50% of American wealth and assets?

· Should abortion be legal?

· Should evolution be taught in the public schools?

· Are science and religion in conflict?

· Can one be moral and not believe in God?

Part One – Thesis
In this part of the paper, the thesis is to be stated clearly and specifically. It should appear no later than the end of the introduction paragraph.
Part Two – Argument
This part of the paper will present the argument for the thesis. The focus should be on identifying the strongest support for the thesis. Then, present that support by constructing an argument. This argument, or set of arguments, will probably employ both deductive and inductive reasoning.
Part Three – Counter-thesis and counter-argument
In this part of the paper, the strongest objection to the thesis is presented along with an argument (probably briefer than the argument in Part Two) for that thesis.
Part Four – Response to counter-thesis
In this part of the paper, you respond to and refute the counter-argument based on evidence discussed in Part Three. This response will draw on the earlier argument in Part Two to show that the original thesis can be defended against this objection.
The paper will be evaluated in terms of the grading rubric. The clearer your presentation of the debate and the more specific you can be in that presentation, the stronger the paper will be.
The Final Paper must be
six to eight pages
in length (not counting the cover page or reference list). You must use at least four resources, at least one of which must provide support for your thesis and at least one of which must provide support for your counter-thesis. Two of the four required resources must be found in the Ashford Online Library. The Final Paper must be formatted according to APA (6th edition) style, and all resources must be properly cited in text as well as on the reference page. If you would like to refer to APA samples and tutorials, log into the Ashford Writing Center (located in the Learning Resources tab in the left navigation bar). Click on the “APA & Research Guides” tab and review the resources.

Writing the Final Paper

The Final Paper:

· Must be 6 to 8 double-spaced pages in length (not counting the cover page or reference list), and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.

· Must include a title page with the following:

· Title of paper

· Student’s name

· Course name and number

· Instructor’s name

· Date submitted

· Must begin with an introductory paragraph that has a succinct thesis statement.

· Must address the topic of the paper with critical thought.

· Must end with a conclusion that reaffirms your thesis.

· Must use at least 4 scholarly resources, including a minimum of 2 from the Ashford Online Library.

· Must document all sources in APA style, as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.

· Must include a separate reference page, formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.

Carefully review the

Grading Rubric

for the criteria that will be used to evaluate your assignment.

Running Head: ABORTION

A WOMEN’S CHOICE

Abortion

name

PHI 103 Informal Logic

Prof

October 4, 2011

A Women’s Choice

Introduction:

Having a baby is a huge responsibility

There are times when the mother is faced with certain circumstances where she cannot or doesn’t want to keep the baby and believe that having an abortion is the best thing to do. Abortion is a topic that is debatable. The debate concerning abortion being legal has been continuing since it became legal in 1973. On January 22, 1973, the Supreme Court, made a judgment to up hold a women’s right to decide whether or not to terminate a pregnancy. This decision has separated the country because it is only based on the fortitude of whether or not one has the need to feel to be alive. For example, some same say a fetus doesn’t feel or have a conscience, therefore a fetus isn’t alive. When it comes to abortion individuals are either pro-life or pro-choice. Pro-life are the individuals who believe that having an abortion is wrong. They are against abortions and want it to be illegal to have one. Pro-choice are the individuals who support the right to have an abortion. Abortions should remain legal because women should have the right to decide best for the baby and them.

1. Pro-Choice

The decision to have an abortion should remain the choice of the female who is expecting. It is not an easy decision to make because women have many different reasons for terminating a pregnancy. The most common reason is that they are not ready for the responsibility that comes with having a child. Some women come from an abusive relationship. There are women who have been victims of either raped or incest. There are also women who have a medical reason to terminate their pregnancy, such as the fetus will not growing properly; or when it is life threatening to the mother or fetus. It is medical safe to have an abortion and by keeping it legal might help prevent individuals from killing babies when they are born, which has happen in many country.

Pro-life

Pro-life feel women should have the baby or give up to someone. To them all life should be wanted and if not you must deal with the consequences of your actions. They show you pamphlets of dead fetus to women and make them feel ashamed for the choices they make. They want to take away a women’s choice to choose. If you took away a women’s right to choose, how many more deaths would happen: because things would go back to botch abortions and more women dying from these botch procedures this was the effect when abortions were illegal. If the law was to change to suit pro-life it would become responsible for the ungrounded abortions being performed.

Counter Thesis

The Pro-life group is against abortion for one main reason. They believe that a fetus is alive at the moment of conception. To them it is dangerous to terminate a pregnancy. They believe there are other ways to solve the problem. Adoption is another alternative to abortion, they are couples out there that can’t have a baby and would love to be parents. If you have too many abortions you can mess up your chances of conceiving at a later date. Many pro-life supporters are based on religion and that all gods are against it .These supporters say that a female who is having an abortion is committing a sin and an act of murder.

My Opinion

I believe women should have the right to terminate a pregnancy. There are many different reasons as to why I am pro-choice, for instant if a woman is in a violent relationship she should have a choice on deciding on whether to terminate her pregnancy instead of bring a child that can be harmed into this world. I am against pro-life because they use religion as their stand point; Pro-life would prefer that you give up the baby for adoption, but who is going to adopt the baby. In today society more and more people are adopting from other countries, because to adopt in the United States is so hard compare to other countries. We are beginning to over crowd the adoption agency. I feel pro-choice is correct on giving women a choice on personal decision that affect their life.

Conclusion:

Many individual have argued over the topic of Abortion. Some say that is morally wrong and believe that is something that should be stopped. Then, there are individuals who believe that it should be a women’s choice on whether or not they want to keep the child that they are expecting. These groups are known as Pro-life and Pro-choice. Both group when arguing state vital information as to what they believe in and why they believe in their choice.

Running Head:

A WOMAN’S CHOICE

A Woman’s Choice

Name

PHI 103 Informal Logic

Instructor

Date

A Woman’s Choice

Introduction:

Abortion is a topic that is debatable. The debate regarding abortion being legal has been an ongoing since it became legal in 1973. On January 22, 1973, the Supreme Court, made a decision to up hold a women’s right to choose whether or not to terminate a pregnancy. This decision has divided the country because it is solely based on the determination of whether or not one has the need to feel to be alive. For instance, some same say a fetus doesn’t feel or have a conscience, therefore a fetus isn’t alive. When it comes to abortion individuals are either pro-life or pro-choice. Pro-life are the people who are against abortions and want it to be illegal to have one. Pro-choice are the people who support the right to have an abortion. Abortions ought to remain legal because each person has the right to decide on what is best for them.

Abortion is a procedure to end a pregnancy. It utilizes either medicine or surgery to take out an embryo or fetus and placenta from the uterus. This procedure is done by a licensed physician or an individual who is acting under the supervision of a licensed physician. “An obstacle to abortion exists in the form of abortion ‘counselling’ that discourages women from terminating their pregnancies.” (Woodcock, 2011, para. 1). Instead of telling the female about the different types, they try to make them feel guilty about the decision.

There are four types of abortions. The first type is a medical abortion, or the

abortion pill

. Females have up to eight weeks of being pregnant to decide if they want to terminate the pregnancy by using this method. Females can take a pill called Mifepristone at the clinic. This pill will terminate the pregnancy, and then from 24 to 72 hours the female would have to take Misoprostol, which is utilized to expel the tissue from the terminated pregnancy.

The second type of abortion is Vacuum Aspiration. This method is utilized in the first trimester, typically around the 6 to 13 weeks. Vacuum aspiration is the procedure utilized to empty the uterus.

The third type of abortion method is the IPAS

Syringe

– Early Abortion with Manual Vacuum Aspiration (MVA). This method is usually used as soon as the pregnancy can be detected by ultrasound, which is around the 4 or 5 week. When they used this method to perform an abortion they use a manual aspiration device called the IPAS Syringe. When performing an abortion using this method a handheld syringe is utilized to empty out the uterus.

The fourth method that can be utilized is the D & E (Dilate and Evacuate). A D & E procedure can be done anywhere from Week 13 to Week 24. Dilators are utilized to enlarge the opening to the uterus, which is then numbed and then they suck out the embryo or fetus to terminate the pregnancy. .

1. Pro-Choice

The decision to have an abortion should remain the choice of the female who is expecting. It is not an easy decision to make because women have many different reasons for terminating a pregnancy. The most common reason is that they are not ready for the responsibility that comes with having a child. Some women come from an abusive relationship. There are women who have been victims of either rape or incest. There are also women who have a medical reason to terminate their pregnancy, such as the fetus is not growing properly; or when it is life threatening to the mother or fetus. It is medical safe to have an abortion and by keeping it legal might help prevent individuals from killing babies when they are born, which has happen in many country.

Pro-life

Counter Thesis and Counter-Argument

Another reason why people are anti-abortion is because there have been a few cases where after a surgical abortion the female has developed physical problems. When a surgical abortion is preformed the “surgeon must go in and stretch the cervix.” This procedure can cause tearing, scarring and weakening of the cervix. At times, this can make it impossible for a female to have a full term baby or she might not be able to have a child. A lot of time when a female has a miscarriage, stillbirth or premature birth it is because she may have had a surgical abortion in the past that could have affected her cervix.

“President Barack Obama said in a Mar. 29, 2008 campaign speech in Johnston, Pennsylvania, “I have two daughters… I’m going to teach them first about values and morals, but if they make a mistake, I don’t want them punished with a baby.” (ProCon.org: Pro & Con Arguments, para. 11). There are many reasons as to why individuals are Pro-Choice. One reason is if a female is a victim of rape. We will never really know the statics for a rape victim that is has an abortion, because most rapes are not reported. A woman that was raped should be able to have a choice since they have already experience having their choice taken away. Kids are not financially ready to support a child; some are not even out of school. We have so many kids and adults that are not mentally or physically ready to have a baby. A fetus that is growing abnormal can affect the mentally stability of the woman.

Another reason is if the female finds out during her pregnancy that the baby has a life-threatening genetic disorder. Genetic disorders can usually be found when the female is still pregnant. “In many cases, the results are available in time for a fresh embryo transfer on day 6 of embryo development.” (Lab Business Week, 2011, para. 4). Depending on the condition the doctor can tell a mother-to-be that the baby might not live for very long and that he or she might live his or her short live in severe pain. This will get many females thinking about the child’s will being and most would believe that abortion would be the best thing to do.

We need to educate people on how to help prevent unwanted pregnancies. Students and adults ought to practice safe sex. The men who are involved in these cases should also be held responsibility for their part in the situation because “It takes two to tango”. When making decisions in life we should look at all the options that are available and choose the solution that is best for you at that particular time. In some states, the Department of Education offer classes to educate their students about all the topics that deal with sexual intercourse.

My Opinion

I feel pro-choice is correct on giving women a choice on personal decision that affect their life. If society made abortion illegal and they took away a woman’s right to choose, how many more deaths would happen: because things would go back to botch abortions and more women dying from these botch procedures this was the effect when abortions were illegal. If the law was to change to suit pro-life it would become responsible for the ungrounded abortions being performed.

Conclusion:

Many individual have argued over the topic of Abortion. Some say that is morally wrong and believe that is something that should be stopped. Then, there are individuals who believe that it should be a women’s choice on whether or not they want to keep the child that they are expecting. These groups are known as Pro-life and Pro-choice. Both group when arguing state vital information as to what they believe in and why they believe in their choice.

Reference

Christianet. (n.d.). Anti Abortion Arguments. In Christianet.com. Retrieved October 24,

2011, from

http://www.christianet.com/abortionfacts/antiabortionarguments.htm

ProCon.org. (n.d.). Should abortion be legal? Pro & Con Arguments. In ProCon.org.

Retrieved October 24, 2011, from http://abortion.procon.org/.

Spontaneous Abortion; Genetics & IVF Institute Offers Advanced Chromosome Analysis

of Embryos. (2011, October). Lab Business Week, 329. Retrieved October 24, 2011, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. (Document ID: 2490022701).

WOODCOCK, S. (2011). ABORTION COUNSELLING AND THE INFORMED

CONSENT DILEMMA. Bioethics, 25(9), 495-504. Retrieved October 24, 2011, from Research Library. (Document ID: 2482982391).

Running Head: STEREOTYPES 1

STEREOTYPES 5

Stereotypes

name

PHI103: Informal Logic

Instructor:

May 8, 2013

Stereotypes

Stereotyping is any commonly known public belief about a certain social group or individual. They are often confused with prejudices because like prejudices a stereotype is simply based on a prior assumption. There are many different types of stereotypes such as race, gender and lifestyle. Stereotypes are not easy for individuals to deal with because at times others say and do things that are extremely harsh. These stereotypes can affect individuals in many ways if they don’t know how to overcome what others say.

I have gone through a lot of stereotypes in my time, but one that is most common is my race. I am Puerto Rican, African American, and Italian. When people here that I am Puerto Rican, African American, and Italian they ask if I like to drink. They say that people in these races are usually heavy drinkers. They are surprised to know that I don’t drink and at times I get asked what’s wrong with me and I reply nothing. Another stereotype I here is “Do you have family members in the Mafia?” No, I don’t have family members in the Mafia. Just because someone is Italian it doesn’t mean that they are nor have family members that are a part of the Mafia. Another stereotype I have had to deal with because of my race is “Do you have members of your family that are in jail?” Once again no I don’t and I just brush it off. Lastly, the one I hear a lot is that Puerto Ricans are uneducated lazy people and have a lot of kids with different individuals. I obviously am an educated individual. I have gone to work to come home to three beautiful children all from the same woman and have provided, and taken great care of them. My home is always clean and smells delightful.

A stereotype that I have dealt with and continue to deal with is being mixed with African American. There is a lot of stereo typing and always wondering what’s going on around me. Some people say that we are beneath them and shouldn’t acquire a position above them. Some people won’t listen to me when I tell them how it is. Just the other day someone told me you are lucky to be African American because all the benefits you get. When I lived in New York I held a wonderful job as a Paraprofessional. When I moved to Florida I knew it was going to be tough at first when we moved because of several reasons. In New York, I had two children in school, but in the start of Florida only one would attend because of when the others birthday. This left not one but two children at home. Child Care for one child is expensive enough so imagine for two. So I decided to stay home and concentrate on not only my studies but my daughters education. She loved going to school and so since in New York I gained the knowledge of teaching as a Paraprofessional, I decided to work with her. It also gives me time for my school work and hopefully sometime soon I can double up on classes. People still believe that women belong in their homes, but women nowadays are at Presidents and CEO’s of major companies, because they have worked so hard and put stereotypes behind them. We have proven that we are strong, independent, intelligent and reliable. We have come far from what our ancestors went through in the past.

Finally, I have been stereotyped by my lifestyle both past and present. I grew up in the on Military bases. When I was younger I use to hear that individuals who are Military dependants think they’re better than everyone else and stuck up. They also said that I would join the service and be a robot and think I’m better than everyone outside of the Military. I can gladly say I was never like that and care for good people outside of the Military too. I was raised in my house and was known as the goody two shoes of the family. It’s funny but my fiancé grew up outside of the Military and had the same thoughts as everyone else because she lived by a Military base all her life and that’s what she experianced. My father, who also dealt with the stereotype of being a single father, put me in a Military high school where I received my degree and went off to college. Now, while in Military school I heard how all Military school boys where uptight and once again I proved them wrong.

As a African American I have had my shares of stereotypes, but as an individual who is biracial I have dealt with more. People who say and do bad things to others don’t realize who bad these stereotypes can be because not everyone can deal with criticism. No one is perfect and everyone in one way or another can be a part of a stereotype. Instead of allowing these stereotypes to affect us or allow us to affect others, we should find ways to make the world a better place for all. Stereotyping is not only hurtful, it is also wrong. Even if the stereotype is correct in some cases, constantly putting someone down based on your preconceived perceptions will not encourage them to succeed.

Reference

Ditto, P. (n.d.). How Pre-existing Beliefs Distort Logical Reasoning. In Ashford University.

Retrieved October 19, 2012, from http://searchcenter.intelecomonline.net/playClipDirect.aspx?id=E22DB555B562B463C0F5EE35DE315BCB5CA9621ED0132E1823264876125E799D17894744555

Kemick, A. (August 12, 2010). Stereotyping Has Lasting Negative Impact. In US News.

Retrieved October 19, 2012, from

http://www.usnews.com/science/articles/2010/08/12/stereotyping-has-lasting-negative-impact

Mosser, K. (2011).

An introduction to logic

. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.

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