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Health Worker Safety Module 7
• Introduction
• Protection from X-ray Hazards
•
•
• X-rays are electromagnetic energy traveling as waves
• X-ray exposure has been linked to cancer and
developmental problems, and can cause burns
• The risks from x-ray exposure are greatest for foetuses, so
pregnant women should take extra precautions
• Hospital x-ray machines produce relatively high x-ray
exposures and they present a hazard unless adequate
safeguards are in place
• These devices should only be operated by trained personnel
• X-ray facilities are
designed around the
equipment and the source
of radiation usually
remains within a well
defined area in the room
• Radiation doses to workers
are monitored using
personal dosimeters
• Radiation protection for technologists
and physicians relies on
1. the time spent near the machine
while it is producing x-rays,
2. the distance between the worker
and the x-ray source, and
3. the shielding used by the worker
and that of the tube housing
• Increasing the distance and the
amount of shielding, and decreasing
the time will decrease the amount of
radiation exposure to a worker
• When you need to use an x-ray system, work quickly and
efficiently.
• Examinations should be carefully planned and rehearsed
beforehand to minimize the exposure (beam-on) time and
consequently reduce the total radiation exposure in the
room.
• Radiation is significantly reduced by distance
– Move away from the x-ray system when in use
– Standing at least 2 meters from an x-ray radiation
source provides a great deal of protection
• Note that many analytical x-ray systems use very narrow x-
ray beams
• Because narrow x-ray beams do not “spread” as much as
broad beams, even being 6 feet away from the system may
still result in much of the radiation beam being absorbed by
your body if the beams are narrow
• When a new x-ray system is being installed, ensure that
each tube is protected by fixed shielding.
• Shielding that is permanently in place is the most effective
mechanism for protecting workers from unnecessary x-ray
exposure.
• Always operate these systems with all shielding and safety
components in place and never tamper with system
interlocks.
1. Receive proper training from the person in control before
operating analytic x-ray machines.
2. Wear dosimeters between your shirt collar and waist on
the side of your body that is facing the radiation source.
3. Monitor radiation of newly installed machines, especially
before and after modifying the machine for special
experiments.
4. Check the shielding before turning the unit on. Never
assume a unit was left in a safe working condition by the
previous user.
X-ray Safety for Health Workers
• Radiation exposure to technologists, nursing staff,
physicians, and to others must be kept as low as
reasonably achievable.
• Only personnel who are required for the x-ray procedures
or training should be present in the x-ray room during
exposures.
• Health workers should use portable or fixed lead panels or
use the following PPE:
– Lead aprons
– Lead safety glasses
– Thyroid shield
– Leaded gloves
Health Worker Safety from X-ray Exposure
(continued)
• Keep the time of radiation exposure short, especially during
fluoroscopy procedures.
• Follow proper techniques to minimize the number of repeat
exposures.
• Staff should not routinely hold patients. Use mechanical
holding devices when a patient or film requires added
support. If that is not possible, patients should be held by a
relative or friend who is wearing lead aprons and gloves.
• If pregnant, notify the head of your department.
X-ray Safety for Patients
• Patient exposure should be
kept as low as reasonably
achievable
• The radiation exposure to
the patient should be
minimized without
compromising the
diagnostic quality of the
exam
• Obtaining a good quality
radiograph while
controlling radiation
exposure of the patient is
one goal of a viable quality
assurance program
• Follow the proper technique for each examination—this
reduces the need to repeat the procedure
• Obtain a good quality radiograph the first time and reduce
the number of repeat examinations.
• Collimate the primary x-ray beam to the area of interest to
reduce scatter radiation.
• When portable x-ray machines are used, ensure that other
patients are located at least one meter from scatter
radiation or utilize portable lead panels.
Patient Radiation Safety Principles (continued)
Patient Radiation Safety Principles (continued)
• Use gonadal shields for patients as long as they will not
interfere with the medical exam.
• Identify pregnant patients and notify the referring physician
before they undergo any x-ray exams.
• Use protective eye wear and aprons when appropriate.
• Maxwell Adams, J. (1994, reprint 2004). Electrical Safety 2004: A guide to the causes and prevention of electrical
hazards. London. The Institution of Electrical Engineers.
• Central Board of Health (2003). Zambia Infection Prevention Guidelines. JHPIEGO Corporation. Baltimore, Maryland.
• Damani, N.N. (2003). Manual of Infection Control Procedures: 2nd Edition. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press.
• Emory University Environmental Health and Safety Office. (2009, September). Safety Toolbox Training: Avoiding
Electrical Shocks. http://www.ehso.emory.edu/content-guidelines/ToolboxTraining_AvoidingElectricalShocks .
• Kenyatta National Hospital (2006). Policy Guidelines on Antiseptics, Disinfection, Sterilization and Waste Disposal.
• Muralidhar, S., PK Singh, RK Jain, M Malhotra & M Bala (2010). “Needle stick injuries among health care workers in a
tertiary care hospital in India.” Indian Journal of Medical Research. Mar; 131: 405-10.
• Office of Safety and Health Administration. (April 2009). OSHA Academy Course 715: Electrical Safety Basics Student
Manual. http://www.oshatrain.org/courses/mods/715e.html.
• Prasad, R., Z. Quezado, A. St. Andre, & N. O’Grady (2006). Fires in the Operating Room and Intensive Care Unit.
Anesth Analg 2006;102:172–4.
• PattersonW B., Craven DE., Schwartz DA., Nardell EA., Kasmer J. & Noble J. (1985) Occupational Hazards to Hospital
Personnel. Annals of Internal Medicine. May; 102:658-68.
• Tanzania Ministry of Health and Social Welfare. (2004). National Infection Prevention and Control Guidelines for Health
Services in Tanzania.
• Tanzania Ministry of Health and Social Welfare. (2003). Tanzania Waste Management Guidelines.
• Tanzania Ministry of Health and Social Welfare. (2009). Injection Safety in the Context of Infection Prevention and
Control, Participants’ Manual Tanzania.
• Tanzania Ministry of Health and Social Welfare. (2006). Standards and Procedures for Healthcare Waste Management
in Tanzania. Pul: Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, United Republic of Tanzania, 28pp.
• Wenzel, RP, editor. (1994). Prevention and Control of Nosocomial Infections. Baltimore. Williams & Wilkins.
http://www.ehso.emory.edu/content-guidelines/ToolboxTraining_AvoidingElectricalShocks �
http://www.ehso.emory.edu/content-guidelines/ToolboxTraining_AvoidingElectricalShocks �
http://www.ehso.emory.edu/content-guidelines/ToolboxTraining_AvoidingElectricalShocks �
http://www.oshatrain.org/courses/mods/715e.html�
- Medical X-ray Safety
- Health Worker Safety from X-ray Exposure (continued)
- Slide Number 16
- Patient Radiation Safety Principles (continued)�
Contents
Introduction to X-Rays
Protection from X-Ray Hazards
Monitoring of exposure
Protection From X-rays
Time
Distance
Shielding
Safety Precautions and Guidelines
X-ray Safety for Health Workers
Health Worker Safety from X-ray Exposure
X-ray Safety for Patients
Patient Radiation Safety Principles
Thank You
Bibliography
Topic: Radiation Protection
Paper MUST have:
· Title page
· Half a page abstract
·
4 written pages (introduction, separate headings for main topics).
· References.
· Abstract
· Introduction
What is the x-ray
The risk from x-ray
· Protection from x-ray
radiation protection from x-ray relies on:
· Time: the time spent near the machine while it is producing x-ray.
· Distance: distance between technologist and the x-ray source. Also, the distance between patients and the source.
· Shielding: (lead apron, thyroid shield, glasses…) Used by technologists and patients.
· X-ray safety for health workers
Personal protection (film badge, TLD…)
· X-ray safety for patients
Patient protection (gonad shielding)
· Conclusion
· References
The paper MUST include separate headings for the introduction, and main topics.
You must write about points you mentioned in your introduction.
Need the source at the end of each paragraph
NOTE:
· Wikipedia, Dictionaries and Encyclopedias will NOT be accepted as reference sources.
· You MUST include a minimum of 5 reference sources
