Psychology Can someone help me with my critical thinking homework?

 Consider student debt. Applying each of the four steps found at the end of chapter 1, explain how you arrived at your thoughts and opinions on this issue. Keep in mind that the four steps are listed as guidelines to being vigilant and thus maximizing our individuality when it comes to formulating an opinion or belief. 

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    ISBN10: 0078038189 | ISBN13: 9780078038181

    Beyond Feelings: A Guide to Critical Thinking,

    9th Edition

    ISBN10: 0078038189

    ISBN13: 9780078038181

    By

    Vincent Ruggiero

    © 2012

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    Overview

    This succinct, interdisciplinary introduction to critical thinking successfully dares students to question their own assumptions and to enlarge their thinking through the analysis of the most common problems associated with everyday reasoning. The text offers a unique and effective organization: Part I explains the fundamental concepts; Part II describes the most common barriers to critical thinking; Part III offers strategies for overcoming those barriers.

    Table of Contents

    Preface

    Introduction

    PART I. THE CONTEXT

    1. Who Are You?

    The Influence of Time and Place
    The Influence of Ideas
    The Influence of Mass Culture
    The “Science” of Manipulation
    The Influence of Psychology
    Becoming an Individual

    2. What Is Critical Thinking?

    Mind, Brain, or Both?
    Critical Thinking Defined
    Characteristics of Critical Thinkers
    The Role of Intuition
    The Basic Activities of Critical Thinking
    Critical Thinking and Writing
    Critical Thinking and Discussion
    Avoiding Plagiarism

    3. What Is Truth?

    Where Does It All Begin?
    Imperfect Perception
    Imperfect Memory
    Deficient Information
    Even the Wisest Can Err
    Truth Is Discovered, Not Created

    4. What Does It Mean to Know?

    Requirements of Knowing
    Testing Your Own Knowledge
    How We Come to Know
    Why Knowing is Difficult
    A Cautionary Tail
    Is Faith a Form of Knowledge
    Obstacles to Knowledge

    5. How Good Are Your Opinions?

    Opinions Can Be Mistaken
    Opinions on Moral Issues
    Even Experts Can Be Wrong
    Kinds of Errors
    Informed Versus Uninformed Opinion
    Forming Opinions Responsibly

    6. What Is Evidence?

    Kinds of Evidence
    Evaluating Evidence
    What Constitutes “Sufficient” Evidence?

    7. What Is Argument?

    The Parts of an Argument
    Evaluating Arguments
    More Difficult Arguments

    PART II. THE PITFALLS

    8. The Basic Problem: “Mine Is Better”

    Egocentric People
    Ethnocentric People
    Controlling “Mine-Is-Better” Thinking

    9.

    Errors of Perspective
    Poverty of Aspect
    Unwarranted Assumptions
    The Either/Or Outlook
    Mindless Conformity
    Absolutism
    Relativism
    Bias For or Against Change

    10.

    Errors of Procedure
    Biased Consideration of Evidence
    Double Standard
    Hasty Conclusion
    Overgeneralization and Stereotyping
    Oversimplification
    The Post Hoc Fallacy

    11.

    Errors of Expression
    Contradiction
    Arguing in a Circle
    Meaningless Statement
    Mistaken Authority
    False Analogy
    Irrational Appeal

    12.

    Errors of Reaction
    Automatic Rejection
    Changing the Subject
    Shifting the Burden of Proof
    “Straw Man”
    Attacking the Critic

    13. The Errors in Combination

    Errors of Perspective
    Errors of Procedure
    Errors of Expression
    Errors of Reaction

    Sample Combinations of Errors
    A Sensible View of Terminology

    PART III. A STRATEGY

    14. Knowing Yourself

    Critical Thinking Inventory
    Using Your Inventory
    Challenge and Reward

    15. Being Observant

    Observing People
    Observation in Science and Medicine
    The Range of Application
    Becoming More Observant
    Reflecting Your Observations

    16. Selecting an Issue

    The Basic Rule: Less Is More
    How to Limit an Issue
    Sample Issue: Pornography
    Sample Issue: Boxing
    Sample Issue: Juvenile Crime
    Narrowing the Issue Further

    17. Conducting Inquiry

    Working with Inconclusive Results
    Where to Look for Information
    Keeping Focused
    How Much Inquiry is Enough?
    Managing Lengthy Material

    18. Forming a Judgment

    Evaluating Evidence

    Evaluating Your Sources’ Arguments
    Making Important Distinctions
    Expressing Judgments

    19. Persuading Others

    Guidelines for Persuasion
    An Unpersuasive Presentation
    A Persuasive Presentation

    Notes

    Index

    Author Bios

    About the Author

    Vincent Ruggiero

    Vincent Ryan Ruggiero is internationally recognized as a pioneer in the movement to make creative and critical thinking central emphases in education and in society. The author of 22 books and over 500 essays, he is Professor of Humanities Emeritus at State University of New York, Delhi.

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