Programming Question

Make corrections from the feedback in the First Draft. I will also attach the proposal and the feedback given from the draft. Please follow the rubric carefully. Please have STATA

Impact of COVID-19 Vaccination on Unemployment Rates in the U.S.
Impact of COVID-19 Vaccination on Unemployment Rates in the U.S.
Introduction
The COVID-19 epidemic has significantly altered work patterns and had a major
effect on economies all around the world. Understanding the link between COVID-19
immunization rates and unemployment rates is one of the main topics of focus. This essay
aims to answer the following research question: “What effect does COVID-19 vaccination
have on unemployment rates?” Our study will work at the state level as a unit of analysis. We
may fully assess the situation by comparing vaccination and unemployment rates across
different geographic locations. It also allows us to analyze how different state-level
government policies and environmental variables may have impacted these rates.
Understanding the relationship between COVID-19 immunization and unemployment
rates is critical. This connection has far-reaching consequences, influencing economic wellbeing, social stability, and public health outcomes. Our study can give significant insights
that may assist in lessening the multiple consequences of unemployment during and after a
pandemic as governments wrestle with issues related to vaccine distribution techniques and
economic recovery plans. Furthermore, the knowledge gathered from this study might be
instrumental in planning for future crises.
We will attempt to contribute to the larger academic conversation and detail the
essential components of our research plan. While there is an expanding corpus of work on the
effects of COVID-19 immunization on numerous socioeconomic characteristics, there is a
significant vacuum in the particular association between vaccination rates and unemployment
levels. Our research tries to close this gap.
Though we do not state expressly why the government should intervene, our
consideration of the possible influence of vaccination on public health outcomes and
economic recovery suggests that government engagement in vaccination distribution may be
necessary. Our research will help us understand how such interventions might help reduce
unemployment’s economic and societal costs.
While we do not go into detail on positive and negative externalities or imperfect
information, we do recognize their importance. Discussing possible barriers to vaccination
acceptance, such as worries about side effects, touches on some of these economic issues.
Our research will look at how these factors may impact the dynamics of COVID-19
vaccination and unemployment rates.
Our study will rely heavily on a thorough literature evaluation to answer our key
research question and achieve the aims specified in this proposal. This method will allow us
to entirely summarise existing knowledge on the topic, critically evaluate the condition of the
literature, and identify research needs. We hope to give a comprehensive picture of how
COVID-19 immunization rates may intersect with unemployment rates by synthesizing
information from various peer-reviewed publications. Furthermore, our literature evaluation
will serve as the foundation for our study, directing our research technique and data analysis.
Using this rigorous methodology, we want to provide valuable insights into the continuing
discussion about the dynamic link between immunization efforts and job outcomes in the
context of the COVID-19 epidemic.
Literature Review
Suthar et al. (2022) established that COVID-19 vaccination positively impacts public
health. They investigated the effect of the vaccination on mortality rates and incidences of
COVID-19. It emerged that among American citizens, a heightened level of vaccination
resulted in a significant reduction in the number of deaths. Besides, it resulted in a reduction
in the number of people who contracted the infection. In that regard, it follows that by
embracing the use of the vaccine, it is easy for the government to prevent population decline
resulting from COVID-19 deaths. Besides, the number of people who remain healthy and do
not need to self-quarantine also increases. That provides a scenario where more people can
work and build the economy. The framework ensures that the economy can sustain a higher
rate of employment.
Moghadas et al. (2021) also found that taking the COVID-19 vaccine reduced the
attack rate from 9% to 4.6% among U.S. citizens. According to the study, the reduction was
more pronounced among people over 65, who were considered more at risk of devastation
from the virus. In addition, vaccination led to a drastic decline in the cases that needed ICU
hospitalization by a whopping 63%. Lastly, the study found that the number of deaths upon
vaccination reduced by 69.3%. It follows that owing to the introduction of vaccination, the
economy generally spent less on responding to COVID-19 emergencies. Besides, more
people remained alive and healthy, availing the requisite human labor for economic growth.
The vaccine, in turn, enhanced a suitable environment for boosting the employment rate.
Apergis & Apergis (2022) state that traditionally, immigrant men had a higher affinity
for employment than their native counterparts. However, in a study they undertook, COVID19 disrupted the statistics. The number of employed immigrant men reduced sharply relative
to the number of native men who were employed. It is a key indicator that COVID-19
generally had a negative impact on employment rates. In that regard, effective vaccination
came as a reprieve to the situation.
Cho & Winters (2021) averred that COVID-19 initially struck much harder in
relatively larger metropolitan areas than in rural settings. Because of the high population
density in large urban centers, more people were exposed to the disease, contributing to the
devastating impact. The COVID-19 virus is an airborne disease that is highly contagious and
whose transmission is aided by the proximity of people. Consequently, they decided to carry
out a study in which they compared employment rates in urban and rural areas during the
epidemic. Indeed, job losses in urban areas were greater and occurred faster than in rural
areas of comparable size. It has been demonstrated that a faster rate of COVID-19
dissemination results in a lower employment rate, and hence, vaccinations that slow the rate
at which the infection spreads can successfully increase employment.
Lee et al. (2021) investigated the disparities that surfaced concerning employment
opportunities lost during the COVID-19 epidemic. They found that members of minority
groups, such as females, Hispanics, and younger people, faced a higher rate of job loss than
their majority members. Having said that, the groups mentioned above also recovered much
quicker later. It seems that individuals who suffered the most from COVID-19 were the ones
who profited the most from the vaccine against it.
Empirical Model
Estimating Equation
The study is pegged on a regression model. It is a straight-line equation, y=mx + c,
where the regression coefficient is the value denoted as m. Its value shall give a good
impression of the degree to which the variables are correlated
Variables
There are two variables considered in the study. The dependent variable is the
percentage of the population that is unemployed. On the other hand, the independent variable
is the percentage of the population on which the COVID-19 vaccine was administered.
Data
Raw Data
COVID-19 Vaccine
Percent of
Administered Dose1
Year / Month
labor force Unemployed
Population Percentage
2020
8.1
0
2021
5.3
42.19039486
2022
3.6
71.82747596
2022 September
3.5
74.19453125
2022 October
3.7
74.55625
2022 November
3.6
75.02375
2022 December
3.5
75.31835938
2023 January
3.4
75.46132813
2023 February
3.6
75.59492187
2023 March
3.5
75.711875
2023 April
3.4
75.79921875
2023 May
3.7
75.8328125
Source of Data
The data was compiled from two credible sources. Data on the unemployment rate
was collected from the U.S. Bureau Of Labor Statistics (cpseea01.pdf (bls.gov)). On the other
hand, the data on the rate of COVID-19 Vaccine dose administration was collected from the
Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) – COVID-19 Vaccinations in the United
States, Jurisdiction | Data | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (cdc.gov)
Descriptive Statistics
Summary Discussion
From the descriptive statistics, it is clear that there are 12 observations in each case.
The number of unemployment and vaccine data considered were 12 pairs. The mean
unemployment rate in the 12 cases was 4.075, while that of vaccines was 65.95. Similarly,
the two variables had a standard deviation of 1.367 and 22.83, respectively. The minimum
employment rate was 3.4, while the minimum vaccination was 0. Their respective maximum
values were 8.1 and 75.832.
Empirical Results
Regression Table
Interpretation
The resultant coefficient of vaccine administered is -0.05964. It is an indication that
the two variables are negatively proportional. When one of the variables increases, the other
decreases. Since the coefficient is 0.05964, it is an indication that there is a significant
correlation between the two variables. Besides, the resultant p-value is less than 0.000. the
value is less than 0.05, which is the alpha value. It is an indication that there is a significant
correlation between the variables. Consequently, one change leads to a significant change in
the other. When the percentage of the U.S. population that is vaccinated increases, it leads to
a significant decline in the percentage of the unemployed population.
Conclusion
Policy Implications
The results make it clear that increasing the number of vaccinated people is an absolute
necessity. It should be a top priority for the Federal and local governments to increase the
proportion of the population that has received vaccinations. They ought to allot a greater
portion of the available funds in the budget to vaccinate members of the general population.
In addition to emphasizing the initial dose, this principle should also be applied to future
doses and booster doses. Investing money in educating the general public about the benefits
of vaccinations is also essential.
Previous Literature
The previous literature made it apparent that there is a correlation between enhanced
vaccination and a reduction in the rate of unemployment. The studies found that when
vaccination is enhanced, the number of deaths and cases of COVID-19 is reduced
significantly. Therefore, they lead to a scenario where the economy thrives and
accommodates enhanced employment rates. The studies are perfectly congruent to the results.
They confirm the findings that there is a significant correlation between the rate of
unemployment and the degree of administered COVID-19 vaccination.
Limitations
Several limitations may have hampered the study. Core among them is that it did not
consider the impact of other auxiliary factors. The unemployment rate may have been
influenced by other factors such as climate change, immigration, and racism. However, the
study did not consider the possible impact that such factors may have had. Despite the
limitations, it is apparent that such factors have existed even before the emergence of
COVID-19 and subsequent vaccination. Therefore, it is likely that any negative impact of
such factors on the credibility of the studies drawn from the study is likely to be immensely
minimal.
References
Apergis E. & Apergis N. (2022). Reverse immigration effects for expatriates in Oman during
the COVID-19 pandemic shock. International Advances in Economic Research 19–
37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11294-022-09853-8
Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Retretrieved from
https://data.cdc.gov/Vaccinations/COVID-19-Vaccinations-in-the-United-StatesJurisdi/unsk-b7fc
Cho S. J. Lee J. Y. & Winters J. V. (2021). Employment impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic
across metropolitan status and size. Growth and Change 1958–1996.
https://doi.org/10.1111/grow.12540
Lee S. Y. T. Park M. Shin Y. & National Bureau of Economic Research. (2021). Hit harder,
recover slower? Unequal employment effects of the COVID-19 shock. National
Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved October 26, 2023, from
https://www.nber.org/papers/w28354.
Moghadas S. M. Vilches T. N. Zhang K. Wells C. R. Shoukat A. Singer B. H. Meyers L. A.
Neuzil K. M. Langley J. M. Fitzpatrick M. C. & Galvani A. P. (2021). The impact of
vaccination on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreaks in the United
States. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases
Society of America 2257–2264. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab079
Suthar A. B. Wang J. Seffren V. Wiegand R. E. Griffing S. & Zell E. (2022). Public health
impact of COVID-19 vaccines in the U.S: observational study. BMJ (Clinical
Research Ed.) e069317–e069317. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2021-069317
U.S. Bureau Of Labor Statistics. Retrieved from
https://www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cpseea01.pdf
Proposal: The Impact of COVID-19 Vaccination on Unemployment Rates
Introduction
The COVID-19 epidemic has significantly altered work patterns and had a major effect
on economies all around the world. Understanding the link between COVID-19 immunization
rates and unemployment rates is one of the main topics of focus. The purpose of this essay is to
answer the following research question: “What effect does COVID-19 vaccination have on
unemployment rates?”
As a unit of analysis, our study will work at the state level. By comparing vaccination and
unemployment rates across different geographic locations, we may undertake a full assessment
of the situation. It also allows us to analyze how different state-level government policies and
environmental variables may have impacted on these rates.
Understanding the relationship between COVID-19 immunization and unemployment
rates is critical. This connection has far-reaching consequences, influencing not just economic
well-being but also social stability and public health outcomes. Our study can give significant
insights that may assist in lessening the multiple consequences of unemployment during and
after a pandemic as governments wrestle with issues related to vaccine distribution techniques
and economic recovery plans. Furthermore, the knowledge gathered from this study might be
extremely useful in planning for future crises.
We will attempt to contribute to the larger academic conversation in addition to detailing
the essential components of our research plan. While there is an expanding corpus of work on the
effects of COVID-19 immunization on numerous socioeconomic characteristics, there is a
significant vacuum in the particular association between vaccination rates and unemployment
levels. Our research tries to close this gap.
Though we do not state specifically why the government should intervene, our
consideration of the possible influence of vaccination on public health outcomes and economic
recovery suggests that government engagement in vaccination distribution may be important.
Our research will help us understand how such interventions might help to reduce the economic
and societal costs of unemployment.
While we do not go into detail on positive and negative externalities or imperfect
information, we do recognize their importance. Notably, our discussion of possible barriers to
vaccination acceptance, such as worries about side effects, touches on some of these economic
issues. Our research will look at how these factors may impact the dynamics of COVID-19
vaccination and unemployment rates.
Our study will rely heavily on a thorough literature evaluation to answer our key research
question and achieve the aims specified in this proposal. This method will allow us to completely
summarise existing knowledge on the topic, critically evaluate the condition of the literature, and
identify research needs. We hope to give a comprehensive picture of how COVID-19
immunization rates may intersect with unemployment rates by synthesizing information from a
range of peer-reviewed publications. Furthermore, our literature evaluation will serve as the
foundation for our study, directing our research technique and data analysis. We want to provide
useful insights into the continuing discussion about the dynamic link between immunization
efforts and job outcomes in the context of the COVID-19 epidemic by using this rigorous
methodology.
Literature Review
In this section, we will review relevant studies on the impact of COVID-19 on
employment and the potential influence of vaccination rates. The existing body of literature
offers insights into how the pandemic has affected various aspects of society, including
employment patterns.
The COVID-19 epidemic caused significant changes in labor market dynamics
throughout the United States. Significant changes in employment patterns occurred in a variety
of states, industries, and demographic groupings. Notably, the unemployment rate reached a new
high of 14.8% in April 2020, the highest level since data recording started in 1948. Even as the
pandemic progressed, the unemployment rate remained high, with a rate of 5.4% in July 2021,
which was greater than the pre-pandemic level of 3.5% in February 2020 (Falk et al., 2021).
During the pandemic, the leisure and hospitality industries suffered the brunt of employment
losses.
The BMJ released a paper titled “Public Health Impact of COVID-19 Vaccines in the US:
Observational Study,” which examined the effect of vaccination distribution on COVID-19 death
and incidence rates in the United States. The data demonstrated a robust link between improved
vaccination coverage and lower COVID-19 mortality and incidence at the population level
(Suthar et al., 2022). This highlights the potential of vaccination programs to enhance public
health outcomes, which can in turn impact employment rates indirectly by allowing companies
and industries to operate safely.
Another study published in PLOS ONE, “The Impact of Vaccination to Control COVID19 Burden in the United States: A Simulation Modelling Approach,” used simulation models to
explore the influence of vaccination on SARS-CoV-2 management. This study discovered that
vaccination coverage, effectiveness, and compliance with nonpharmaceutical interventions all
have a substantial impact on the timeline of pandemic control (Alagoz et al., 2021). Such
findings underline the critical significance of vaccination in limiting pathogen transmission and
avoiding potentially disastrous economic effects.
While not directly connected to unemployment rates, issues that may impede vaccination
acceptance must be considered. Research published in JAMA Network Open, “Analysis of
COVID-19 Vaccine Type and Adverse Effects Following Vaccination,” investigates adverse
responses to COVID-19 immunization. While this study does not address unemployment, it does
give insight into potential barriers to vaccination acceptance. Concerns about side effects may
stymie economic recovery if a sizable section of the population refuses to be immunized (Alexis
L. Beatty, 2021).
Considering the global situation, the International Labour Organisation (ILO) predicts
that worldwide unemployment will climb from 187 million in 2019 to 205 million in 2022. This
forecast emphasizes the need-to-know variables such as vaccination rates, which may impact
worldwide unemployment rates (Alagoz et al., 2021).
To summarize, while there is a growing amount of literature on the influence of COVID19 and vaccination on numerous aspects of society, research explicitly addressing the association
between COVID-19 immunization rates and unemployment levels is still in the early stages. This
study aims to add to this crucial field of research by investigating the interdependence of these
two parameters.
References
Alagoz, O., Sethi, A. K., Patterson, B. W., Churpek, M., Alhanaee, G., Scaria, E., & Safdar, N.
(2021, July 14). The impact of vaccination to control COVID-19 burden in the United
States: A simulation modeling approach. PLOS ONE.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254456
Alexis L. Beatty, M. (2021, December 22). Analysis of COVID-19 vaccine type and adverse
effects following vaccination. JAMA Network Open.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2787361
Falk, G., Romero, P. D., Nicchitta, I. A., & Nyhof, E. C. (2021, August 20). Unemployment rates
during the COVID-19 pandemic – CRS reports. Congressional Research Service.
https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R46554
Suthar, A. B., Wang, J., Seffren, V., Wiegand, R. E., Griffing, S., & Zell, E. (2022, April 27).
Public health impact of covid-19 vaccines in the US: Observational study. The BMJ.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2021-069317