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For your initial post, begin by reviewing the Research Changes and Practices Excerpts PDF document (uploaded) for information about the history of homosexuality and PTSD in the DSM. In addition, review the four excerpts about homosexuality and PTSD. Then address the following:
How have changes in the DSM impacted clinical diagnosis for homosexuality and PTSD?
How has the field of mental health changed as a result of the current concepts of homosexuality and PTSD?
What is the impact on clinical practice because of these changes?
How does the concept of research trends in the DSM apply to any of the following programmatic themes? You may want to review the Programmatic Themes PDF document. uploaded below
Self-care
Social justice
Emotional intelligence
Career connections
Ethics
ASSSIGNMENT 2
COMPLETE MODULE TWO MILESTONE TEMPLATE UPLOADED BELOW
Psychology is more than just one course you are taking in college. Psychology is everywhere! It’s a tool
that can help you live a better life, make a bigger impact on the world, and build stronger relationships.
As you complete coursework throughout your degree program, you’ll discover and rediscover five key
themes. Each one illustrates a way to apply psychology in your life both personally and professionally. By
the end of your program, you’ll have the tools to understand yourself more fully, improve your personal
and professional connections, and effect positive change in the world.
Self-care: When you hear the term self-care, you may think of things like bubble baths and dark
chocolate. But self-care is about more than just pampering yourself. Engaging in self-care means
taking time for personal reflection and developing skills to improve your well-being. You can also
take care of yourself by increasing your resilience and self-regulation.
Social justice: Everyone deserves the same rights and access to opportunities. When you apply
psychology ethically and empathetically, you’re supporting social justice. As you work through
this program, you’ll see that psychology can do more than just improve your own life—it can
help you enhance the lives of others and promote social justice for society as a whole.
Emotional intelligence (EI): Emotional intelligence is defined as the practice of self-control and
the ability to accurately perceive the emotions of self and others, appropriately adapt emotions
and actions in daily interactions, and consistently understand and express interest in the well-
being of self and others. In short, it’s how you understand and respond to emotions in yourself
and the people around you. Emotional intelligence is not just an abstract concept. It’s a set of
skills, including self-awareness, self-regulation, ethical judgment, empathy, social awareness,
and conflict resolution.
Career connections: Even if you don’t become a psychologist, studying psychology can help
advance your career. Psychology helps explain why people behave in certain ways and how you
can work with them more effectively. Whether you major in psychology or use this course as a
stepping-stone to other opportunities, the study of psychology can improve your daily life and
job prospects.
Ethics: Modern psychology is guided by ethical principles. While formal ethics are set by
governing bodies such as the American Psychological Association, you also have your own set of
values and morals that influence your personal ethics. Throughout your coursework, you will
apply ethics by citing your sources.
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PSY Programmatic Themes
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Excerpt 1
This article addresses how homosexuality was pathologized in the DSM.
“A good example is the pathologisation of homosexuality. Until the mid-1970s, homosexuality was
classified as a mental illness on the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders—see
below). In December of 1973, the APA board of trustees voted to declassify homosexuality as a mental
disorder. In 1974, the DSM was updated, and homosexuality was replaced with a new diagnostic code
for individuals distressed by their homosexuality (Spitzer, 1981). However, it is still classified as a mental
illness in the latest edition of the Chinese diagnostic system (CCMD-3), is illegal in many countries and
carries the death penalty in several African countries.” (Humphreys, 2011, “The Human and
Cultural/Historical Construction of Abnormality” section, para. 3)
Excerpt
2
This article outlines the history of homosexuality in the DSM.
“The American Psychiatric Association (APA) recently completed a several year process of revising the
fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). During that time,
there were objections raised to retaining DSM’s gender identity disorder diagnoses and calls to remove
them, just as homosexuality had been removed from DSM-II in 1973. At the conclusion of the DSM-5
revision process, the gender diagnoses were retained, albeit in altered form and bearing the new name
of ‘gender dysphoria.’ The author of this paper was a member of the DSM-5 Workgroup on Sexual and
Gender Identity Disorders and presently serves on the WHO Working Group on Sexual Disorders and
Sexual Health. Both groups faced similar tasks: reconciling patients’ needs for access to care with the
stigma of being given a psychiatric diagnosis. The differing nature of the two diagnostic manuals led to
two different outcomes. As background, this paper updates the history of homosexuality and the gender
diagnoses in the DSM and in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health
Problems (ICD) as well as what is expected to happen to the homosexuality and gender diagnoses
following the current ICD-11 revision process.” (Drescher, 2015b)
Excerpt 3:
This article outlines theoretical views on homosexuality and addresses destigmatization.
“APA’s 1973 diagnostic revision was the beginning of the end of organized medicine’s official
participation in the social stigmatization of homosexuality. Similar shifts gradually took place in the
international mental health community as well. In 1990, the World Health Organization removed
homosexuality per se from the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) [64]. As a consequence,
debates about homosexuality gradually shifted away from medicine and psychiatry and into the moral
and political realms as religious, governmental, military, media, and educational institutions were
deprived of medical or scientific rationalization for discrimination.
As a result, cultural attitudes about homosexuality changed in the U.S. and other countries as those who
accepted scientific authority on such matters gradually came to accept the normalizing view. For if
homosexuality was no longer considered an illness, and if one did not literally accept biblical
prohibitions against it, and if gay people are able and prepared to function as productive citizens, then
what is wrong with being gay? Additionally, if there is nothing wrong with being gay, what moral and
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legal principles should the larger society endorse in helping gay people openly live their lives?”
(Drescher, 2015a, 571–572)
Excerpt 4:
This article gives an overview and outlines the history of the PTSD diagnosis.
“The risk of exposure to trauma has been a part of the human condition since we evolved as a species.
Attacks by saber tooth tigers or twenty-first century terrorists have probably produced similar
psychological sequelae in the survivors of such violence. Shakespeare’s Henry IV appears to meet many,
if not all, of the diagnostic criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), as have other heroes and
heroines throughout the world’s literature. The history of the development of the PTSD concept is
described by Trimble (1).
In 1980, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) added PTSD to the third edition of its Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) nosologic classification scheme (2). Although
controversial when first introduced, the PTSD diagnosis has filled an important gap in psychiatric theory
and practice. From an historical perspective, the significant change ushered in by the PTSD concept was
the stipulation that the etiological agent was outside the individual (i.e., a traumatic event) rather than
an inherent individual weakness (i.e., a traumatic neurosis). The key to understanding the scientific basis
and clinical expression of PTSD is the concept of ‘trauma.’” (Friedman, n.d., “A Brief History of the PTSD
Diagnosis” section, paras. 1–2)
References
Drescher, J. (2015a). Out of DSM: Depathologizing Homosexuality. Behavioral Sciences, 5(4), 565–575.
https://go.openathens.net/redirector/snhu.edu?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%2Fbs
5040565
Drescher, J. (2015b). Queer diagnoses revisited: The past and future of homosexuality and gender
diagnoses in DSM and ICD [Abstract]. International Review of Psychiatry, 27(5), 386–395.
https://go.openathens.net/redirector/snhu.edu?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3109%2F0
9540261.2015.1053847
Friedman, M. J. (n.d.). PTSD history and overview. PTSD: National Center for PTSD. U.S. Department of
Veterans Affairs.
https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/essentials/history_ptsd.asp#:~:text=In%201980%2
C%20the%20American%20Psychiatric,in%20psychiatric%20theory%20and%20practice
Humphreys, P. (2011, April). Psychopathologies: Paul Humphreys explores definitions and diagnoses of
‘abnormality,’ from historical perspectives to the present day. Psychology Review, 16(4), 2+.
Spitzer, R. L. (1981). The diagnostic status of homosexuality in DSM-III: a reformulation of the issues.
American Journal of Psychiatry, 138(2), 210-215.
https://go.openathens.net/redirector/snhu.edu?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.
1176%2Fajp.138.2.210
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PSY 215 Research Changes and Practices Excerpts
Excerpt 1
Excerpt 2
Excerpt 3:
Excerpt 4:
References
PSY 2
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5 Module Two Milestone Template
To complete this milestone, review the Pew Research article “Social Media and the Cost of Caring,” linked in this assignment in your course. As you weigh the costs and benefits of frequent exposure to social media, respond to each of the rubric criteria with a minimum of 3 to 5 sentences. Support your position with credible sources when appropriate. Complete this template by replacing the bracketed text with the relevant information.
According to the findings of the Pew Research study, there are several potential costs and benefits that result from frequent exposure to social media.
Describe one psychological
benefit of frequent social media use.
[Insert text]
Describe one psychological
cost of frequent social media use.
[Insert text]
At the end of the study overview on page 3, the researchers discuss the notion of stress being contagious.
Describe what the research
findings tell us about the link between our awareness of other people’s stressful life events on social media and increases in our own stress.
[Insert text]
We often refer to our involvement in social media groups as being a member of a community.
Describe how social media can promote the levels of
education and awareness that help to enhance well-being.
[Insert text]
Despite the positive intent of some social media influencers, their messages don’t always promote empathy, diversity, and inclusion.
If you were a social media influencer, describe how you would use social media to enhance
compassion and empathy for all people who struggle with psychological disorders.
[Insert text]
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