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Master’s Thesis Title : Prediction of Covid-19 cases using Unidirectional LSTM andBidirectional LSTM Deep Learning Models with Chest X-Ray Images
We have already applied Unidirectional LSTM and Bidirectional LSTM algorithms in the
coding part of the project. In addition, there should be a thesis that includes applying the
Deep Neural Network and comparing these three algorithms with each other.
We should apply these three algorithms (Unidirectional LSTM, Bidirectional LSTM and DNN)
on 5 different datasets and compare the results.
As a dataset, the most applied COVID-19 chest X-rays are
VGG-16,
ResNet-34
ResNet-50
DenseNet121
and this dataset in the link: https://github.com/ieee8023/covid-chestxray-dataset
Using fivefold crossvalidation to compare the performances of the results, to show in which
dataset what percentage of the data I separate as test and train with tables
I can wait for you to do a literature review. If you need time to read articles etc.My thesis
should include 100 pages with correct format.
PH.D. / MASTER THESIS SIMILARITY SCANNING FORM
Thesis Name
: ………………….…………..………………….…………..……………
………….…………..……………………………….…………..………
Student’s Name-Surname
: ………………….…………..…
Student Number
: ………………….…………..…
Department
: ………………….…………..…
Programme
:
Ph.D.
Master
Information About Used Similarity Scanning Program
Used Program Name
: …………………. Thesis Plagiarism Analysis Program
Web Address of Used Program
: ………………………………….
Scanning Date
: …………………………………
Similarity Scanning should be done according to the following criteria:
1. Quotations in quotes (citations) should be excluded
2. Bibliography must not be included in the scan
3. In settings related to similarity, the percentage of similarity should be chosen as 3 and the
similarity analysis should be done in percentage.
Percent similarity obtained as a result of Similarity Scan
% ………
D. At the end of the similarity scan, the similarity report (Similarity Scanning Program
Report) should be added digitally in the CD in addition to this document.
The similarity scan is made by me under the light of the criteria given above and there is no
objection to be sent to the jury members.
Plagiarism suspicion within the scope of related thesis as a result of similarity scan is:
formed
not formed
Advisor
Title, Name-Surname:.…………………………..
Signature :…………………….
Date
If there is plagiarism suspicion in the scan, add a justified report.
:…………………….
GRADUATE THESIS CONTROL FORM
The thesis that should be prepared by the student whose name and surname are mentioned below in accordance with the
Graduate Thesis Regulations have been checked in terms of format by our unit.
Student’s
Controller’s
Number
: ………………….…………..
Name-Surname
: ………………………….….…………..
Name-Surname
: ………………….………..………..
Signature
: ……………………….…………..
Date
: ………………….…………..
Programme
:
Master
Ph.D.
POSITIVE
1. PRINT LAYOUT
Paper Standard
Paper use area
Writing features
2. WRITING LAYOUT
Outer Cover Layout
Inner Cover Layout
Exam Result Form
Table of Contents
Page Numbering
Abstract
Summary
Order of Chapters
Order of Titles
Order of Tables
Order of Figures
Demonstration of Resources in the Text
Listing and Writing of Resources
Comments :
NEGATIVE
GRADUATE THESIS and STUDY EVALUATION FORM
Thesis Name
: ………………………………………………………………………………………….
Student’s Name-Surname
:…………………………….
Student Number
: ………………………………..
Department
: …………………………………………………………………………………………..
I. Thesis Evaluation
A. Formal Evaluation
Positive
Negative (*)
Not within my knowledge
Writing Layout
(*) If your assessment is negative please specify:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
B. Scientific and Technical Evaluation
1. Is the purpose and scope of the thesis clearly stated?
Yes
No
2. Are the methods used in the thesis scientifically adequate and current?
Yes
No
3. Are the results of the study evaluated and interpreted with scientific methods?
Yes
No
4. Briefly describe the originality of the thesis and its contribution to science.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
C. Sections to be corrected in the content of the thesis (**)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
D. Other suggestions (**)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
II. EVALUATION of the STUDY
Article identification :………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Paper identification :…………………………………………………………………………………………..…………..
A. Attached to the type of studies forwarded to you:
Studies that are produce from the thesis in accordance with the regulations of AYBU Graduate School of Natural and
Applied Sciences:
•
An article produced from the thesis study
published /
accepted in
national /
international peer-
reviewed journals with a scientific board
•
A proceeding produced from the thesis study in
national /
international scientific meeting with a scientific
board
B. Is the study/studies that is/are attached to you produced from the candidate’s thesis? Yes
No
Jury Member
Title, Name – Surname :.…………………………..
Signature :…………………….
(**)Use additional pages if necessary
Date
: …………………….
Page 1 / 1
GUIDELINE FOR THESIS WRITING
OCTOBER, 2017
ANKARA
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
These writing rules have been prepared in order to provide a unity in writing the thesis of
the graduate students completed in various branches of Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University
Institute of Science. Graduate and doctoral dissertations to be submitted to Ankara Yıldırım
Beyazıt University Institute of Science and Technology are written in accordance with the
principles stated in this guide. This thesis writing guide organizes the format of the theses to
be written at Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University and includes examples or templates for
writing thesis.
Post-graduate students who are to prepare master’s and doctoral thesis must comply with the
guidelines which are intended to be outlined in this booklet.
1.1 Basic Information
• When a direct citation is made in the thesis text without any further work, the original
source must be accompanied by an appropriate reference. Also, the resource you refer to
in the text should definitely be in the resources section.
•
Academic ethics must be strictly adhered to in the preparation and writing of the thesis.
• Similarly, every source in the resource section must be included in the text.
• It is extremely important to apply correct spelling and grammar rules to the thesis writing
language.
• If the language of the program in which the student graduates is 100% English, the thesis
must be written in English. If the language of the program is not 100% of English, it
should be written in the language specified in the “Thesis Subject and / or Advisor Change
Notification Form – Thesis Subject / Title” option in Turkish or English.
• In the writing of the thesis, Microsoft Office, Open Office, Latex etc. professional
electronic document preparation programs should be used.
2
•
There is a latex template which is prepared in accordance with the thesis writing guide
of Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University. You can access it in the following overleaf link:
https://tr.overleaf.com/latex/templates/aybu-fbe-thesis-template/bzzcmswwnhjr
• Students can review the Latex User Manual when they have a question.
LINK!!!!
Controllers can review the Latex Control Manual when they have a question.
LINK!!!
1.2 General Rules for typing English
•
Punctuation marks should be followed by a space of one character.
•
In decimal number format, if the language is Turkish, a comma (for example, one-anda-half) is placed between the numbers, and if the language is English, a dot is inserted
between the numbers.
•
The words should not be split at the end of the line, if it should be split, the word is taken
down next line and sentence followed.
•
If the subheading is at the end of the page, there should be at least two lines from the
subheading, or the subheading appear on the new page.
1.3 Science Institute Delivery Office
•
MS and PhD students apply for approval to the institute thesis control unit with two
copies of thesis (Word / Latex – 80 gram – softcover-spiral) before thesis defense
examination.
•
After the thesis control unit has made the first check according to the thesis writing rules,
one of the thesis copies is returned to the student. The student makes the corrections
stated in the thesis control form together with the corrections given in the thesis defense
examination. Before the theses are bound, a spiral copy of the thesis is brought to the
institute thesis control unit for the second control.
•
After the thesis control unit approves the thesis, the thesis should be delivered to the
Institute together with other necessary documents (Graduation papers).
3
4
CHAPTER 2
TECHNICAL ISSUES OF FORMATTING AND WRITING
2.1 Paper Standards
“A4” (210×297 mm) standard paper is used for the writing and printing of theses to be
prepared. The theses should preferably be reproduced on a 90-100 gram white, first dough
paper without deteriorating their properties, and the copies should be clear and legible. Color
code of external cover; # 10AFCD for master’s theses, #XXXXX for dissertations.
2.2 Page Usage
•
The back side of the paper should not be used.
•
Paper Layout; internal cover, table of contents, main text, and references should have
margin 3 cm on top and bottom, 2,5 cm right sides and 4 cm on the left, except on external
cover.
2.3 Font and Text Size
•
Text font should be Times New Roman and text size is 12. In the pages for the first
section of thesis (cover, thesis result form, thanks, abstract etc.), different font size and
format (bold, italic, etc.) can be used in the title and subheadings, tables, figures,
footnotes, attachments and equations. For detailed information, see the following
examples of related sections.
•
Italic writing format should only be used in situations such as special emphasis, foreign
words, technical terms, mathematical expressions.
2.4 Line Spacing and Text/Paragraph Order
•
In the section text, line spacing should be set to be 1.5 spacing.
•
The text should be justified on both sides of the page.
•
Line indent should not be used for paragraphs. Paragraph spacing should be set to 12
points before and after the paragraph from paragraph attributes section.
2.5 Page Numbering
5
As explained in Chapter 3, the thesis consists of three parts. These are the Preliminary
Section, Text Section and Final Section. The page numbering for these sections should be
done as follows.
•
The page number of the external cover will not be given.
•
Preliminary section pages should be numbered with small roman numbers (i, ii, iii, …)
and the top right corner of the page.
•
Numbering starts from the internal cover, but the page number will not be shown on the
internal cover.
•
The text section and the final section pages should be numbered with the Latin numbers
(0,1, … 9) and the top right corner of the page.
•
The page number should begin with 1 and the numbering from the Chapter 1 to the last
page should be made.
6
CHAPTER 3
PARTS OF THESIS
3.1 ORDER OF PRESENTATION OF THE PARTS OF THESIS
The contents and order of the thesis sections are shown in Table 3.1.
Tablo 3.1 Presentation sequence of thesis parts
Page Number
(all page
DESCRIPTIONS
numbers
should be
written in the
top right
corner)
OUTER COVER
not numbered
i
INNER COVER
THESIS
EXAMINATION
(is
not
written)
ii
RESULT FORM
The final thesis should be submitted to the Graduate
School of Natural and Applied Sciences with a hardcover
(clothbound).
The content and layout should be the same as the outer
cover.
Students who are successful in the thesis examination
should sign and confirm the result form of the advisor,
jury member, title, surname and university information
to the advisor and jury members.
It should be noted that the thesis is compatible with
ethical rules.
ETHICAL DECLARATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Roman num.
It is completely a page of the graduate student and
contains explanations and acknowledgments about the
thesis.
Roman num.
Under the heading ABSTRACT, the thesis English
summary should be included and finally the keywords
should be found. Words that define what is meant as a
keyword should be selected. The word “Keywords”
should be written in bold.
Roman num.
Under the title of ÖZ, the thesis should have a Turkish
summary and eventually the key words should be found.
Words that define what is meant as a keyword should be
selected. “Anahtar Kelimeler” should be written in bold.
CONTENTS
Roman num.
The titles of the front pages under the heading
CONTENTS, the title of the thesis and the titles of the
subsections and the titles of the last pages should be
given together with the page numbers.
LIST OF SYMBOLS
Roman num.
It is prepared in alphabetical order under the title
Abbreviation.
ABSTRACT
ÖZ (In Turkish)
7
LIST OF TABLES
Roman num.
Under the TABLE LIST title, table number, table
description and page number information are prepared.
LIST OF FIGURES
Roman num.
Under the FIGURE LIST title, shape number is prepared
by giving shape description and page number
information.
Starts with 1
INTRODUCTION
and uses Latin
numbers
Latin num.
OTHER CHAPTERS
Latin num.
RESULTS
Latin num.
REFERENCES
Latin num.
APPENDICES
CURRICULUM VITAE
Latin num.
This section should contain information that prepares the
reader for the topic. The purpose and scope of the
research that is the basis of the examination should also
be clearly stated in this section. Introduction section;
Should consist of three subsections: “Literature
Summary”, “Aim of the Thesis” and “Hypothesis” (or
“Findings”, “Original Contribution” according to the
author’s preference).
This is the part of the thesis between
“INTRODUCTION” and “RESULTS” sections. The
theoretical foundation of the subject, the feature, the
material and method used are given in the main text and
consists of the sections and subdivisions according to the
details of the study. The number of episodes and
subsections is left to the author’s choice.
In this section, the results obtained from the thesis study
should be written as clearly as possible. Comparison and
discussion of the results with previous studies and results
clearly emphasizes the link between the results and the
theoretical basis.
Sources referred to in the thesis text (referenced
publication) should be numbered under the heading
“RESOURCES” under the title of use in the thesis.
If is there any information that is not required to be
included in the text, the project which is larger than the
normal page and which is not intended to be reduced or
is impossible, they are written at the end of the
“SOURCES” section as shown in the thesis template.
It should include information about the student’s personal
information, education and training, and also where he /
she has works.
8
3.2 Presections
3.2.1 Outer Cover
• The usage area of the thesis cover page is the same as the usage area given in the 2.2 Page
Usage Area heading.
• All text on the cover page should be written in bold.
• The name of the university and the name of the institute on the outer cover (upper case,
16 points, 6 points before and after 1.5 line), logo, thesis title (upper case, 16 point, upper
case, 6 points before and after 1.5 line), author (only initials are upper case,16 point, 6
points before and after 1.5 line), department of the author (only initials are upper case,16
point, 6 points before and after 1.5 line) the date of publication of the dissertation (only
initials are upper case, 12 points, 6 points before and after 1.5 line) and the place of
publication (ANKARA, 12 points, upper case, 6 lines before and after the line spacing of
1.5).
• Times New Roman fonts should be used in all manuscripts.
• Abbreviation should not be used in the thesis writer and must be the same as the registered
name-surname of the institute.
• The margins should be 1.5 cm from all edges.
• See example of outer cover in Appendix-1.
3.2.2 Side edge of the outer cover
The design of the side edge of the outer cover should be placed from top to bottom in the
order of month, year, department, student name and top logo of our university to be suitable
for the design of the front cover. The logo can be enlarged according to the thickness of the
thesis.
3.2.3 Inner Cover
• The usage area of the thesis cover page is the same as the usage area given in the 2.2 Page
Usage Area heading.
9
• The layout and format example for the internal cover page should be changed only by the
student’s own information. All spelling features (point, capital, etc.) must be preserved.
See appendix-2 for the inner cover example.
3.2.4 Thesis Examination Result Form
•
Examples of thesis examination result forms are given in website of institute and
appendix.
• If there are more than 2 juries in the thesis defense examination, the addition should be
made on the same page without disrupting the formatting order.
• Six and eight copies of master and doctoral thesis are asked by the institute respectively.
Fort this reason, corresponding number of copies must be signed by the jury members.
• Signed pages 90-100 gr. attention should be paid to the standard of the paper.
• Attention should be paid to the signing of the signatures with a blue ink pen.
• The title of the thesis must be the same as the title on the cover page.
• The name of the learner must be the same as the name in the official register of the
institute and the thesis must be used in the same way.
• The names and surnames of the advisor, jury, thesis monitoring committee members
should be written in capital letters while writing their names.
•
All titles should be given in English theses in English and Turkish theses with Turkish
abbreviations
3.2.5 Ethical declaration
The statement of ethics should be written as given in attachment- 4, and the name and
signature of the author should be declared under it.
3.2.6 Acknowledgements
•
•
•
•
Those who have contributed to the thesis work should be thanked.
Name and surname of the people who are thanked should be stated.
Technical and scientific writing should be should be preserved with short and abstract
statements.
If the thesis is in Turkish then the title should be “TEŞEKKÜR” and if the thesis is
written in English then the title should be “ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS”.
10
•
•
•
On the bottom line, the name and surname of the author of the thesis and the
SIGNATURE should be left aligned, and the date is right aligned.
If the thesis is supported within the scope of a project, the project name, project number
and supporting institution / organization must be clearly indicated in this section.
An example of acknowledgement in English is given in Appendix – 5.
3.2.7 Öz [Abstract]
•
•
•
This part should not exceed a page with the key words and expressions and key words
of the study.
The text should be 12 pt in Times New Roman with character line 1.5.
•
Mathematical expressions will not be used in the essence. (For example “percent” instead
of “%”, “water” instead of “H2O”, “sodium chloride” instead of “NaCl” etc.)
First line of this part is the name of the thesis with Times New Roman font, 14 pt., bold,
centered, single line spacing, paragraph spacing 6 pt before and after spacing and
“Abstract” and “Öz” should be written 12 pt, bold, centered, single line spacing and
paragraph features should be 6 points before and after the interval.
“Key words” should be written in Times New Roman font, 12 font size, with bold letters
per line.
First Keyword and special names begin with capital letter, next key words will be written
•
in lower case.
See attachment 7 for an example
•
•
3.2.8 Nomenclature, Tables, Figures
If there are abbreviations, tables, figures and symbols in the text, relevant lists should be
created. These lists should be prepared with 1 line spacing with 6, then 6 nk spacing.
Lists such as catalogs, periodicals, lists of sources in electronic media, lists of personal
interviews, etc. can not be listed in a separate list in the thesis.
See attachment 9 for an example.
3.2.9 Contents
The title of this section, “CONTENTS”, should be written in capital letters, bold, 14 point
and left aligned. The title should be 12 points before and after the range of 1.5 lines. Other
parts besides the title should be 6 points before and after paragraph in single line range. Page
numbers should be right-aligned. The Thesis Conclusion Form, Ethics Declaration,
Acknowledgment, Abstract, Öz, Terminology, Table List, Figure list expressions in this
page should be written in capital letters and 12 points. All headings, references and
appendices (if any) in major sections must be written in capital letters, 12 pt and bold.
11
Each main section used in the text of the thesis and the lower section headings of the main
section together with the title number should be written (not bold). The headings of the main
sections should be placed at the leftmost of the page, and the heads of the lower sections
should be placed 0.5 cm to the right for each different grade. Between the headings and the
relevant page numbers must be filled with dots.
See attachment 8 for an example
3.2.10 List of Tables
The headline should be 14 pt, upper case, bold, before and after 1.5 pt line space should be
12 pt. Other parts except title should be 6 point before and after 12 point single line range.
Table name and number (eg Table 2.1) should be written in bold, 12 pt. Page numbers should
be right-aligned. The tables in the thesis should be listed in the thesis text according to the
order of placement and the table number. For example, Table 2.3 should be written for the
third table in the second chapter. Where table headings do not fit on a line, the heading should
continue from the beginning of the table heading rather than the beginning of the line on the
line below.
See attachment 10 for an example
3.2.11 List of Figures
The title of this section, “LIST OF FIGURES” should be 14 pt, capital letter, bold, 12 pt
before and after the range of 1.5 lines. Other parts except title should be 6 point before and
after 12 point single line range. Page numbers should be right-aligned. Figures in the thesis
should be listed in the thesis text according to the order of placement and the figure number.
For example, Figure 2.3 should be written for the third figure in the second chapter. Where
the figure headers do not fit on a line, the heading should continue from the beginning of the
figure heading rather than from the beginning of the line on the line below.
See attachment 11 for an example
3.3 Thesis Text
3.3.1 Writing thesis and contents of chapters
In theses SI (International System of Units) units will be used, if necessary MKS (Meter
Kilogram Second) equivalents in units are given in parentheses. Each symbol is defined in
the first place in the text. In theses, first-person narration is not used except in the preface
and footnotes. Thesis is prepared in computer environment and the output is taken from
12
laser or ink jet printer. Typing with a typewriter and dot-matrix printer output are not
accepted.
No part of the dissertation, manual or typewritten corrections, scratches, or excavations are
accepted. No part of the dissertation, manual or typewritten corrections, scratches, or
excavations are accepted. The tables, forms and formulas in the thesis are created in
computer environment. Such shapes are not corrected manually. Long attachments longer
than 10 pages can be given as an attachment to the CD or DVD if requested. The discs are
placed in a pocket (CD envelope) to be made inside the rear cardboard cover of the throne.
Such discs are given information about the content, for example, with the CD pencil
(Example: Name Surname, Appendix 1: Computer Programming ……).
3.3.2 Numerating chapters and headlines
In theses, titles will be numbered with “decimal system”. In the theses, the main chapters
will be written as Chapter No. and the title will be written on the bottom line. Chapter No is
24 points and should be 1,5 line spacing, before and after the interval must be zero. If the
bottom line is chapter heading, it should be 16 points, 1.5 line spacing, before the interval
12 and after the interval must be zero nk.
Headings should start with the number of the section in which they are relevant, and the
subtitles should start with the heading of the chapter and title that it belongs to. 2. Degree
title is based on left, 14 point, word initials are bold; 3. Degree title based on left, 12 point
font, capital letters, bold; 4. Degree title based on left, 12 point font, capital letters, italic; the
5th degree title should be left-aligned, 12 point font, capitalized, italic.
The titles of abstracts in Turkish and English should be centered. Titles at the fifth and lower
levels are not numbered, they are not included in the table of contents.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
2.1 Kimyasal Çökeller (14 punto, 1,5 line space, before and after 12 punto)
2.1.1 Karbonatlar (12 punto, 1,5 line space, before and after 12 punto)
2.1.1.1 Karbonatlar (12 punto, 1,5 line space, before and after 12 punto, italic)
13
3.3.3 Figures and Tables
All figures and tables in the thesis must be cited in the thesis text.
In the theses, the tables and figures should be centered within the area of use of the paper.
All information in tables and figures should be of readable size.
The table number and the superscript, the figure number and the subtitle may exceed the
figure size.
In the subtitles of Figures and Tables, the first letter of the first word must be capitalized,
and the first letters of the other words should start with a lowercase letter. Figures and table
numbers
and
subtitles
should
be
written
in
size
10
pt.
The top letters of the table should be 6 points in the range of 1.5 lines before the 12 point
and the figures should be 24 points after the 12 point before the line of 1.5. When
enumerating, the first number should be the number of the main section in which the figure
or table is located, and the second number should be the number of the position (order) in
the main section. For example, the 5th table of the 4th main section should be written in the
form of “Table 4.5”.
The figures or tables taken as a picture from any work in the thesis must be legible and the
figure / table side lines should be placed.
Chapter No
Table no
Table 2.5 Kernel functions and representions
Type of kernel
Representation of kernel
Polynomial
K(𝐱 𝐬 , 𝐱) = [𝐱 𝑇 𝐱 𝑠 + 𝑐]𝑝 ,
Gaussian
Sigmoid
𝐬
K(𝐱 , 𝐱) = 𝑒
𝐬
−
‖𝐱−𝐱𝑠 ‖2
2)
(
2𝜎 2
,
𝑇 𝑠
c ≥ 0,
𝑝>1
𝜎>0
K(𝐱 , 𝐱) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝑝. 𝐱 𝐱 + 𝑞),
𝑝 > 0 and 𝑞 < 0
14
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
a=2
a=1
a=1/2
a=1/3
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-0.1
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Figure 2.4 Sigmoidal functions with different slopes
More than one table or figure can be placed on the same page. However, more than 4 pages
of tables or figures should be declared as appendix. If footnotes should be used in tables,
they should be written with 1 line spacing and 10 points. In the case of tables and figures of
size exceeding one page, the same table / figure number and description should be written
on the 2nd page, between the table / figure number and the description, in parentheses
(continue). (For example, Table 1.1 (continued): Metal contents in waste, Figure 1.1
(continued): Water network of Istanbul).
Pages that break the layout of the thesis by increasing the page thickness, such as folded
pages and visual material attached on the page, should be given in the attachments section.
See attachment 10 and 11 for examples of list of tables and figures.
3.4 Equations
The equations are written in the equation editor and in accordance with the following rules.
Equations are written in Times New Roman with 1.5 line spacing. Italic can be written
according to preference. Before and after the equations, a 12 point spacing is left. The
equations start from inside 1 cm from the left.
Equations are numbered sequentially starting from 1, provided that chapter number is the
first number in the relevant section. These numbers are shown in bold and in the first section
(1.1), (1.2), in the second section (2.1), (2.2) and in the bottom line of the same equation
where the equation (1.1a) and (1.1b) to the right. The equations given in the appendix section
are numbered by specifying the section they are given. (Example: A.1.1, A.1.2).
15
3.5 Citing in the text
Numbers in square brackets are used when citing in the text. When enumerating, the first
source is given a number [1] in square brackets, placed outside the ending parenthesis of the
circle. Subsequent resources are continued by giving the next number.
If the citation numbers follow each other, a hyphen (-) sign is placed between the numbers
of the first and last citation. For example, if quotations from 4 to 9 are quoted, this is
indicated in the text as follows: [4-9].
If the citations to be quoted are more than one and not in succession, the citation numbers
are written with a comma (,) sign. For example, if citations from sources 3, 5, and 12 are
cited, this is indicated in the text as [3,5,12].
If the citation numbers follow each other (e.g. from 2 to 5) and also from different citations
exist (e.g. 10th and 15th sources), this is shown as: [2-5, 10,15].
All citations used in the text should be given in full bibliography in the bibliography section.
When cited to scientific publications attention should be paid to: Whenever the text is
quoted, the original source and all citations made in the text shall be made at the bibliography
as well.
When it is deemed necessary, a part of the original researcher's publication can be transferred
without making any mistakes, and the source of the quotation must be specified both in the
text and in the bibliography. If a text is taken from another source without reference, this is
covered by plagiarism. We need to pay attention to this ethical rule.
Long quotes that are more than forty words are not displayed in quotes. Long claws are given
1 tab (1.27 cm) left from the inside. In the long quotes provided, characters smaller than 2
font characters are used. However, very frequent and long quotes should be avoided.
3.6 References
While preparing the References section, the information necessary for the reader to obtain
information about an citation found in the thesis must be fully specified. Publications that
are not cited in the thesis text should not be listed in reference list. It is also often referred to
as abbreviated names of periodical journals commonly known in the literature during the
writing of references. The author can also use widely accepted journal abbreviations (eg
IEEE Trans on Veh. However, if the commonly accepted form of acronym is unknown, the
name of the journal should be clearly written (eg IEEE Transactions on Vehicular
Technology). The same author (s) on the list must rank publications in different years from
the most recent date. Publications of the same author (s) must be ordered by letters a, b, c
following the publication year (eg 1998a, 1998b).
16
There should be 1 line spacing in the references, 12 spaces between two consecutive sources.
The following are examples of how the documents referred to above are written in the
"REFERENCES". An example of the sources is given in Appendix 12.
Books with single author
Formula
Last name of the author, Initial letter of the author's name. Name of the book (italic)
(Number of prints). Place of Publication: Publisher. Date of issue
Mete Gundogan, “Sekiz Deniz Yaylası: Alternatif Bir Ekonomi-Politik Yapılandırma
Reference Önerisi”, (Eight Sea Pasture: An Alternative Economy-Politic System Proposal), Nobel
Yayınları, ISBN 975.7726.73, 392 sayfa/pages, Ankara 2009.
Books with two authors
First author's last name, first name's first letter. and the surname of the second author,
Formula
the first letter of the name. Name of the book (italic) (Number of prints). Place of
Publication: Publisher. Date of issue
Reference
Çankaya İ., Akgün D., “MATLAB ile Meslek Matematiği”, Seçkin Yayıncılık San.
Ve Tic. A.Ş., Ankara, ISBN: 978-975-02-0839-3, Ekim 2008.
Books with three authors
First author's last name, first name's first letter, second author's last name, first name's
Formula
first letter. and the surname of the third author, the first letter of the name. Name of
the book (italic) (Number of prints). Place of Publication: Publisher. Date of issue
Gündoğan M., Karayılmazlar S., Küçükönder H., Apaydın F., Ceyhan S., Kırmacı V.
Reference “Batı Karadeniz Gemi İnşa ve Entegre Sanayii Sektör Analizi”, Bartın Üniversitesi
Yayınları No:9, ISBN 978-605-60882-7-8, 478 sayfa, Bartın.
Translated Book
Formül
Author's surname, First Initial. (Year) Name of book (italic) (Number of press). (First
initial of Translater.Lastname of Translater). Place of Publication: Publisher.
Original Date of publish
Reference Neaman, D. (2012). Yarıiletken Fiziği. (2. Baskı) (A. Ateş, M. Sağlam) Aktif
Yayınevi. (Orijinal çalışma basım tarihi 2003.)
17
Reference Taha, H.A., (2017) Yöneylem Araştırması (9th Edition) (Ş.A. Baray and Ş.Esnaf,
Trans.) Literatür Yayıncılık, (Original work published 1971.)
Book Chapter
Formula
Author's surname, First Initial. Name of chapter. Name of book(italic) (cited)pages
in (Print edition). Where Press: Name of press. Date of publish
Reference Paksoy, T., Özceylan, E., Tam Zamanında Dağıtım: Milkrun. Tedarik Zinciri
Yönetim. (2. Baskı) içinde (135-159). Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi. 2012
Belen, R. ve Taşkaya Temizel T. A Framework to Detect Disguised Missing Data.
Reference Knowledge Discovery Practices and Emerging Applications of Data Mining: Trends
and New Domains. (1st Edition) pp. (1-22). Information Science Reference. 2011
Books with single editor
Formula
Editor's Last Name, Editor's First Name. (Ed.) Name of the book (italic) (Number of
prints). Place of Publication: Publisher. Date of issue
Reference Karancı, A. N. (Ed.). Farklılıkla yaşamak aile ve toplumun farklı gereksinimleri olan
bireylerle birlikteliği. Ankara: Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları. 1997
Reference Posner, M. I. (Ed.). Foundations of cognitive science (6th ed.). Massathuchetts: MIT
Press. 1998
Books with two editors
Formula
First editor's last name, first name's first letter. and second editor's surname, first
name's first letter. (Ed.). Name of the book (italic) (Number of prints). Place of
Publication: Publisher. Date of issue
Reference Savaşır, I. Ve Şahin, N. H. (Ed.). Bilişsel- davranışçı terapilerde değerlendirme: Sık
kullanılan ölçekler. Ankara: Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları. 1997
Reference Goldstein, W. M., & Hogarth, R. (Eds.). Research on judging and decision making.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1997
Books with more than two editors
Formula
First editor's surname, First name's first name, Second editor's surname, First name's
first letter and Third editor's surname, First name's first letter. (Ed.). Name of the
book (italic) (Number of prints). Place of Publication: Publisher. Date of issue
Reference Ayvaşık, B., Er, N. M., Kışlak, Ş. T. Ve Erkuş, A. (Ed.). Psikoloji terimleri sözlüğü.
Ankara: Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları. 2000
Reference Pinker, S. Language acquisition. In M. I. Posner, (Ed.). Foundations of cognitive
science (6th ed.) (359-400). Massachusetts: MIT Press. 1998
18
Chapter from boks with single editor
Last name of the author, Initial letter of the author's name. Department name. The
Formula initials of your editor's name. The last name of the editor is (Ed.) In the name of the
book (italic) (Section page interval). (Number of prints). Place of Publication:
Publisher. Date of issue
Sucuoğlu, B. Özürlü çocukların aileleri ile yapılan çalışmalar. A. N. Karancı, (Ed.),
Reference Farklılıkla yaşamak aile ve toplumun farklı gereksinimleri olan bireylerle birlikteliği
içinde (35-56). Ankara: Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları. 1997
Reference Pinker, S. Language acquisition. In M. I. Posner, (Ed.). Foundations of cognitive
science (6th ed.) (359-400). Massachusetts: MIT Press. 1998
Papers with single author in periodics
Formula
First author's surname, First Initial. Article’s title. Periodics Name, Volume(italik),
(publication number) page range. Published date
Reference Karal, O. Maximum likelihood optimal and robust Support Vector Regression with
lncosh loss function. Neural Networks, (94), 1-12. 2017
Papers with two authors in periodics
First author's surname, First Initial., Second author's surname, First Initial. Article’s
title. Periodics Name, Volume(italik), (publication number) page range. Published
date
Şahin, A. B., & Bulur, H. G. Simulation of locating buried objects via fringe patternReference based measurements in an optical fiber sensor-integrated continuous-wave groundpenetrating radar system. Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering & Computer
Sciences, (1), 23, 28-37. 2015
Formula
Papers with three authors in periodics
First author's surname, First Initial., Second author's surname, First Initial., Third
author's surname, First Initial. Article’s title. Periodics Name, Volume(italik),
(publication number) page range. Published date
Yucel, M., Goktas, H. H., & Celebi, F. V. Design and implementation of fuzzy logic
Reference based automatic gain controller for EDFAs. Optik-International Journal for Light and
Electron Optics, (18), (125) 5450-5453. 2014
Formula
Papers with more than six authors in periodics
Formula
First author's surname, First Initial., Second author's surname, First Initial., Third
author's surname, First Initial. and Forth author's surname, First Initial. Fifth author’s
surname, First initial., Sixth author’s surname, First initial., and others. Article’s title.
Periodics Name, Volume(italik), (publication number) page range. Published date
Reference Başçelik, B. E., Demirutku, K., Gültekin, D., Işık, E., Kayabaş, E., Özgün, A., ve
diğer. Evrenin görünmeyen yamyamları: Karadelikler. Pivolka, 1 (1), 6. 2002
19
Wright, G. N., Philips, L. D., Whalley, P. C., Choo, G. T., Ng, K., Tan, I., et al.
Reference Cultural differences in probabilistic thinking. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 9
(3), 285-299.
Web Site
Formula
Author's surname, First Initial. Second Initial., Title (italic) Date Retrieved,web
address. Year Published.
Reference İlter, H. K. kilter.online. 11 Şubat 2004, http://www.baskent.edu.tr/~kilter. 9 Şubat
2004
Reference Walker, J. R. MLA – style citations of electronic sources. Retrieved October 26,
1995, from http.//www.cas.usf.edu/english/walker/mla.html. 1995
Papers from periodics on the internet
Formula
Author's surname, First Initial. Second Initial., Article’s title. Journal Name, Volume
(italic), page range. Research Date, web address. Year Published
Ghatak U. K. Performance Management of Social Business for Sustainable
Reference Development –A Proportional Study. International Journal of Lean Thinking cilt 8
sayı 1. Mart, 2017, http://thinkinglean.com/img/files/PMS.pdf. Haziran, 2017
Karaoglan, I. A branch-and-cut algorithm for the vehicle routing problem with
multiple use of vehicles. International Journal of Lean Thinking vol. 6 issue 1.
Reference March, 2015, http://thinkinglean.com/img/files/A_branch-andcut_algorithm_for_the_vehicle_routing_problem_with_multiple_use_of_vehicles.pdf.
June, 2015
Journal paper from database, single author
Formula
Author's surname, First Initial. Second Initial., Article’s title. Journal Name, Volume
(issue), page range. Date Retrieved, The name of the database. Year Published
Reference
Karakaya Ö. Education as sustainability. Environmental Education Research, 7, 153165. Retrieved June 22, 2001, from ERIC database. 2001
Journal paper from database, single author, two or more authors
First author's surname, First Initial., Second author's surname, First Initial., Third
Formula author's surname, First Initial. and Forth author's surname, First Initial. Article’s title.
Journal Name, Volume, page range. Date Retrieved, The name of the database. Year
Published
Şahin, H. C., Kaya, M. A., Erdoğan, S. H., Mutlu, E. D., & Aslan, L. A. Role of early
Reference supervisory experience in supervisor performance. Journal of Applied Psychology,
78, 443-449. Retrieved October 23, 2003, from PsycArticles data base. 1997
Non-Continuous Internet Publication Article
Formula
Author's surname, First Initial. Article title. Research Date. Web address. Publish date
20
Reference Kökdemir, D. Rüyalar ve olasılıklar. 21 Kasım 2003,
http://www.elyadal.org/dedektif/ruya2.htm. 2 Kasım 2003
Carlson, E. (Study suggests interplay of gene, stress can predict depression. Retrieved
Reference February 20, 2004, from http://www.news.wisc.edu/story.php?get=8766. July 17,
2003
Online book
Formula
Author's surname, First Initial. Name of the book. Date Retrieved, web address. Date
Hertrampf U, Kufleitner M, Rosenberger G. Discrete Algebraic Methods :
Arithmetic, Cryptography, Automata And Groups. Accessed December 7, 2017.
Reference Available from: eBook Academic Collection Trial, Ipswich, MA.
(http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/ebookviewer/ebook?sid=f7bd5ea8-051b-499ba13e-e1c8739ef344%40sessionmgr120&vid=3&rid=3&format=EK). 2016.
Online Newspaper Paper
Formula
Author's surname, First Initial. Name of the Newspaper. Date Retrieved, web address.
Full publish date
Reference Batur, A. ve Yüksel, G. Namus borcu ödendi. Milliyet. 22 Eylül
2003,http://www.milliyet.com.tr/2000/06/14/yasam/yasa.html. 14 Haziran 2000
Popper, N. Bitcoin Hasn’t Replaced Cash, but Investors Don’t Care. Nytimes.com.
Reference Accessed 7 December 2017. Available at:
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/06/technology/bitcoin
Internet document without author and date
Formula
[Description of article]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://Web Address
Reference United Arab Emirates architecture. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.uaeinteract.com/
Reference U.S. flood risk could be worse than we thought. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://time.com/3973256/flooding-risk-coastal-cities/
Forum messages on the internet
Formula
Author. (Date). Title of article. Title of the resource. Retrieved from
http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/ or doi:0000000/000000000000 or
http://dx.doi.org/10.0000/0000
Reference Frook, B. D. (2017, July 23). New inventions in the cyberworld of toylandia [Msg
25]. Message posted to http://groups.earthlink.com/forum/messages/00025.html
21
Simons, D. J. (2000, July 14). New resources for visual cognition [Online forum
Reference comment]. Message posted to http://groups.yahoo.com/group/visualcognition/
message/31
Official publications
Formula
The name of the institution in which the official publication was published. The name
of the article (Printed serial number). Place of Publication: Publisher. Date
Reference Turkish Standards Institution. Solar-energy potential in Turkey (TSE Publication No.
ADM 90-1679). Ankara, Turkey; Government Printing Office. 1990
Tez
Formül
Author's surname, First Initial. Title. Unpublished masters / doctoral dissertation,
University name. Date
Reference İpek, C. Resmi liseler ile özel liselerde örgütsel kültür ve öğretmen-öğrenci ilişkisi.
Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. 1999
Karal, O. Piecewise affine and support vector models for robust and low complex
Reference regression, Unpublished masters / doctoral dissertation, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi.
2011
Encyclopedia papers
Formula
Author's surname, First Initial. Title. Name of the Encyclopedia. (volume, page
range). Place of Publication: Publisher. Date
Reference Arcaklıoğlu, E. Thermodynamic. In The New Encyclopedia of Engineering (54, 128134). Ankara: AYBU. 2013
Reference Arcaklıoğlu, E. Thermodynamic. In The New Encyclopedia of Engineering (54, 128134). Ankara: AYBU. 2013
News or articles with author
Formula
Author's surname, First Initial. Article’s title. Journal Name, Page range. Date
Retrieved, Year Published
Reference Türker, Y. Godot’nun 50 yılı. Radikal İki. 3. 2 Şubat 2003
Reference Schwartz, J. Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post, p. A1-A4.
1993, September 30.
News or articles without author
Formula
Title of article. Name of the newspapers, page number. Date
22
Reference Karar seçimi etkilemez. Radikal, 6. 24 Ocak 2003
Reference Wait till ice cream trucks get wind of this. The New York Times, p. F2. 2007,
November 21.
Brochure
Formula
Last name, First initial(s) or Organization Name (if given). (Date.) Title of brochure
[Brochure]. Place: Publisher.
Türk Psikologlar Derneği. Depremin psikolojik
Reference sonuçlarını hafifletme (4. Baskı) [Broşür]. Türk Psikologlar Derneği Deprem Özel
Çalışma Grubu: Yazar. 1999
Reference Work and Income New Zealand. (2000). Guidelines for interview preparation
[Brochure]. Wellington, New Zealand: Author
National or international video record or movie
Formula
Surname of producer, First Initial (Producer). Director’s surname, the first letter of
the director's name. Name of the movie [Film]. Production place: Producer Agency.
Date
Reference Akpınar, N. (Yapımcı), Erdoğan, Y. (Yönetmen). Vizontele Tuba [Film]. Türkiye:
BKM Film. 2004
Reference Schwartau W. (Producer), Schwartau A.(Director). Hackers Are People Too [Film].
USA: Managed Mischief, Flat Nine Studios. 8 August 2008.
Video record or movie with limited access
Surname of producer, First Initial (Producer). Director’s surname, the first letter of
the director's name. Name of the video movie [Film]. (Producer Agency, Address).
Date
Aksoy, D. (Yapımcı). Başkent Tanıtım Filmi [Film]. (Başkent Üniversitesi Bilgi
Reference İşlem Daire Başkanlığı, Başkent Üniversitesi Bağlıca Kampusu Eskişehir Yolu 20.
Km 06530 Etimesgut/ ANKARA). 2003
Harris, M. (Producer), & Turley, M. J. (Director). Writing Labs: A History [Motion
Reference picture]. (Available from Purdue University Pictures, 500 Oval Drive, West
Lafayette, IN 47907). 2002
Formula
Television Programme
Formula
Surname of producer, First Initial (Producer). Name of programme. [Television
Programme]. Published on: Publisher. Release date
Reference Suna, N. (Producer). Anadolu Mücevher Sanatı. [Television Programme]. Ankara:
TRT. 7 November 2003
Reference Important, I. M. (Producer). The Nightly News Hour. [Television broadcast]. New
York: Central Broadcasting Service. 1990, November 1
23
Voice Record
Formula
Last name of the composer, Initial letter of the composer's name. (Copyright date).
Name of the work [Name of the vocal artist/speaker "recorded by" - If the composer
and the vocal artist/speaker are different people]. The name of the album. [record
type]. Location: Company name. (Registration date is different from the date of
copyright, date of registration)
Reference Selçuk, M. N. (1999). Aziz İstanbul. Üstad [CD]. İstanbul: YKY Müzik.
Reference Okuyucu, H. (2015). Engineering ethics [Recorded by Mehmet Baran]. Lecture Notes
[CD]. Ankara: AYBU Music Limited.
3.8 Footnotes
Theses may contain extender, reinforcer or additional information (content footnote). Put
footnote numbers at the end of the quotation. If the quotation is a paragraph or footnote
number, it must be put on the last sentence of the paragraph, if the quotation is a concept or
a noun, then it must be written on the concept or the name immediately. Footnote number in
the text should appear as 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 1 the line alignment. No punctuation marks should be placed
after the number. The footnote should be written 10 points.
An interval between footnote line and footnote number should be placed as the footnote
number and the footnote must be separated by half a distance from the first line. Footnotes
should be separated from the text by a thin horizontal line. Detailed information about the
footnotes can be found on the institute's websites and related links.
3.9 Appendices
Attachments are given using alphabet letters. (Example: Appendix A, Appendix B,
Appendix C). Subsections of appendices can be stated as Appendix A1, Appendix A2,
Appendix B1, Appendix B2. In the first part of the appendix section, a cover page with the
title APPENDIX is prepared and listed with the numbers and names of the appendices in the
appendix. Each additional section begins with the number and name of that attachment like
Appendix A Appendix name .............. .
The tables and figures given in the appendices are numbered under the name of the section
they are in. (Example: Table A.1, Table A.2, Figure A.1, Figure A.2) The equations given
in the appendix are numbered under the name of the section they are in. (Example: (A 1.1),
(A 1.2)) Maps and similar attachments larger than A4 size should be given in this section,
not in the text. Additions such as index, dictionary should be given in this section. CD inserts
should be placed in a pocket to be affixed to the back of the skin and the name of the thesis
owner should be added in addition to the cover page to be prepared for the inserts with an
24
additional number. (Example: Appendix C Computer program CD) The sample attachments
are given in Appendix 13.
3.10 Cirriculum Vitae
Name, surname, license and post graduate (dated) information should be indicated. Photo,
birthplace and date, address, e-mail address, professional experience, awards, publications,
patents may be given on request. The list of publications and presentations derived from the
thesis study must be written in bold letters and listed according to the writing rules of the
sources under the heading of PRESENT ORGANIZED SOURCES / PRESENTATION. The
publications and presentations in this list are not included in the author's public publication
list. The resume section is prepared according to the format given in the thesis template.
25
APPENDICES
Ek-1 Outer Cover
Ek-2 Inner Cover
Ek-3 Thesis Examination Result Form
Ek-4 Ethical Declaration
Ek-5 Acknowledgements
Ek-6 Abstract
Ek-7 Öz
Ek-8 Contents
Ek-9 Nomenclature
Ek-10 List of Tables
Ek-11 List of Figures
Ek-12 References
Ek-13 Appendices
Ek-14 Cirriculum Vitae
Ek-15 Side of the outer cove
Appendix -1 Outer Cover
ANKARA YILDIRIM BEYAZIT UNIVERSITY
GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES
FIRST AND SECOND LAW ANALYSIS OF COMPACT HEAT
EXCHANGERS USED FOR INTERCOOLING PURPOSES
M.Sc. Thesis by
Ahmet Yasin SEDEF
Department of Mechanical Engineering
January, 2017
ANKARA
Appendix -2 Inner Cover
FIRST AND SECOND LAW ANALYSIS OF COMPACT
HEAT EXCHANGERS USED FOR INTERCOOLING
PURPOSES
A Thesis Submitted to
The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences of
Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science
in Mechanical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering
by
Ahmet Yasin SEDEF
January, 2017
ANKARA
Appendix -3 Thesis Examination Result Form
xxviii
M.Sc. THESIS EXAMINATION RESULT FORM
We have read the thesis entitled “FIRST AND SECOND LAW ANALYSIS OF
COMPACT
HEAT
EXCHANGERS
USED
FOR
INTERCOOLING
PURPOSES” completed by AHMET YASİN SEDEF under the supervision of
ASSIST. PROF. DR. KEMAL BİLEN and we certify that in our opinion it is fully
adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science.
Assist. Prof. Dr. Kemal BİLEN
Supervisor
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Malik M. NAUMAN
Prof. Dr. Atilla BIYIKOĞLU
Jury Member
Jury Member
Prof. Dr. Fatih V. ÇELEBİ
Director
Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences
xxix
Appendix - 4 Ethical Declaration Form
ETHICAL DECLARATION
I hereby declare that, in this thesis which has been prepared in accordance with the
Thesis Writing Manual of Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences,
• All data, information and documents are obtained in the framework of
academic and ethical rules,
• All information, documents and assessments are presented in accordance with
scientific ethics and morals,
• All the materials that have been utilized are fully cited and referenced,
• No change has been made on the utilized materials,
• All the works presented are original,
and in any contrary case of above statements, I accept to renounce all my legal rights.
Date: Thesis defence date Signature: …………………………………………..
Name & Surname:………………………………….
Appendix -5 Acknowledgments
xxx
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Assist. Prof. Dr.
Kemal BİLEN for his tremendous support and motivation during my study. His
immense knowledge and precious recommendations constituted the milestones of this
study. His guidance assisted me all the time of my research and while writing this
thesis.
2017, 12 January
Ahmet Yasin SEDEF
Appendix -6 Abstract
xxxi
FIRST AND SECOND LAW ANALYSIS OF COMPACT HEAT
EXCHANGERS USED FOR INTERCOOLING PURPOSES
ABSTRACT
Intercooling is a process that is employed in turbocharged engines to cool the charge
air. This cooling enables to feed more air into the cylinders and decreases the operating
temperatures of the engine. Intercoolers -kind of compact heat exchangers- are used to
carry out this process. Depending on the required thermal-hydraulic performance,
intercoolers can be designed using different fin types.
In this study, the fin types that are utilized in the design of intercoolers are theoretically
examined using the first and second law of thermodynamics. For this purpose, various
intercooler configurations are established with five different fin geometries, namely
plain fins, louvered fins, offset strip fins, wavy fins and perforated fins. Then, sizing
and rating procedures are applied on these configurations. In sizing procedure, the
dimensions of the intercooler configurations are determined. In rating procedure, heat
transfer, pressure drop and second law performances of the configurations are
computed. The obtained results are tabulated and compared with each other.
It is found that offset strip fins provide very good heat transfer performances whereas
plain fins enable least pressure drops in the fluid pressures. In second law analysis the
following outcome is attained; since the configurations in this study have unbalanced
flow, eliminating entropy generation or exergy destruction is not possible even with
an infinite surface area and zero pressure drops.
Keywords: Turbocharging, intercooling, intercoolers, compact heat exchangers,
plate-fin heat exchangers, heat transfer, pressure drop, second law analysis.
Appendix -7 Öz
xxxii
ARA SOĞUTMA AMAÇLI KULLANILAN KOMPAKT ISI
DEĞİŞTİRİCİLERİNİN BİRİNCİ VE İKİNCİ YASA
ANALİZLERİ
ÖZ
Aşırı doldurmalı motorlarda, dolgu havasının sıcaklığını düşürmek amacıyla ara
soğutma işlemi uygulanır. Yapılan soğutma ile motora beslenen hava miktarında artış,
motordaki genel sıcaklık seviyesinde ise azalma sağlanır. Bu soğutma işlemi, bir
kompakt ısı değiştiricisi olan ara soğutucu ile gerçekleştirilir. İhtiyaç duyulan termalhidrolik performansa bağlı olarak ara soğutucular, farklı kanatçık tipleri kullanılarak
tasarlanabilir.
Yapılan bu çalışmada; ara soğutucu tasarımında kullanılan kanatçık tipleri, birinci ve
ikinci yasa analizleri vasıtasıyla teorik olarak incelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda; düz
kanatçık, panjurlu kanatçık, kaydırılmış şerit kanatçık, dalgalı kanatçık ve delikli
kanatçık olmak üzere beş kanatçık tipi kullanılarak farklı ara soğutucu yapıları
kurgulanmıştır. Daha sonra bu yapılara boyutlandırma ve performans değerlendirme
işlemleri uygulanmıştır. Boyutlandırma işlemi ile ara soğutucu yapılarının ebatları
bulunurken, performans değerlendirme işlemi ile yapıların ısı geçişi, basınç düşümü
ve ikinci yasa performansı hesaplanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar tablolar halinde
verilmiş ve birbirleriyle kıyaslanmıştır.
Sonuçlar, kaydırılmış şerit kanatçık tipinin kullanılması ile ısıl açıdan iyi bir
performans elde edilebileceğini, düz kanatçık tipinin kullanılması ile de akışkanların
en az miktarda basınç düşüşüne maruz kalacağını göstermiştir. İkinci yasa analizleri
ise; bu çalışmadaki ara soğutucuların dengeli akışa sahip olmaması nedeniyle, sonsuz
büyüklükteki bir yüzey alanı ve sıfır basınç kaybıyla bile ara soğutucuda entropi
üretiminin ya da ekserji yıkımının tamamen yok edilemeyeceğini göstermiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Aşırı doldurma, ara soğutma, ara soğutucular, kompakt ısı
değiştiricileri, plakalı-kanatlı ısı değiştiricileri, ısı geçişi, basınç düşümü, ikinci yasa
analizi.
Appendix - 8 Contents
xxxiii
CONTENTS
M.Sc. THESIS EXAMINATION RESULT FORM .................................................... ii
ETHICAL DECLARATION ...................................................................................... iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................... iv
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. v
ÖZ ………………………………………………………………………………….vi
NOMENCLATURE .................................................................................................... ix
LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... xii
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................. xiii
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 1
1.1 A General View of Internal Combustion Engines ......................................... 2
1.1.1 Engine Classifications ............................................................................. 2
1.1.2 Engine Operating Cycles ......................................................................... 3
1.2 Supercharging of Internal Combustion Engines ............................................ 5
1.2.1 Mechanical Supercharging ...................................................................... 8
1.2.2 Turbocharging ......................................................................................... 8
1.2.3 Pressure Wave Supercharging ................................................................. 9
1.3 Intercooling in Internal Combustion Engines ................................................ 9
1.4 A General View of Heat Exchangers ........................................................... 11
1.4.1 Heat Exchanger Classifications ............................................................. 12
1.4.2 Compact Heat Exchangers .................................................................... 14
1.5 Aim of the Study .......................................................................................... 16
1.6 Review of Related Works ............................................................................ 17
CHAPTER 2 - BASICS OF INTERCOOLERS.................................................... 21
2.1 General Design Considerations of Intercoolers ........................................... 21
2.2 Theory of Intercoolers .................................................................................. 22
2.2.1 Thermal Design ..................................................................................... 22
2.2.3 Second Law Analysis ............................................................................ 30
2.3 Some Additional Considerations for Thermal Design ................................. 35
2.3.1 Influence of Temperature-Dependent Fluid Properties ......................... 35
2.3.2 Longitudinal Heat Conduction Effects .................................................. 36
xxxiv
2.3.3 Determination of Plate-fin Efficiency ................................................... 38
CHAPTER 3 - DESIGN PROCEDURES OF INTERCOOLERS ...................... 42
3.1 Some Selected Surface Types and Their Characteristics ............................. 42
3.1.1 Colburn Factor and Fanning Friction Factor ......................................... 43
3.2 Operating Conditions of Intercooler ............................................................ 44
3.3. Rating Problem ........................................................................................... 47
3.4 Sizing Problem ............................................................................................. 51
CHAPTER 4 - RESULTS........................................................................................ 55
4.1 Sizing Results ............................................................................................... 56
4.2 Rating Results .............................................................................................. 59
4.2.1 Comparison in terms of Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop ................... 59
4.2.2 Comparison in terms of Second Law of Thermodynamics ................... 62
4.2.3 Variation of Performance Parameters with Mass Flow Rate ................ 66
4.3 Intercooler and Engine Performance Results ............................................... 71
CHAPTER 5 - DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION............................................ 76
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 80
APPENDICES .......................................................................................................... 84
Appendix A – Surface Characteristics of Fins ................................................... 85
Appendix B – j and f Factor Equations and Reynolds Number Ranges ............ 86
Appendix C – Thermophysical Properties of Air .............................................. 89
Appendix D – K c and K e Coefficients ............................................................... 90
CURRICULUM VITAE .......................................................................................... 91
Appendix -9 Nomenclature
xxxv
NOMENCLATURE
Roman Letter Symbols
𝐴
Heat transfer area, m2
𝐴𝑓
Fin surface area, m2
𝑏
Plate spacing, mm
𝐶
Heat capacity rate, kW/K
𝐶∗
Heat capacity rate ratio
𝑚̇
Mass flow rate, kg/s
𝑛
Number of revolutions of the crankshaft for one thermodynamic cycle,
rev/cycle
𝑆𝑡
Stanton number
𝑇
Absolute temperature, K
𝑈
Overall heat transfer coefficient, W/(m2·K)
𝑉
Velocity, m/s, volume, m3
𝑉𝑑
Total displacement volume, L
Greek Letter Symbols
𝛼
Ratio of heat transfer area of one side to total heat exchanger volume, m2/m3
𝛽
Surface area density, m2/m3
𝛿
Thickness, mm
Δ
Difference
𝜆
Longitudinal wall heat conduction parameter
𝜇
Dynamic viscosity of fluid, N·s/m2
𝜈
Specific volume of fluid, m3/kg
𝜌
Density of fluid, kg/m3
𝜎
Ratio of free-flow area to frontal area
Subscripts
𝑐
Cold fluid
𝑓
Fin
ℎ
Hot fluid
𝑖
Inlet
𝑚
Mean
𝑚𝑎𝑥
Maximum
𝑚𝑖𝑛
Minimum
xxxvi
1, 2
Any flow side of the heat exchanger (hot or cold side)
Acronyms
BDC
Bottom Dead Center
CI
Compression-ignition
ICE
Internal Combustion Engine
LHC
Longitudinal Heat Conduction
LMTD Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference
SI
Spark-ignition
TDC
Top Dead Center
Appendix - 10 List of Tables
xxxvii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Exponents of (Tw /Tm ) ............................................................................... 36
Table 4.1 Sizing results of intercooler configurations............................................... 57
Table 4.2 Thermal-hydraulic performance results of intercooler configurations...... 60
Table 4.3 Second law performance results of intercooler configurations. ................ 63
Table 4.4 Charge air density and temperatures in the cycle for different engine
operation types. .......................................................................................................... 72
Table A.1 Surface characteristics of fins ................................................................... 85
Table B.1 j factor equations for fin types. ................................................................. 86
Table B.2 f factor equations for fin types. ................................................................. 87
Table B.3 Reynolds number ranges for j and f factor equations……………………88
Table C.1 Thermophysical properties of air at one atmospheric pressure ................ 89
Appendix -11 List of Figures
xxxviii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Four-stroke SI engine cycle ....................................................................... 4
Figure 1.2 A two-stroke SI engine .............................................................................. 5
Figure 1.3 Supercharging and turbocharging configurations…………………………7
Figure 1.4 Types of charge air cooling systems ........................................................ 11
Figure 1.5 Schematic diagram of a plate-fin heat exchanger .................................... 15
Figure 1.6 Various fin geometries for plate-fin heat exchangers……………………16
Figure 2.1 Depiction of heat transfer in a counterflow heat exchanger .................... 24
Figure 2.2 Pressure drop components in a plate-fin exchanger flow passage........... 28
Figure 2.3 Straight, thin fin with uniform rectangular cross-section ........................ 40
Figure 2.4 (a) Plain rectangular fin and (b) plain triangular fin ................................ 41
Figure 3.1 Charge air flow in a turbocharged and intercooled engine ...................... 45
Figure 4.1 The change of effectiveness with respect to hot side mass flow rate. ..... 67
Figure 4.2 The change of hot side pressure drop with respect to hot side mass flow
rate. ............................................................................................................................. 68
Figure 4.3 The change of hot side outlet density with respect to hot side mass flow
rate .............................................................................................................................. 69
Figure 4.4 The change of total entropy generation rate with respect to hot side mass
flow rate ..................................................................................................................... 69
Figure 4.5 The change of normalized entropy generation rate with respect to hot side
mass flow rate ............................................................................................................ 70
Figure 4.6 The change of second law efficiency with respect to hot side mass flow
rate. ............................................................................................................................. 71
Figure 4.7 P-ν diagram of an air-standard dual cycle ............................................... 72
Figure 4.8 Effect of charge cooling on inlet air density. ........................................... 74
Figure 4.9 Effect of pressure drop on inlet air density. ............................................. 75
Figure D.1 Entrance and exit pressure loss coefficients ........................................... 90
Appendix -12 References
xxxix
REFERENCES
[1]
Heywood, J. B., “Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals”, McGraw-Hill,
New York, 1988.
[2]
Pulkrabek, W. W., “Engineering Fundamentals of the Internal Combustion
Engines”, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, N. J., 1997.
[3]
Çengel, Y. A. & Boles, M. A., “Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach”,
(5th Ed.), McGraw-Hill, Boston, 2006.
[4]
Bilen, K., “Turbo Doldurmalı Bir Dizel Motoru İçin Ara Soğutucu Dizaynı”
M.Sc. Thesis, Kırıkkale University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied
Sciences, Kırıkkale-Turkey, 1998.
[5]
Arcoumanis, C., “Internal Combustion Engines”, Academic Press, London,
1988.
[6]
Watson, N. & Janota, M. S., “Turbocharging the Internal Combustion Engine”,
Macmillan Press, London, 1982.
[7]
Shah, R. K. & Sekulic, D. P., “Fundamentals of Heat Exchanger Design”, John
Wiley and & Sons Inc., New Jersey, 2003.
[8]
Kays, W. M. & London, A. L., “Compact Heat Exchangers” (3rd Reprint Ed.),
Krieger Publishing Company, Florida, 1988.
[9]
London, A. L. & Shah, R. K., “Offset Rectangular Plate-fin Surfaces-Heat
Transfer and Flow Friction Characteristics” ASME J. Eng. Power, 90(3), 218228, 1968.
Appendix - 13 Appendices
APPENDICES
Appendix B: j and f Factor Equations and Reynolds Number Ranges.
Appendix C: Thermophysical Properties of Air.
Appendix D: K c and K e Coefficients.
xl
xli
Appendix A – Surface Characteristics of Fins
Table A.1 Surface characteristics of fins [8].
Fin type
Fin
Plate Hydraulic
Fin
Surface area Fin area /
density spacing diameter thickness
density
Total area
b
Dh
δf
mm
mm
355.5
20.9
Plain 11.11
437
Plain 19.86
β
mm
m /m
m2/m2
4.463
0.203
800.5
0.888
6.35
3.081
0.152
1204
0.756
782
6.35
1.875
0.152
1841
0.849
Plain 12.00T
472
6.35
2.870
0.152
1288
0.733
Louvered 1/2-6.06
239
6.35
4.453
0.152
840
0.640
Louvered
8.7
343
6.35
3.650
0.152
1007
0.705
Louvered 1/4-11.1
437
6.35
3.084
0.152
1204
0.756
Louvered 3/4-11.1
437
6.35
3.084
0.152
1204
0.756
Offset strip 1/815.61
615
6.35
2.380
0.102
1548
0.809
Plain 9.03
m
3/8(a)-
2
Af /A
3
-1
Appendix -14 Curriculum Vitae
xlii
CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Name Surname :
Date of Birth
:
Phone
:
E-mail
:
Photo
EDUCATION
High School
:
Bachelor
:
Master Degree :
WORK EXPERIENCE
Research Assist. :
TOPICS OF INTEREST
- Thermodynamics
- Fluid Mechanics
- Heat Transfer
- Internal Combustion Engines
PRESENT ORGANIZED SOURCES / PRESENTATION
January 2017
ANKARA
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Ahmet Yasin SEDEF
Appendix- 15 Side of the outer cover
xliii
