Planets in Solar System Questions

2. Why is there so much more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of Venus than in that of Earth? Why so much more carbon dioxide than on Mars?

3. Is it likely that life ever existed on either Venus or Mars? Justify your answer in each case

4. Discuss the runaway refrigeratore effect and the role it may have played in the revolution of Mars

Astronomy 1
Ch. 7 Other Worlds: An Introduction to the Solar System
https://openstax.org/details/books/astronomy
Sections 7.1, 7.3
Ch. 7 Other Worlds: An Introduction to the Solar System
• Two Types of Planets in Solar System
• Radioactive Dating
Ch. 7 Other Worlds: An Introduction to the Solar System
• Two Types of Planets in Solar System
Solar System
Not to scale
Practice:
What is the biggest planet in the Solar System?
What is the largest object in the Solar System?
Planet Size Comparison
1. Jupiter is the largest
planet in the Solar System.
2. The Sun is the largest
object in the Solar System
3. Terrestrial and Jovian Planets
Two Types of Planets: Terrestrial/Rocky Planets and Jovian/Gas Planets
Mercury,
Venus,
Earth,
Mars
Jupiter,
Saturn,
Uranus,
Neptune
Ch. 7 Other Worlds: An Introduction to the Solar System
• Radioactive Dating
Radioactive Dating
Radioactive Dating uses Radioactive elements to find the age of objects.
4. Radioactive elements are heavy and unstable elements
that decay on their own into lighter more stable elements.
Radioactive Dating
5. Radioactive elements decay in
a very predictable manner.
6. Half-Life: The time it takes for
half of element to decay.
7. If the initial amount of radioactive material is
known, the remaining amount of radioactive
material can be used to find the age of objects.
Amount of
Carbon -14
Remaining
Half-Lives
that have
passed
Age
5.00 g
1
1 × 5730 = 5730 years
2.50 g
2
2 × 5730 = 11460 years
1.25 g
3
3 × 5730 = 17190 years
Half-Life of Carbon-14 = 5730 years
Astronomy 1
Ch. 8 Earth as a Planet
https://openstax.org/details/books/astronomy
Sections 8.1, 8.2, 8.3. 8.4
Ch. 8 Earth as a Planet
• Basic Properties of Earth and Internal Structure
• Earth is an Active Planet and Convection
• Earth’s Magnetic Field and Aurora
• Earth’s atmosphere and the Greenhouse Effect
• Climate Change and Global Warming
Ch. 8 Earth as a Planet
• Basic Properties of Earth and Internal Structure
Earth Basic Properties
Surface Temp Range: -130°F – 140°F
Average Temp: 57°F
1. Surface of Earth is 70% water and 30% land.
Earth Internal Structure
Core: Made of metals Iron and Nickel. Hot! 10,000 °F.
Mantle: Molten rock. Magma/Lava. Free to move.
Crust: Solid rock.
Earth Differentiation
When the Earth formed, the rocks
and metals were mixed.
2. Over time, high density materials
(metals) sunk to the center and low density
materials (rocks) rose to the surface.

Ch. 8 Earth as a Planet
• Earth is an Active Planet and Convection
3. Earth is an Active Planet: Volcanoes
3. Earth is an Active Planet: Mountains
3. Earth is an Active Planet: Earthquakes
Newhall Pass 1994 Northridge Earthquake
Plate Tectonics
Earth used to be
one big continent
called Pangea.
Land on Earth
spreading away due
to movement of 7
large plates.
Heat Transfer by Convection
4. Convection is a process that transfers
energy from one place to another.
5. Convection: Hot gas/liquid
rises, cold gas/liquid sinks.


Convection and Plate Tectonics
6. Radioactive elements inside the Earth decay and release energy.
7. Energy released by radioactive elements escapes the Earth by convection.
The mantle (molten rock) is undergoing convection.
8. Volcanoes:
Plates move away
from each other.
9. Mountains:
Plates move toward
each other.
Ch. 8 Earth as a Planet
• Earth’s Magnetic Field and Aurora
Earth’s Magnetic Field
10. Earth’s magnetic field is produced by rotating liquid core.
Earth’s Magnetic Field
11. Earth’s magnetic field protects from cosmic rays released during solar flares.
Magnetic field deflects most cosmic rays.
Aurora
12. Aurora are lights that are
produced when cosmic rays
interact with the atmosphere near
the North Pole or South Pole.
Ch. 8 Earth as a Planet
• Earth’s atmosphere and the Greenhouse Effect
Earth Atmosphere
Earth’s atmosphere is mostly
Nitrogen and Oxygen gas.
Made from gases
released by Volcanoes.
Greenhouse Gases
13. Water vapor is most common greenhouse gas.
14. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is the 2nd most common greenhouse gas.
Greenhouse Effect
Greenhouses allow visible light from Sun to go inside.
Greenhouses trap heat, do not allow it to escape.
Greenhouse Effect
15. Greenhouse gases allow Visible light from Sun into Earth.
16. Earth absorbs visible light, re-emits it in the Infrared band.
17. Greenhouse gases do not allow all Infrared light from to escape into space.
18. Greenhouse gases allow Visible light to enter but they trap Infrared light.
Greenhouse Effect
Greenhouse effect is important. Without it, average temperature
on Earth would be 0°F instead of 57°F.
Rise in Greenhouse Gases
In the last 150 years, the greenhouse effect is being amplified by
human-activity releasing more greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide). This has
lead to more heat being trapped and global warming/climate change.

Ch. 8 Earth as a Planet
• Climate Change and Global Warming
19. Global Warming Evidence: Rise in Temperature
Increase in average temperature of Earth. Total rise ~ 2° F
20. Temperature fluctuates due to the seasons and sunspot
activity. However, dramatic increase in temperature since 1960s.
21. Global Warming Evidence: Rise in Sea Level
Sea level has risen by 8.7 cm since 1993.
Sea level rising by 0.3 cm every year.
Rise in Sea Level
22. Water expands when it heats up.
Oceans absorb 80-90% of heat from Greenhouse Effect.
23. Melting of Ice. Adds more water to ocean.

Rise in Sea Level in Bangladesh
Practice:
What are some effects of Climate Change/Global Warming?
24. Global Warming Effects: Droughts
2011-2017 California Drought
Declining water supplies, reduced agricultural yields
24. Global Warming Effects: Wildfires
Increased Wildfires
California 2017 Wildfire Season
Thomas Fire
Rye Fire
Creek
Fire
Thomas Fire: Largest Fire in Modern California History
Creek Fire: Caused LA Mission to close for 4 days.
Global Warming Effects: Wildfires
Increased Wildfires
California 2018 Wildfire Season
2 million acres burned.
Camp Fire: Most Destructive Fire in California History
Woolsey Fire: Huge loses in Malibu.
Global Warming Effects: Wildfires
Increased Wildfires
California 2019 Wildfire Season
Saddleridge Fire: Caused LA Mission to close for 1 day. Began in Sylmar near
Yarnell and the 210. The wind spread it West over the 5 to Porter Ranch.
Global Warming Effects: Wildfires
Increased Wildfires
2019 Amazon Rainforest Wildfires
2.2 million acres burned.
Global Warming Effects: Wildfires
Increased Wildfires
12.4 million acres burned.
2019-2020 Australia Fires
24. Global Warming Effects: Hurricanes
2017 Atlantic Hurricane Season
Katia
Irma
Jose
Since the 1980s: Hurricanes have become stronger,
last longer, and there have been more hurricanes.
Hurricane Maria Puerto Rico
Category 5. Destroyed 80% of power lines and generators.
Hurricane Harvey Houston, Texas
Category 4. Sea level rise played a big role.
Stayed over Houston for a long time.
24. Global Warming Effects: Sinking Cities Near Coast
Florida
80% of population lives within 60 miles of coast
Big cities in Danger: New York, Tokyo, London, Miami
24. Global Warming Effects: Less Fresh Water
70% of fresh water comes
from snow and ice. Less snow
and ice with climate change.
30% of fresh water comes
from groundwater. Since sea
level is rising and cities are
sinking, groundwater is
becoming more salty.
24. Global Warming Effects: Marine Life Migration
Marine Life shifting towards poles towards cooler waters.
Will affect the food supply of many people.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dUdd83_pzdE
24. Global Warming Effects: More Acidic Ocean
Ocean absorbs 30% of Carbon Dioxide, causing ocean to become more acidic.
Acid damages shells of sea life.
Will have big implications for Ocean Food Chain.
24. Global Warming Effects: Shifting Land to Grow Crops
Flooded Rice Crop
Damaged Corn crop in
hot Texas heat.
24. Global Warming Effects: Deadly Heat Waves
India 2015 Heat Wave: More than 2200 Dead. Temperature 110℉ – 115℉
Other Countries with Recent Deadly Heat Waves: Australia, Canada,
Europe, Japan, Korea, Pakistan, United States.
Climate Change Solutions: Clean Energy
Clean Energy doesn’t produce greenhouse gases.
Solar, Wind, Nuclear Energy (Nuclear Fusion shown below)
Climate Change Solutions: Reforestation
Reforestation. Trees remove carbon dioxide from air.
Climate Change Solutions: Geoengineering
Allow less heat to enter the Earth
by adding clouds with airplanes.
Remove greenhouse gases
from the atmosphere.
Reflect more sunlight that hits
the so Earth wont absorb it and
convert to infrared light.