Piracy within the Horn of Africa and its effect on US interest

Write a research paper on how Piracy effects influences an issue of local, regional or global importance and its effect on US interest. Critical Reasoning 1. Description of Instructional Event: In this lesson, we will discuss critical reasoning, the critical thinking process, and critical thinking concepts, which include the Paul Model and Socratic questioning. Through practical exercises, you will gain insight on different ways to face problems that focus on processes that lead to obtaining valid answers and sound solutions. 2. Training Objectives. a. Terminal Learning Objective ACTION: Apply Critical Reasoning and the Critical Thinking Process to the Intelligence Analysis Process. CONDITION: Given Student Handouts, and Notes. STANDARD: Apply Critical Reasoning and the Critical Thinking Process to the Intelligence Analysis Process and achieve at least a Satisfactory on the Critical Reasoning Paper In Accordance With the evaluation sheet. Apply intellectual standards and the elements of reasoning, assess the ability of a Culture (not an ethnic group or religion) within the Combined Joint Task Force-Horn of Africa AOR to influence an issue of local, regional, or global importance and it’s affect on U.S. interest. As well achieve at least a Satisfactory on the Critical Reasoning Paper IAW the evaluation sheet. The Combined Joint Task Force Horn-Horn of Africa AOR includes the following countries: Yemen, Djibouti, Sudan, Ethiopia, Eriteria, Somolia, and Kenya. Why is a thesis statement required? A thesis statement is a road map for the paper; in other words, it tells the reader what to expect from the rest of the paper. It is usually a single sentence somewhere in your first paragraph that presents your argument to the reader. The rest of the paper, the body of the essay, gathers and organizes evidence that will persuade the reader of the logic of your interpretation. Why is a bibliography required? The bibliography has three distinct purposes: First, it helps the reader understand what you are writing about. Second, it assists those who want to reproduce or research your results and find the information you used as a basis for your work. Finally, the bibliography represents the quality of your work by identifying the amount of research you conducted to support your thesis, main points, analysis, and assumptions. Why is source citing required? A primary purpose of a citation is intellectual honesty; to attribute to other authors the ideas they have previously expressed, rather than give the appearance to the work’s readers that the work’s authors originally wrote those ideas. Source citing and bibliography guidelines Your citations and reference page(s) should be formatted IAW APA formatting and style guidelines. The following information is provided as a guide. For additional information on in-text citations or proper reference page formatting, go to http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/. Additionally, there are many free internet sites that offer citation-formatting assistance for a reference page such as: http://citationmachine.net/index2.php?reqstyleid=2 APA Citation Basics http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/02/ When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author’s last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, E.g., (Jones, 1998), and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper. If you are referring to an idea from another work but NOT directly quoting the material, or making reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference. In-Text Citation Capitalization, Quotes, and Italics/Underlining • Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials: D. Jones. • If you refer to the title of a source within your paper, capitalize all words that are four letters long or greater within the title of a source: Permanence and Change. Exceptions apply to short words that are verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs: Writing New Media, There Is Nothing Left to Lose. (Note: in your References list, only the first word of a title will be capitalized: Writing new media.) • When capitalizing titles, capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound word: Natural-Born Cyborgs. • Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon: “Defining Film Rhetoric: The Case of Hitchcock’s Vertigo.” • Italicize or underline the titles of longer works such as books, edited collections, movies, television series, documentaries, or albums: The Closing of the American Mind; The Wizard of Oz; Friends. • Put quotation marks around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles, articles from edited collections, television series episodes, and song titles: “Multimedia Narration: Constructing Possible Worlds”; “The One Where Chandler Can’t Cry.” Short Quotations If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and the page number for the reference (preceded by “p.”). Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author’s last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses. According to Jones (1998), “Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time” (p. 199). Jones (1998) found “students often had difficulty using APA style” (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers? If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation. She stated, “Students often had difficulty using APA style,” but she did not offer an explanation as to why (Jones, 1998, p. 199). Long Quotations Place direct quotations longer than 40 words in a free-standing block of typewritten lines, and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented five spaces from the left margin. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation five spaces from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark. Jones’s (1998) study found the following: Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199) Summary or Paraphrase If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference, but APA guidelines encourage you to also provide the page number (although it is not required.) According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners. APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199). Reference: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/02/ Reference List: Basic Rules http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/05/ Your reference list should appear at the end of your paper. It provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper. Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in your text. Your references should begin on a new page separate from the text of the essay; label this page References centered at the top of the page (bold References, but do not underline or use quotation marks). All text should be double-spaced just like the rest of your essay. Basic Rules • All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half inch from the left margin. This is called hanging indentation. • Authors’ names are inverted (last name first); give the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work unless the work has more than six authors. If the work has more than six authors, list the first six authors and then use et al. after the sixth author’s name to indicate the rest of the authors. • Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work. • If you have more than one article by the same author, single-author references or multiple-author references with the exact same authors in the exact same order are listed in order by the year of publication, starting with the earliest. • When referring to any work that is NOT a journal, such as a book, article, or Web page, capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. Do not capitalize the first letter of the second word in a hyphenated compound word. • Capitalize all major words in journal titles. • Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals. • Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles or essays in edited collections. Reference: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/05/ Reference List: Electronic Sources http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/10/ Article From an Online Periodical Note: In 2007, the APA released several additions/modifications for documentation of electronic sources in the APA Style Guide to Electronic References. These changes are reflected in the entries below. Please note that there are no spaces used with brackets in APA. Online articles follow the same guidelines for printed articles. Include all information the online host makes available, including an issue number in parentheses. Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Online Periodical, volume number(issue number if available). Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/ Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living Web. A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites, 149. Retrieved from http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving Online Scholarly Journal Article Since online materials can potentially change URL’s, APA recommends providing a Digital Object Identifier (DOI), when it is available, as opposed to the URL. DOI’s are an attempt to provide stable, longlasting links for online articles. They are unique to their documents and consist of a long alphanumeric code. Many-but not all-publishers will provide an article’s DOI on the first page of the document. Note that some online bibliographies provide an article’s DOI but may “hide” the code under a button which may read “Article” or may be an abbreviation of a vendors name like “CrossRef” or “PubMed.” This button will usually lead the user to the full article which will include the DOI. Find DOI’s from print publications or ones that go to dead links with CrossRef.org’s “DOI Resolver,” which is displayed in a central location on their home page. Article From an Online Periodical with DOI Assigned Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number. doi:0000000/000000000000 Brownlie, D. Toward effective poster presentations: An annotated bibliography. European Journal of Marketing, 41(11/12), 1245-1283. doi:10.1108/03090560710821161 Article From an Online Periodical with no DOI Assigned Online scholarly journal articles without a DOI require a URL. Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number. Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/ Kenneth, I. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights. Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 8. Retrieved from http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html If the article appears as a printed version as well, the URL is not required. Use “Electronic version” in brackets after the article’s title. Whitmeyer, J.M. (2000). Power through appointment [Electronic version]. Social Science Research, 29, 535-555. Article From a Database When referencing material obtained from an online database (such as a database in the library), provide appropriate print citation information (formatted just like a “normal” print citation would be for that type of work). This will allow people to retrieve the print version if they do not have access to the database from which you retrieved the article. You can also include the item number or accession number in parentheses at the end, but the APA manual says that this is not required. For articles that are easily located, do not provide database information. If the article is difficult to locate, then you can provide database information. Only use retrieval dates if the source could change, such as Wikis. For more about citing articles retrieved from electronic databases, see pages 187-192 of the Publication Manual. Smyth, A. M., Parker, A. L., & Pease, D. L. (2002). A study of enjoyment of peas. Journal of Abnormal Eating, 8(3). Abstract If you only cite an abstract but the full text of the article is also available, cite the online abstract as other online citations, adding “[Abstract]” after the article or source name. Paterson, P. (2008). How well do young offenders with Asperger Syndrome cope in custody?: Two prison case studies [Abstract]. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 36(1), 54-58. Bossong, G. Ergativity in Basque. Linguistics, 22(3), 341-392. Newspaper Article Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper. Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/ Parker-Pope, T. (2008, May 6). Psychiatry handbook linked to drug industry. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com Electronic Books Electronic books may include books found on personal websites, databases, or even in audio form. Use the following format if the book you are using is only provided in a digital format or is difficult to find in print. If the work is not directly available online or must be purchased, use “Available from,” rather than “Retrieved from,” and point readers to where they can find it. De Huff, E.W. Taytay’s tales: Traditional Pueblo Indian tales. Retrieved from http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/dehuff/taytay/ taytay.html Davis, J. Familiar birdsongs of the Northwest. Available from http://www.powells.com/cgi-bin/biblio?inkey=1- 9780931686108-0 Chapter/Section of a Web document or Online Book Chapter Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. In Title of book or larger document (chapter or section number). Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/ Engelshcall, R. S. (1997). Module mod_rewrite: URL Rewriting Engine. In Apache HTTP Server Version 1.3 Documentation (Apache modules.) Retrieved from http://httpd.apache.org/docs/1.3/mod/mod_rewrite.html Peckinpaugh, J. (2003). Change in the Nineties. In J.S. Bough and G.B. DuBois (Eds.), A century of growth in America. Retrieved from GoldStar database. NOTE: Use a chapter or section identifier and provide a URL that links directly to the chapter section, not the home page of the Web site. Online Book Reviews Cite the information as you normally would for the work you are quoting. (The first example below is from a newspaper article; the second is from a scholarly journal.) In brackets, write “Review of the book” and give the title of the reviewed work. Provide the web address after the words “Retrieved from,” if the review is freely available to anyone. If the review comes from a subscription service or database, write “Available from” and provide the information where the review can be purchased. Zacharek, S. (2008, April 27). Natural women [Review of the book Girls like us ]. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/27/books/review/Zachareck -t.html?pagewanted=2 Castle, G. (2007). New millennial Joyce [Review of the books Twenty-first Joyce, Joyce’s critics: Transitions in reading and culture, and Joyce’s messianism: Dante, negative existence, and the messianic self]. Modern Fiction Studies, 50(1), 163-173. Available from Project MUSE Web site: http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/modern_fiction_studies/toc/ mfs52.1.html Dissertation/Thesis from a Database Biswas, S. (2008). Dopamine D3 receptor: A neuroprotective treatment target in Parkinson’s disease. Retrieved from ProQuest Digital Dissertations. (AAT 3295214) Online Encyclopedias and Dictionaries Often encyclopedias and dictionaries do not provide bylines (authors’ names). When no byline is present, move the entry name to the front of the citation. Provide publication dates if present or specify (n.d.) if no date is present in the entry. When listing the URL, give only the home or index root as opposed to the URL for the entry. Feminism. (n.d.) In Encyclopædia Britannica online. Retrieved from http:// www.britannica.com Online Bibliographies and Annotated Bibliographies Jürgens, R. (2005). HIV/AIDS and HCV in Prisons: A Select Annotated Bibliography. Retrieved from http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/alt_formats/hpb-dgps/ pdf/intactiv/hiv-vih-aids-sida-prison-carceral_e Data Sets Point readers to raw data by providing a Web address (use “Retrieved from”) or a general place that houses data sets on the site (use “Available from”). United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. Indiana income limits [Data file]. Retrieved from http://www.huduser.org/Datasets/IL/IL08/in_fy2008 Graphic Data (e.g. Interactive Maps and Other Graphic Representations of Data) Give the name of the researching organization followed by the date. In brackets, provide a brief explanation of what type of data is there and in what form it appears. Finally, provide the project name and retrieval information. Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment. (2007). [Graph illustration the SORCE Spectral Plot May 8, 2008]. Solar Spectral Data Access from the SIM, SOLSTICE, and XPS Instruments. Retrieved from http://lasp.colorado.edu/cgibin/ ion-p?page=input_data_for_ spectra.ion Qualitative Data and Online Interviews If an interview is not retrievable in audio or print form, cite the interview only in the text (not in the reference list) and provide the month, day, and year in the text. If an audio file or transcript is available online, use the following model, specifying the medium in brackets (e.g. [Interview transcript, Interview audio file]): Butler, C. (Interviewer) & Stevenson, R. (Interviewee). (1999). Oral History 2 [Interview transcript]. Retrieved from Johnson Space Center Oral Histories Project Web site: http:// www11.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/oral_ histories.htm Online Lecture Notes and Presentation Slides When citing online lecture notes, be sure to provide the file format in brackets after the lecture title (e.g. PowerPoint slides, Word document). Hallam, A. Duality in consumer theory [PDF document]. Retrieved from Lecture Notes Online Web site: http://www.econ.iastate.edu/classes/econ501/Hallam/ index.html Roberts, K. F. (1998). Federal regulations of chemicals in the environment [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from http://siri.uvm.edu/ppt/40hrenv/index.html Nonperiodical Web Document, Web Page, or Report List as much of the following information as possible (you sometimes have to hunt around to find the information; don’t be lazy. If there is a page like http://www.somesite.com/somepage.htm, and somepage.htm doesn’t have the information you’re looking for, move up the URL to http://www.somesite.com/): Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of document. Retrieved from http://Web address NOTE: When an Internet document is more than one Web page, provide a URL that links to the home page or entry page for the document. Also, if there isn’t a date available for the document use (n.d.) for no date. Computer Software/Downloaded Software Do not cite standard office software (e.g. Word, Excel) or programming languages. Provide references only for specialized software. Ludwig, T. (2002). PsychInquiry [computer software]. New York: Worth. Software that is downloaded from a Web site should provide the software’s version and year when available. Hayes, B., Tesar, B., & Zuraw, K. (2003). OTSoft: Optimality Theory Software (Version 2.1) [Software]. Available from http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/hayes/otsoft/ E-mail E-mails are not included in the list of references, though you parenthetically cite them in your main text: (E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001). Online Forum or Discussion Board Posting Include the title of the message, and the URL of the newsgroup or discussion board. Please note that titles for items in online communities (e.g. blogs, newsgroups, forums) are not italicized. If the author’s name is not available, provide the screen name. Place identifiers like post or message numbers, if available, in brackets. If available, provide the URL where the message is archived (e.g. “Message posted to…, archived at…”). Frook, B. D. (1999, July 23). New inventions in the cyberworld of toylandia [Msg 25]. Message posted to http://groups.earthlink.com/forum/messages/00025.html Blog (Weblog) and Video Blog Post Include the title of the message and the URL. Please note that titles for items in online communities (e.g. blogs, newsgroups, forums) are not italicized. If the author’s name is not available, provide the screen name. Dean, J. (2008, May 7). When the self emerges: Is that me in the mirror? Message posted to http://www.spring.org.uk/ the1sttransport. (2004, September 26). Psychology Video Blog #3 [Video File]. Video posted to http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqM90eQi5-M Wikis Please note that the APA Style Guide to Electronic References warns writers that wikis (like Wikipedia, for example) are collaborative projects which cannot guarantee the verifiability or expertise of their entries. OLPC Peru/Arahuay. (n.d.). Retrieved from the OLPC Wiki: http://wiki.laptop. org/go/OLPC_Peru/Arahuay Audio Podcast For all podcasts, provide as much information as possible; not all of the following information will be available. Possible addition identifiers may include Producer, Director, etc. Bell, T. & Phillips, T. 2008, May 6). A solar flare. Science @ NASA Podcast. Podcast retrieved from http://science.nasa.gov/podcast.htm Video Podcasts For all podcasts, provide as much information as possible; not all of the following information will be available. Possible addition identifiers may include Producer, Director, etc. Scott, D. (Producer). (2007, January 5). The community college classroom [Episode 7]. Adventures in Education. Podcast retrieved from http://www.adveeducation.com Reference: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/10/ Evaluation Sheet Structure: Introduction: Purpose for writing was clearly stated and specific. Thesis statement was clear and specific. Clear and specific main points. Main points were relevant to the thesis statement. Body: Development of Content Major points fully supported thesis. Clearly and fairly discussed multiple points of view. Addressed implications or consequences of the thesis. Sequencing of major/minor points effectively supported writer’s purpose. Clear reasoning showed how evidence supports main points/thesis. Identified and answered anticipated thoughts, concepts, problems, solutions, biases and prejudices. Essay was free of fallacies. Information clearly supported by facts and data. Transitions between points were effectively connected to major/minor points. Conclusion: Conclusion was clear and reinforced thesis and major points. Conclusion was concise and fully justified by the evidence and the reasoning. Style: Clear, concise sentences. Clear, concise paragraphs that were properly formatted and included topic sentecences. Primarily active voice. Only one or two errors in grammar, punctuation, or spelling. Paper presents a professional appearance. Research Ability: Appropriately used endnotes and source citing within paper. Submitted bibliography accurately identified each source, author, and date of information. Superior research conducted and references listed to fully support facts, main ideas, and assumptions. All references and sources were fully verifiable and accurate.