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Write the materials and methods section AND the results section of your paper. These sections work hand in hand. IN materials and methods, you explain what you used to conduct your study ( materials) and how you conducted your study (methods). In results, you present the data that you collected by conducting your study. Usually, this takes the form of graphs and/or tables.
First lay out the materials you used in your study. Depending on your study, these may include equipment, animals, surveys, humans, etc. Be detailed. If you used rats, what kind of rats? If you used people, what age range? How many were men? Do they need a similar socio-economic status? If so, why? etc etc etc….
Next provide a step-by-step account of your techniques used to collect data. Again, be detailed. If you’re trying to determine whether one group had more likelihood of tumor development than another, how are you testing for tumors? Are you counting numbers of tumors or measuring size of tumors or both? What unit of measurement are you using? Are you including both benign and malignant tumors or only malignant? Don’t leave any gaps in explaining your process.
Materials and methods should be written in past tense because you’re PRETENDING you already conducted the study. Here is the only time the first person is allowed.
Results. You will actually want to decide what you intend to show in your results before you work through your materials and methods. you have to first ask yourself “What am I trying to prove?” before you can work out, “Heres how i’m going to go about proving it.” You will need at least two graphs for your results, which means that you need at least two dependent variables. For each graph, write a detailed description of what the graph shows. Do not interpret the data yet, thats what your conclusion is for. Simply explain in black and white what the graph shows.
Running head: EVERGLADES NATIONAL PARK STUDY LITERATURE REVIEW
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EVERGLADES NATIONAL PARK STUDY LITERATURE REVIEW
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Everglades National Park Study Literature Review
Shadelly Guzman
West Coast University
Everglades National Park Literature Review
Introduction
The Everglades national Park is one of the largest National parks in the United States. It is situated in Florida and plays the role of protecting the southern 20 percent of the well-recognized original Everglades. It is also the largest tropical wilderness in the United States. The park is visited by approximately one million individuals as tourists who enjoy the large number of features and beautiful views that the park provides, from the natural features to the large variety of animals that wildly exist in the park. This park is ranked third largest national park, when considering only the lower 48 states, after Death Valley and Yellowstone (Ogden, 2011). Another unique aspect of the park is that it is among the only three main national parks in the world to be declared in the categories of World Heritage Site, Biosphere Reserve and Wetland of International importance. The park is however, currently facing significant challenges in its existence, due to significant changes that occur on a daily basis. In this section, a review of other literal sources is carried out, to determine the existing correlation between the animal life and the water in this park. The paper is stratified into two main sections, the scientific section and the cultural section. Each one of these sections is essential in understanding the topic (Stewart, 2013).
Scientific
A large number of authors that evaluate the Everglades National park have evaluated the scientific aspects that clearly describe the existing relationship between the water of the park and the animals whose habitat is the park. Scientifically, living organisms with animals included move to regions that have favorable environmental conditions for their existence. This implies that for a long time, even before the park was established and officially made a permanent home for the animals, many animals had been attracted to the region because of its original environment which they considered to be beneficial and effective for their existence. Being a wetland, many animals that are highly comfortable with these regions are currently successful and in preference of the region. They rely on these foods and environment to survive (Scholz, 2015).
With clarity and understanding of the facts that the Everglades National park has significantly important vegetation that plays a major role in making sure that the large numbers of organisms that rely on them survive, the need to ensure that the vegetation remains in its current productive and beneficial state is paramount. Perry (2008) explain that the government and national park preservation agencies involve in the activities of vegetation treatment, aimed at making sure that the vegetation of the park remains in the state that is beneficial to the animals relying on it to survive (Kraehmer, 2009). Earlier when more land was allowed to remain natural, the forest lands extended to large areas and thus animals did not have significant challenges when some parts of the regions did not remain productive. They simply decided to migrate to other regions with better conditions. With the significant development that has been currently taking place, however, a large number of forest regions have been cleared for the purposes of urbanization and clearing of bushes. With this regard, animals are currently not able to migrate to other regions. There is therefore the need to ensure that the available and reserved regions are beneficial and capable of sustaining the large number of organisms living in the region (Knotts, 2018).
The scientific explanation of habits of the living organisms that reside in the everglades National park reveals that these organisms completely relies on each other to complete their eco-system and completely avoid the extinction of any single species residing in these regions. Infestations and vegetation diseases have however been significant challenges to the forest conversation agencies and the national park conservation authorities, since they have the mandate of formulating strategies that they can use to combat these forest negative conditions (Kalman, 2014). The main challenge is brought by the fact that the Everglades National Park has a significantly large area with massive vegetation. According to Repanshek (2017), when there is a vegetation disease, the spread of such diseases take place fast, mostly because they are easily transmitted from one plant to another by insects of even pollen grains which are moved by mediums like wind. With this regard it becomes difficult to control such vegetation issues, and when they occur, they become responsible for the death of a large number of living organisms, which could have however been avoided with the implementation and utilization of other means and methods of plant conservation methods (Knotts, 2018).
Another essential and highly important challenge that a large number of plants and methods require to implement is establish effective strategies that are essentially important and capable of making sure that information is highly beneficial and effective in the process of making sure that information is obtained in a highly beneficial way. One of the main causes to significant challenges in the ecosystem of this par is human activities. Centuries ago, the ecosystem was much more preserved in a much better way, compared to the current condition that the park is currently in (Kraehmer, 2009). The many changes that have occurred are mainly from the many human activities that have increasingly impacted the environmental condition of the park. A good example of these large numbers of changes is the sugarcane companies that are currently involved in the activities of farming sugarcanes for sugar. These companies are located near the park. To begin with, they drain farming water from the park, thus significantly impacting the large number of organisms, which reside in the park (Jose, 2016).
Draining water from the park impacts many organisms in the park, which relies on that water. The water plays a major part in the ecosystem of the park. To begin with, organisms like crocodiles, fish and other salty water organisms depend on that water to survive. Within the same plants, a large number of other animals rely on these organisms from the water to survive in the park. A good example is the fish eating birds that eat fish from the water among other organisms. The change that these organizations cause to the park thus impacts the park in a significant way (Doyle, 2012). After draining water from the park, the companies also play a major role in polluting the park through fertilizers and other chemicals, which pollute the water. Like draining it, polluting water is another significant challenge that causes significant problems to the ecosystem of the park. Since many organisms rely on the water in the wetlands, when that water is polluted, significant problems occur which cause major problems to the ecosystem and to a number of species whose number reduce significantly due to the spoilt water (Douglas, 2017).
Cultural
In this section the cultural aspect and their impact on how they affect the existing relationship between the Everglades national park’s animals and the water or ecosystem is evaluated. A large number of authors explain effectively the many impactful aspects that clearly link the cultural aspects of this region and the ecosystem of the place. The first main cultural aspect that significantly impacts the park and the animals residing within it is the aspect of urbanization. Recently, there has been a significant need for development of towns and settlement places, which has caused many individuals to consider the involvement in certain unfortunate and unexpected actions of clearing the Park Forest in order to farm in the land, build towns and even use the trees as raw materials for involvement in other activities. This challenge has been a significant problem to the park, and a major cause to the massive reduction of the park (Deszcz-Pan, 2012).
According to Jones (2014), massive reduction of the park area has been witnessed within the previous decade. An individual that had managed to visit the park a decade ago can clearly notice the difference caused by these negative and significant changes that have occurred. There is therefore the need to ensure that strategies have been established, in which the land of the park will be maintained and people will be warned completely from using resources of the park to benefit themselves (Davis, 2010). The park authorities have established strategies that are aimed at protecting the park from the negative impact caused by their surrounding human activities taking place within the park of on a daily basis. The major challenge to these activities are mainly resources in terms of the man power to cover the massive areas of the park, effective strategies of operation and the required physical resources like disinfectants and chemicals to maintain the vegetation in its initial state that is beneficial and preferred by the animals that have it as a habitat (Coffey, 2008).
Douglas (2017) explain that due to these among many other challenges, the park is only able to protect about a quarter of the park and thus the rest of the largest sections of the park is vulnerable to the many human resource and cultural activities that occur on a daily basis. The significant reduction of resources to protect the park makes the park authorities less capable of protecting the whole park. These occurrences have resulted in the park being enlisted among the many parks that are currently endangered, despite its being a home to many endangered species of animals like the Florida panther crocodiles. A large number of numerous activities from the people and societies surrounding the park are the attributing causes that have resulted to these challenges (Carr, 2016).
The first activity that has caused major challenges and extinction of species within this park is hunting. A number of poachers have been involving in poaching activities within the regions of the park, which the park authorities have lacked the ability to protect. In their activities, they involve in activities of killing animals that reside in the park like crocodiles, which are considered to be beneficial in many ways. These individuals also involve in actions of cutting trees and spoiling the water. All these activities are a significant and major causes to the negative impact that the animals in this park face. The activities have made a significant contribution to the endangerment of the park animals residing in the area. A large number of species of animals in the park are currently in danger of extinction, since most of their original habitats have been significantly altered by human activities.
The section of the park that the park authorities manage to protect also has a large number of animals. To this section, the parks manage to make sure that all the animals are protected from poachers. It also ensures that the vegetation, which plays a major role in maintaining the region in its original state is well maintained and protected from any form of natural negativities that may result in its destruction. Despite this reason, however, it still becomes extremely difficult for the park to manage protecting the region from other occurrences that happen in its surroundings. The park authorities can for example not manage to protect the park from natural occurrences like draught or communicable diseases. Due to this reason, the whole park is in danger of most of its indigenous animals becoming extinct and losing a large number of animals in the process (Ake, 2015).
Another danger causing aspect of this pack is the challenge of new species, which have been introduced in the pack. In the attempt to increase the variety of species that exists in this pack, the government has introduced a number of new species into this pack. While this action was introduced in this region with good intention, it has also increased the dangers of having the indigenous and rare species initially existing in the park extinct. This is because the newly introduced species, which however exist in many other regions also compete with these other species for food and resources (Repanshek, 2017). This competition has resulted in a large number of the indigenous species being defeated in competition and not managing to survive within the ecosystem. Despite the many challenges, the park has however still managed to maintain the current species in the park and remain ranked among the largest parks in the United States that are home of the endangered animal species (Adams, 2015).
Despite the many efforts that the organization has been making, making a few more changes could be more beneficial and it could help the organization manage to protect more of the park in a much better way. Coffey (2008) explain that the first important change that should be made is soliciting for more funds in order to ensure that the park authorities have the ability to protect the rest of the park from the many forces that make impact of increasing the large number of danger causes to the rare species of the park. Another essential step of improvement that the organization should implement is making sure that it ceases to introduce new species that are not indigenous in the park. This action will ensure that all species that are already in the park which are indigenous have a significantly higher chance of survival and thus the park will be more effective (Jones, 2014).
References
Perry, W. (2008). Everglades restoration and water quality challenges in south Florida: Ecotoxicology. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18679794
Repanshek, K. (2017). Concern Voiced Over Protection Of Everglades National Park: National Parks Traveller. Retrieved from
https://www.nationalparkstraveler.org/2017/07/concern-voiced-over-protection-everglades-national-park
Jones, A. (2014). Florida’s Everglades National Park an ecosystem in distress: Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from
http://www.latimes.com/travel/la-tr-disappearing-florida-everglades-threatened-20140601-story.html
Adams, C. (2015). The Everglades: analyzing graphs, tables, and charts. New York: Rosen
Ake, A. (2015). Everglades: An Ecosystem Facing Choices and Challenge. Thousand Oaks, CA: Jones and Bartlett .
Carr, A. .. (2016). Everglades. Las Vegas, NV: KC Publ.
Coffey, R. C. (2008). Bear Mountain. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub.
Davis, S. M. (2010). Everglades: the ecosystem and its restoration. Delray Beach, FL: St. Lucie Press.
Deszcz-Pan, M. (2012). Geophysical mapping of saltwater intrusion in Everglades National Park. Denver, CO: U.S. Geological Survey.
Douglas, M. S. (2017). The Everglades: river of grass. Sarasota, FL: Pineapple Press, Inc.
Doyle, M. (2012). Large-Scale Ecosystem Restoration Five Case Studies from the United States. Washington: Island Press.
Jose, S. (2016). Longleaf Pine Ecosystem: ecology, silviculture, and restoration. S.l.: Springer-Verlag New York.
Kalman, R. (2014). Everglades national park. Place of publication not identified: Natl Geographic.
Knotts, B. (2018). Florida plants and animals. Chicago, IL: Heinemann Library.
Kraehmer, S. T. (2009). 100 great places … just north of New York City: an a to z topical guide to Hudson Valley tourist sites. Modena, NY: TWS Resources.
Ogden, L. (2011). Swamplife: people, gators, and mangroves entangled in the Everglades. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Scholz, J. T. (2015). Adaptive governance and water conflict: new institutions for collaborative planning. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future.
Stewart, M. (2013). Life in a wetland. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications Co.
