Jan

· different types of crime that are categorized as white-collar,

· the victims of these crimes, and

· the reasons why you believe it is difficult to enforce these laws.

Criminology
CHAPTER
Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Criminology, 3e
Frank Schmalleger
THIRD EDITION

Drug and Sex Crimes—Recreational Offenses
12

Chapter Objectives
Summarize the early history of drug use in the United States, and describe the extent of contemporary drug abuse.
Identify the types of legal and illegal drugs that are commonly abused in the United States today.
continued on next slide

Chapter Objectives
Describe some of the methods used today to traffic drugs.
Explain legislative and social strategies to combat drug abuse.
Summarize the drug legalization/decriminalization debate.
continued on next slide

Chapter Objectives
Summarize prostitution in the United States.
Summarize the prostitution legalization/decriminalization debate.

Learning Objective 12.1
Summarize the early history of drug use in the United States, and describe the extent of contemporary drug use.

History of Drugs in the United States
The widespread use of drugs is of relatively recent origin.
Throughout the 1800s and early 1900s, use of illegal drugs was mostly confined to a small group.
Few Americans seriously affected at that time by any drug other than alcohol.

History of Drugs in the United States
Pyschoactive substances gained widespread acceptance during the late 1960s and early 1970s.
Psychoactive substances affect the mind, mental processes, or emotions.

History of Drugs in the United States
Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP)
A national office charged by Congress with establishing policies, priorities, and objectives for the nation’s drug-control program
They estimate Americans spend around $109 billion.

ONDCP definition from glossary
Figure 12-3 Annual amount spent on Illegal Drugs in the United States, page 243
*

FIGURE 12-3 Annual Amount Spent on Illegal Drugs in the United States.
Source: Based on B. Kilmer, S. Everingham, J. Caulkins, G. Midgette, R. Pacula, P. Reuter, R. Burns, B. Han, R. Lundberg, What America’s Users Spend on Illegal Drugs: 2000–2010 (Santa Monica, CA; RAND Corporation, 2014).

History of Drugs in the United States
Consequences of drug abuse
Many cases of HIV/AIDS can be traced to intravenous drug use.

Learning Objective 12.2
Identify the types of legal and illegal drugs that are commonly abused in the United States today.

Types of Drugs
Controlled Substances
Chemical substances or drugs as defined under the 1970 federal Controlled Substances Act
Grouped into five schedules

Controlled substances definition from glossary
*

Types of Drugs
Controlled Substances Under the Federal Controlled Substances Act
Schedule I – marijuana, heroin, opioids, peyote
No currently accepted medical use
Schedule II – cocaine, opium, morphine
Sometimes accepted for medical use
continued on next slide

Types of Drugs
Controlled Substances Under the Federal Controlled Substances Act
Schedule III – anabolic steroids, ketamine
Sometimes accepted for medical use
Schedule IV – Xanax, Valium, barbiturates
Sometimes accepted for medical use
continued on next slide

Types of Drugs
Controlled Substances Under the Federal Controlled Substances Act
Schedule V – Some prescription pain pills
Sometimes accepted for medical use

Types of Drugs
Federal Controlled Substances Act also allows for the control of other dangerous drugs.
Term used by the Drug Enforcement Administration to refer to broad categories or classes of controlled substances other than cocaine, opiates, hallucinogens, inhalants, and cannabis products

Definition from glossary
*

Learning Objective 12.3
Describe some of the methods used today to traffic drugs.

Drug Trafficking Methods
Drug trafficking
The manufacturing, distributing, dispensing, importing, and exporting (or possession with intent to do the same) a controlled or counterfeit substance
Drugs such as cocaine, heroin, and LSD are especially easy to smuggle.

Drug Trafficking Methods
Transportation routes into the U.S. include:
Shipment overland from South America through Central America.
Direct shipments to U.S. ports while concealed in containers or packed with legitimate products.
continued on next slide

Drug Trafficking Methods
Transportation routes into the U.S. include:
Flights into the United States via commercial airplanes or in private aircraft.
Airdrops in vessels waiting offshore for smuggling into the United States.

Drug Trafficking Methods
Pharmaceutical Diversion and Designer Drugs
The pharmaceutical diversion and subsequent abuse of legitimately manufactured controlled substances are a major source of drug-related addiction or dependence, medical emergencies, and death

Drug Trafficking Methods
Pharmaceutical diversion
The process by which legitimately manufactured controlled substances are diverted for illicit use
Depressants, including sedatives, tranquilizers, and antianxiety drugs, stimulants, and anabolic steroids are most often diverted.

Definition from glossary.
Dep
*

Drug Trafficking Methods
Designer Drugs
New substances designed by slightly altering the chemical makeup of other illegal or tightly controlled drugs

Drug Trafficking Methods
Drug-defined crimes vs. drug-related crimes
Drug-Related Crimes
Can induce violent behavior
Commit crimes to support drug habit
Violence is often characterized among drug users.

Drug Trafficking Methods
Extensive evidence of a strong relationship between drug use and crime
Drug users report greater involvement in crime and are more likely that nonusers to have criminal records.
continued on next slide

Drug Trafficking Methods
Extensive evidence of a strong relationship between drug use and crime
People with criminal records are much more likely than others to report being drug users.
Crimes rise in numbers as drug use increases.

Learning Objective 12.4
Explain legislative and social strategies to combat drug abuse.

Combating Drug Abuse
Prior to 1907, any and all drugs could be bought and sold in the U.S. without restriction.
Legislation changing this included:
Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906.
The Harrison Act of 1914.
continued on next slide

Combating Drug Abuse
Legislation changing this included:
Marijuana Tax Act of 1937.
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act (1994).
Comprehensive Methamphetamine Control Act of 1996.

Combating Drug Abuse
Much legislative emphasis in recent years has shifted from targeting users to arresting, prosecuting, and incarcerating the distributors of controlled substances.

Combating Drug Abuse
Interdiction
An international drug control policy designed to stop drugs from entering the country illegally

Combating Drug Abuse
Forfeiture
A legal procedure that authorizes judicial representatives to seize things of value furnished or intended to be furnished by any person in exchange for a controlled substance and all proceeds traceable to such an exchange

Learning Objective 12.5
Summarize the drug legalization/decriminalization debate.

Drug Legalization/Decriminalization
The war on drugs has been costly.
It has been costly in other ways as well.
Court resources are diverted to address drug cases.
High rates of imprisonment of drug offenders.

FIGURE 12-9 Federal Drug Control Spending, Fiscal Years 2012–2014.
Source: Executive Office of the President of the United States, National Drug Control Budget: FY 2014 Funding Highlights (Washington, DC: April 2013), p. 2.

Drug Legalization/Decriminalization
Decriminalization and legalization have both been suggested as alternative drug control policies.
Decriminalization
The redefinition of certain previously criminal behaviors into regulated activities that become “ticketable” rather than “arrestable”

Drug Legalization/Decriminalization
Legalization
Elimination of the laws and criminal penalties associated with certain behaviors – usually the production, sale, distribution, and possession of a controlled substance

Drug Legalization/Decriminalization
Are you in favor of legalization?
Decriminalization?
Or would you prefer to keep today’s laws or make them even tougher?

Learning Objective 12.6
Summarize prostitution in the United States.

Prostitution
The offering of one’s self for hire for the purpose of engaging in sexual relations or the act or practice of engaging in sexual activity for money or its equivalent
Except in parts of Nevada, prostitution is a criminal act throughout the United States and is generally classified as a misdemeanor.

FIGURE 12-10 Types of Prostitutes.
Source: From Criminology Today: An Integrative Introduction, 7e by Frank A. Schmalleger. Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education. Used by permission of Pearson Education.

Prostitution
Perspectives on Prostitution
Some feminist thinkers argue that prostitution exploits and demeans women.
Others argue that selling sex need not be exploitive and might actually be liberating.

Learning Objective 12.7
Summarize the prostitution legalization/decriminalization debate.

Prostitution Legalization/Decriminalization
Arguments in favor of legalizing/ decriminalizing prostitution
Women beyond a specified age would be able to offer paid sexual services with few restrictions.
The current practice forces prostitution onto the streets.
continued on next slide

Prostitution Legalization/Decriminalization
Arguments in favor of legalizing/ decriminalizing prostitution
Keeping prostitution illegal means that prostitutes are easy targets for pimps and offenders.
Legalization frees law enforcement resources to be used on more serious types of crime.

Chapter Summary
Controlled substances were not regulated until the 1990s in the United States.
The types of drugs commonly abused in this country include controlled substances, or those that fall into one of five schedules under the 1970 Controlled Substance Act.
continued on next slide

Chapter Summary
Drug trafficking includes the manufacturing, distributing, dispensing, importing, and exporting of controlled or counterfeit substances.
A number of legislative initiatives and social strategies have occurred to curtail drug use.
continued on next slide

Chapter Summary
A number of arguments have been made in favor of legalizing or decriminalization of drugs.
In the U.S., over 92,000 individuals are arrested each year for prostitution.
A number of arguments have been made in favor of legalizing or decriminalization of prostitution.

Criminology
CHAPTER
Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Criminology, 3e
Frank Schmalleger
THIRD EDITION

White-Collar and Organized Crime—Crime as a Job
11

Chapter Objectives
Describe the various types of white-collar crime.
Define corporate crime and explain how a corporation can commit a crime.
Describe the causes of white-collar crime.
continued on next slide

Chapter Objectives
Summarize the efforts to curtail white-collar crime.
Outline the history and activities of organized crime.
Explain criminal enterprise and identify some of the more important criminal gangs operating in the United States.
continued on next slide

Chapter Objectives
Explain transnational organized crime.
Summarize the effort, including federal legislation, aimed at curtailing organized crime.
Describe what can be done to combat organized crime.

Learning Objective 11.1
Describe the various types of white-collar crime.

Types of White-Collar Crime
Violations of the criminal law committed by persons of respectability and high social status in the course of their occupation
White-collar criminals are far less likely to be investigated, arrested, or prosecuted than are other types of offenders.

Types of White-Collar Crime
The chief criterion for a crime to be “white collar” is that it occurs as part of, or a deviation from, the violator’s occupational role.
White-collar crimes result in more than $300 billion in losses to the American economy every year.

FIGURE 11-1 Top-Ten Internet Crime Complaint Categories.
Source: National White Collar Crime Center, Annual Report, 2010, p. 10, http://www.ic3.gov/ media/annualreport/2010_ic3report (accessed March 11, 2012). Used with permission. ©2011. NW3C, Inc. d/b/a the National White Collar Crime Center. All rights reserved.

Types of White-Collar Crime
Occupational Crime
Any act punishable by law that is committed through opportunity created in the course of an occupation which is legal

Learning Objective 11.2
Define corporate crime and explain how a corporation can commit a crime.

Corporate Crime
Corporate crime is a form of organized crime.
A violation of a criminal statutes either by a corporate entity or by its executives, employees, or agents acting on behalf of and for the benefit of the corporation, partnership, or other form of business entity

Corporate Crime
New York Central and Hudson River Railroad Co. v. United States (1909)
The Supreme Court reasoned that the criminal acts and intentions of a company’s employees can extend to the company itself.
continued on next slide

Corporate Crime
New York Central and Hudson River Railroad Co. v. United States (1909)
Because corporations could be held liable for civil wrongs involving their employees’ bad conduct, it would be appropriate to hold them criminally liable as well.

Corporate Crime
Most white-collar crimes are financial crimes.

FIGURE 11-2 Types of Financial Crime.
Source: From Criminology Today: An Integrative Introduction, 7e by Frank A. Schmalleger. Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education. Used by permission of Pearson Education.

Corporate Crime
Environmental Crime
Violations of the criminal law that, although typically committed by businesses or business officials, may be committed by other individuals or organizational entities that damage some protected or otherwise significant aspect of the natural environment

Corporate Crime
Terrorism and White-Collar Crime
Terrorist activity frequently involves some form of white-collar crime because terrorists need money for daily living expenses.
continued on next slide

Corporate Crime
Terrorism and White-Collar Crime
Terrorist groups also frequently send a portion of the money acquired from illegal activities back to their home country or pass it along to those higher up in the chain of command.

Learning Objective 11.3
Describe the causes of white-collar crime.

Causes of White-Collar Crime
White-collar criminals have special characteristics.
They are not as dangerous as other forms of crime.
They provide relatively large rewards.
The rewards they produce may follow quickly from their commission.
continued on next slide

Causes of White-Collar Crime
White-collar criminals have special characteristics.
Sanctions associated with them may be vague or only rarely imposed.
May require only minimal effort from those with the requisite skills to engage in them.

Causes of White-Collar Crime
Personal characteristics of most white-collar workers are not generally associated with crime commission.
High educational levels
A commitment to the status quo
Personal motivation to succeed
continued on next slide

Causes of White-Collar Crime
Personal characteristics of most white-collar workers are not generally associated with crime commission.
Deference to others
Attention to conventional appearance
Other inherent aspects of social conformity

Learning Objective 11.4
Summarize the efforts to curtail white-collar crime.

Curtailing White-Collar Crime
White-collar crimes are often difficult to investigate and prosecute for a number of reasons.
White-collar criminals are generally better educated.
Often the evidence involved is only understandable to financial or legal experts and can be difficult for jurors to understand.
continued on next slide

Curtailing White-Collar Crime
White-collar crimes are often difficult to investigate and prosecute for a number of reasons.
White collar criminals are better able to conceal their activities.
Business executives are often able to hire excellent defense attorneys.

Curtailing White-Collar Crime
Corporate Fraud Task Force
A U.S. Department of Justice organization created by George W. Bush to investigate corporate fraud

Curtailing White-Collar Crime
Sarbanes-Oxley Act (2002)
A federal law that set stiff penalties for corporate wrongdoing
Officially known as the Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act
Has been called the most far-reaching reform of U.S. business practices

Curtailing White-Collar Crime
Financial Fraud Enforcement Task Force
An organization created by Barack Obama in 2009 to replace the Corporate Fraud Task Force
Purpose to combat financial fraud, including false claims made under various federal economic stimulus legislation

Glossary definition included here
*

Learning Objective 11.5
Outline the history and activities of organized crime.

History and Activities of Organized Crime
Organized Crime
Unlawful activities of the members of a highly organized, disciplined association engaged in supplying illegal goods and services, including prostitution, gambling, loan-sharking, narcotics, and labor racketeering

History and Activities of Organized Crime
Mafia
Another name for Sicilian organized crime
La Casa Nostra
Literally “our thing”
A criminal organization of Sicilian origin

FIGURE 11-3 A Typical Italian American Organized Crime Family.
Source: Adapted from the President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice, The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1967), p. 47.

History and Activities of Organized Crime
Ethnic succession
The continuing process whereby one immigrant or ethnic group succeeds another through assumption of a particular position in society

History and Activities of Organized Crime
Prohibition and Official Corruption
In many ways, the advent of Prohibition was a godsend for Mafia leaders.
The existing infrastructure of organized crime permitted easy and efficient entry into the running and sale of contraband liquor.

History and Activities of Organized Crime
Activities of Organized Crime
Racketeering
Vice operations
Theft/fence rings
Gangs
Terrorism

Learning Objective 11.6
Explain criminal enterprise and identify some of the more important criminal gangs operating in the United States.

Criminal Enterprise
Criminal Enterprise
A group of individuals with an identifiable hierarchy, and extensive supporting networks, engaged in criminal activity
State laws defining criminal enterprise are generally more inclusive than federal statutes.

Criminal Enterprise
International Organized Criminal Groups Whose Activities Impact the United States
Eurasian Criminal Enterprises
Balkan Criminal Enterprises
Asian Criminal Enterprises
African Criminal Enterprises
Middle Eastern Criminal Enterprises

Learning Objective 11.7
Explain transnational organized crime.

Transnational Organized Crime
Transnational Organized Crime
Unlawful activity undertaken and supported by organized criminal groups operating across national boundaries

Transnational Organized Crime
Russian organized crime is of special interest because it has grown quickly following the collapse of the Soviet Union.
Russian organized crime seems to be a natural outgrowth of the corrupt practices of officials who operated in the days of strict Soviet control.

Learning Objective 11.8
Summarize the efforts, including federal legislation, aimed at curtailing organized crime.

Curtailing Organized Crime
Organized Crime and the Law
Hobbs Act
The first federal legislation aimed specifically at curtailing the activities of organized crime
continued on next slide

Curtailing Organized Crime
Organized Crime and the Law
Racketeer-Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act
A statute that was part of the federal Organized Crime Control Act of 1970 and is intended to combat criminal conspiracies

Curtailing Organized Crime
Asset Forfeiture
A type of punishment provided under RICO
The authorized seizure of money, negotiable instruments, securities, or other things of value

Learning Objective 11.9
Describe what can be done to combat organized crime.

Controlling Organized Crime
Four approaches to the control of organized crime
Increasing resources available to law enforcement agencies
Increase law enforcement authority
Reduce the economic lure of involvement in organized crime
Decrease criminal activity through decriminalization or legalization

Chapter Summary
This chapter distinguishes between white-collar, occupational, corporate, and organized crime.
Corporate crimes come in many forms.
White-collar criminals have many of the same motivations as do other criminals, and criminologists generally agree that white-collar crime is learned.
continued on next slide

Chapter Summary
White-collar crimes are often difficult to investigate and prosecute.
Much of what most Americans traditionally think of today as organized crime has roots that predate the establishment of the United States.
continued on next slide

Chapter Summary
A criminal enterprise is a group of individuals with an identifiable hierarchy, and extensive supporting networks, engaged in significant criminal activity.
Transnational organized crime refers to unlawful activity undertaken and supported by organized criminal groups operating across national boundaries.
continued on next slide

Chapter Summary
The first federal legislation aimed specifically at curtailing activities of organized crime was the Hobbs Act. The single most important piece of federal legislation ever passed that specifically targets organized crime is the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act.
continued on next slide

Chapter Summary
Organized crime is an integral part of the social, political, and economic systems in our society.

Unit VII Scholarly Activity

This scholarly activity will include further research on white-collar crime. Visit the site below, and explore the different components of white-collar crime: Federal Bureau of Investigation. (n.d.). What we investigate: White-collar crime. Retrieved from

https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/white-collar-crime

Then, include the following points in your scholarly activity:

· different types of crime that are categorized as white-collar,

· the victims of these crimes, and

· the reasons why you believe it is difficult to enforce these laws.

Your scholarly activity must be a minimum of two pages in length (not including the title and reference pages). All sources used, including the referenced website for this activity, must be cited and referenced using the appropriate APA format. Information about accessing the grading rubric for this assignment is provided below.

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