Individual Learning Project Paper 10 Page

Due March 2, 2013 by 9:30pm

The Individual Learning Project is an opportunity for you to evaluate yourself and your role within your organization by completing 10 self-assessment activities. You will begin the paper by completing a modified Abstract that details a past, present, or future job you will use as a basis for analyzing the self-assessment results. You will then write a full-page analysis of each assessment and combine all 10 together according to the provided format for submission.

These are the activities you must complete. They are found at the end of the indicated chapter.

CHAPTER Save Time On Research and Writing Hire a Pro to Write You a 100% Plagiarism-Free Paper. Get My Paper	SELF-ASSESSMENT ACTIVITY
Are You Introverted or Extraverted?
Need Strength Questionnaire
What Team Roles Do You Prefer?
Active Listening Skills Inventory
How Do You Influence Coworkers and Other Peers?
Dutch Test for Conflict Handling
Do Leaders Make A Difference?
What Organizational Structure Do You Prefer?
Which Corporate Culture Do You Prefer?
Are You Tolerant Of Change?

After completing an assessment, analyze it by using the scoring key located in Appendix B of your textbook and write an analysis with the following components:

Title of the self-assessment–Centered at the top of the page

1. Purpose of assessment

2. Your actual score

3. The interpretation of your score, using the key

4. How you can use the results of this self-assessment to improve your effectiveness and/or efficiency in an organization

Page and Paper Format:

Components 1 through 3 above should not exceed ¼ of the space on the page.
Component 4 above must occupy the remaining ¾ of the space on the page.
All pages are double-spaced with 1” margins (right, left, top, bottom) and left-justified.
Font should be Times New Roman or Times Roman and 12-pt size.
Titles for each component should be centered according to APA format.
The first line of paragraphs should be indented 5 spaces.
For the submitted collection of analyses, attach a standard cover page like the sample document accompanying these instructions. Your submissions should also include a reference page if you have any quoted sources within the project.
Submit the collection as a Word document.
Page headers must include short title and pagination (use Word header function). Cover page is not numbered. All other pages are numbered using the standard number format (1, 2, etc.).

Grading

Consult the accompanying rubric for how your instructor will grade this assignment. Note that late submissions will receive zero credit. Also, any form of plagiarism, including cutting and pasting, will result in zero points for the entire assignment. All quoted materials should be properly cited in APA format.

endnotes

1. F.N. Kerlinger, Foundations of Behavioral Research (New York: Holt,
Rinehart, & Winston, 1964), p. 11.

2. J.B. Miner, Theories of Organizational Behavior (Hinsdale, IL: Dryden,
1980), pp. 7-9.

3. Ibid., pp. 6-7.
4. J. Mason, Qualitative Researching (London: Sage, 1996).

5. A. Strauss and J. Corbin (eds.), Grounded Theory in Practice (London:
Sage Publications, 1997); B.G. Glaser and A. Strauss, The Discovery
of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research (Chicago,
IL: Aldine Publishing Co, 1967).

6. Kerlinger, Foundations of Behavioral Research, p. 13.

7. Strauss and Corbin, Grounded Theory in Practice; Glaser and Strauss,
The Discovery of Grounded Theory.

8. W.A. Hall and P. Gallery, “Enhancing the Rigor of Grounded Theory:
Incorporating Reflexivity and Relationality:’ Qualitative Health
Research, 11 (March 2001), pp. 257-72.

9. P. Lazarsfeld, Survey Design and Analysis (New York: The Free Press,
1955).

10. This example is cited by D.W. Organ and T.S. Bateman, Organiza-
tional Behavior, 4th ed. (Homewood, IL: Irwin, 1991), p. 42.

11. Ibid., p. 45.
12. R.I. Sutton and A. Hargadon, “Brainstorming Groups in Context:

Effectiveness in a Product Design Firm:’ Administrative Science
Quarterly, 41 (1996), pp. 685-718.

483

Very accurate description of
me = 4

Moderately accurate = 3

Neither accurate nor
inaccurate = 2

Moderately inaccurate = 1

Very inaccurate description of
me = 0

Very accurate description
of me = 0

Moderately accurate = 1

Neither accurate nor
inaccurate = 2

Moderately inaccurate = 3

Very inaccurate description
of me = 4

FOR STATEMENT ITEMS

FOR STATEMENT ITEMS
1, 2, 6, 8, 9:

3, 4, 5, 7, 10:

Strongly Agree = 6

Moderately Agree = 5

Slightly

Agree = 4

Slightly Disagree = 3

Moderately

Disagree = 2

Strongly Disagree = 1

Strongly Agree = 1

Moderately

Agree = 2

Slightly Agree = 3

Slightly

Disagree = 4

Moderately Disagree = 5

Strongly Disagree = 6

FOR STATEMENT ITEMS

FOR STATEMENT
1, 2, 4, 5, 6:

ITEM 3:

Scoring Keys for Self-Assessment Activities
The following pages provide the scoring keys for the self-
assessments that are presented in each chapter of this text-
book. These self-assessments, as well as the self-assessments
summarized in this book, can be scored automatically in
the Connect Library.

CHAPTER 2: SCORING KEY FOR THE
EXTRAVERSION—INTROVERSION SCALE
Scoring Instructions: Use the table below to assign numbers
to each box you checked. For example, if you checked
“Moderately Inaccurate” for statement #1 (“I feel comfort-
able around people”), you would assign a “1” to that state-
ment. After assigning numbers for all 10 statements, add
up the numbers to estimate your extraversion-introversion
personality.

Interpreting Your Score: Extraversion characterizes people
who are outgoing, talkative, sociable, and assertive. It in-
cludes several facets, such as friendliness, gregariousness,
assertiveness, activity level, excitement-seeking, and cheer-
fulness. The opposite of extraversion is introversion, which
refers to the personality characteristics of being quiet, shy,
and cautious. Extraverts get their energy from the outer
world (people and things around them), whereas introverts
get their energy from the internal world, such as personal
reflection on concepts and ideas. Introverts are more in-
clined to direct their interests to ideas rather than to social
events.

This is the short version of the IPIP Introversion-
Extraversion Scale, so it estimates overall introversion-
extraversion but not specific facets within the personality
dimension. Scores range from 0 to 40. Low scores indicate

introversion; high scores indicate extraversion. The norms
in the following table are estimated from results of early
adults (under 30 years old) in Scotland and undergradu-
ate psychology students in the United States. However,
introversion-extraversion norms vary from one group to
the next; the best norms are likely based on the entire class
you are attending or on past students in this course.

IPIP Extraversion-Introvevsioro Novans

IPIP EXTRAVERSION-
INTROVERSION

INTERPRETATION

35-40 High extraversion

28–34 Moderate extraversion

21-27 In-between extraversion and
introversion

7-20 Moderate introversion

0-6

High introversion

CHAPTER 3: SCORING KEY FOR THE WORK
CENTRALITY SCALE
Scoring Instructions: Use the table below to assign numbers
to each box you checked. For example, if you checked
“Moderately Disagree” for statement #3 (“Work should be
only a small part of one’s life”), you would assign a “5” to
that statement. After assigning numbers for all 6 statements,
add up your scores to estimate your level of work centrality.

Interpreting Your Score: The work centrality scale mea-
sures the extent that work is an important part of the indi-
vidual’s self-concept. People with high work centrality
define themselves mainly by their work roles and view

484

Appendix B 485

nonwork roles as much less significant. Consequently, peo-
ple with a high work centrality score likely have lower com-
plexity in their self-concept. This can be a concern because
if something goes wrong with their work role, their non-
work roles are not of sufficient value to maintain a positive
self-evaluation. At the same time, work dominates our
work lives, so those with very low scores would be more of
the exception than the rule in most societies.

Scores range from 6 to 36 with higher scores indicating
higher work centrality. The norms in the following table are
based on a large sample of Canadian employees (average score
was 20.7). However, work centrality norms vary from one
group to the next. For example, the average score in a sample of
nurses was around 17 (translated to the scale range used here).

CHAPTER 4: SCORING KEY FOR
THE EMOTION L INTELLIGENCE
SELF-ASSESSMENT
Scoring Instructions: Use the table below to assign numbers
to each box you checked. Insert the number for each state-
ment on the appropriate line in the scoring key below the
table. For example, if you checked “Moderately disagree”
for statement #1 (“I tend to describe my emotions accu-
rately”), you would write a “2” on the line with “(1)” under-
neath it. After assigning numbers for all 16 statements, add
up your scores to estimate your self-assessed emotional in-
telligence on the four dimensions and overall score.

Work Centrality Norms
FOR STATEMENT ITEMS
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14,

FOR STATEMENT ITEMS
16: 5, 8, 12, 15:

Strongly Agree = 6 Strongly Agree = 1
WORK CENTRALITY SCORE INTERPRETATION

Moderately Agree = 5

Moderately Agree = 2

29-36 High work centrality Slightly Agree = 4 Slightly Agree = 3
24-28 Above average work centrality Slightly Disagree = 3 Slightly Disagree = 4
18-23 Average work centrality Moderately Disagree = 2 Moderately Disagree = 5
13-17 Below average work centrality Strongly Disagree = 1 Strongly Disagree = 6
6-12 Low work centrality

EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE DIMENSION CALCULATION YOUR

SCORE

Self – awareness of emotions
(1) (7) (9) (12)

Self-management of emotions

(2) (5) (10) (14)

Awareness of others’ emotions

(3) (6) (13) (15)

Management of others’ emotions

(4) (8) (11) (16)

Emotional Intelligence Total Add up all dimension scores

Interpreting Your Scores: This scale measures the four di-
mensions of emotional intelligence described in this book.
The four dimensions are defined as follows:

• Self-awareness of emotions. The ability to perceive
and understand the meaning of your own emotions.

• Self-management of emotions. The ability to manage
your own emotions. It includes generating or suppress-
ing emotions and displaying behaviors that represent
desired emotions in a particular situation.

• Awareness of others’ emotions. The ability to perceive
and understand the emotions of other people, includ-
ing the practices of empathy and awareness of social
phenomena such as organizational politics.

• Management of others’ emotions. The ability to man-
age other people’s emotions. It includes generating or

suppressing emotions in other people, such as reducing
their sadness and increasing their motivation.

Scores on the four emotional intelligence self-assessment
dimensions range from 4 to 20. The overall score ranges
from 16 to 80. Norms vary from one group to the next.
The following table shows norms from a sample of 100
MBA students in two countries (Australia and Singa-
pore). For example, the top 10th percentile for self-aware-
ness is 19, indicating that 10 percent of people score 19
or 20, and 90 percent score below 19 on this dimension.
Keep in mind that these scores represent self-percep-
tions. Evaluations from others (such as through 360-
degree feedback) may provide a more accurate estimate
of your emotional intelligence on some (not necessarily
all) dimensions.

Very accurate description
of me = 4

Moderately accurate = 3
Neither accurate nor
inaccurate = 2
Moderately inaccurate = 1

Very inaccurate description
of me = 0

Very accurate description
of me = 0
Moderately accurate = 1
Neither accurate nor
inaccurate = 2
Moderately inaccurate = 3
Very inaccurate description
of me = 4
FOR STATEMENT ITEMS

FOR STATEMENT ITEMS
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 14, 15:

1, 7, 10, 11, 13:

PERSONAL NEEDS DIMENSION YOUR SCORE CALCULATION

Need for achievement:

Need for social approval:

+ + + + + + —
(2) (3) (6) (7) (9) (12) (14)

+—+ + + + +

(1) (4) (5) (8) (10) (11) (13) (15)

486

Appendix B

Emotional Intelligence Self-Assessment Norms

PERCENTILE
SELF-AWARENESS

OF EMOTIONS
MANAGEMENT OF
OWN EMOTIONS

AWARENESS OF
OTHERS’ EMOTIONS

MANAGEMENT OF
OTHERS’ EMOTIONS TOTAL

Average Score 16.3 14.8 14.5 14.7 60.3

Top 10th percentile 19 18 17 18 70

Top 25th percentile 18 17 16 16 66

Median (50th percentile) 16 15 15 15 60

Bottom 25th percentile 15 13 13 13 56

Bottom 10th percentile 14 11 11 10 51

CHAPTER 5: SCORING KEY FOR THE
PERSONAL NEEDS QUESTIONNAIRE

Scoring Instructions: Use the table at the right to assign
numbers to each box you checked. Insert the number for
each statement on the appropriate line in the scoring key
below. For example, if you checked “Moderately inaccu-
rate” for statement #1 (“I would rather be myself than be
well thought of”), you would write a “3” on the line with
“(1)” underneath it. After assigning numbers for all 15
statements, add up your scores to estimate your results for
the two learned needs measured by this scale.

Although everyone has the same innate drives, our
secondary or learned needs vary based on our personal-
ity, values, and self-concept. This self-assessment pro-
vides an estimate of your need strength on two learned
needs: need for achievement and need for social
approval.

Interpreting Your Need for Achievement Score: This scale,
formally called “achievement striving:’ estimates the ex-
tent to which you are motivated to take on and achieve
challenging personal goals. This includes a desire to per-
form better than others and to reach one’s potential. The
scale ranges from 0 to 28. How high or low is your need for
achievement? The ideal would be to compare your score
with the collective results of other students in your class.
Otherwise, the table at the right offers a rough set of norms
with which you can compare your score on this scale.

Need for Achievement Norms

24 28 High need for achievement

18-23 Above average need for
achievement

12-17 Average need for achievement

6-11 Below average need for
achievement

0-5 Low need for achievement

Interpreting Your Need for Social Approval Score: The need
for social approval scale estimates the extent to which you

Appendix B

are motivated to seek favorable evaluation from others.
Founded on the drive to bond, the need for social approval
is a secondary need, because people vary in this need based
on their self-concept, values, personality, and possibly so-
cial norms. This scale ranges from 0 to 32. How high or low
is your need for social approval? The ideal would be to
compare your score with the collective results of other stu-
dents in your class. Otherwise, the following table offers a
rough set of norms on which you can compare your score
on this scale.

Need for Social Approval Norms

NEED FOR SOCIAL
APPROVAL SCORE

INTERPRETATION

28-32 High need for social approval

20-27 Above average need for social
approval

12-19 Average need for social approval

6-11 Below average need for social
approval

0-5 Low need for social approval

CHAPTER 6: SCORING KEY FOR THE
MONEY ATTITUDE SCALE
Scoring Instructions: This instrument presents three dimen-
sions with a smaller number of items from the original
Money Attitude Scale. To calculate your score on each
dimension, write the number that you circled in the scale
over the corresponding item number in the scoring key
at the top of the right column. For example, write the num-
ber you circled for the scale’s first statement (“I sometimes
purchase things . ..”) on the line above “Item 1.” Then add
up the numbers for that dimension. The money attitude
total score is calculated by adding up all scores on all
dimensions.

487

MONEY
ATTITUDE
DIMENSION CALCULATION

YOUR
SCORE

Money as + + +-
(1) (4) (7) (10) Power/

Prestige

Retention

(2) (5) (8) (11) Time

Money

(3) (6) (9) (12) Anxiety

Total score Add up all dimension scores

Interpreting Your Score: The three Money Attitude Scale di-
mensions measured here, as well as the total score, are de-
fined as follows:

• Money as Power/Prestige: People with higher scores
on this dimension tend to use money to influence and
impress others.

• Retention Time: People with higher scores on this di-
mension tend to be careful financial planners.

• Money Anxiety: People with higher scores on this di-
mension tend to view money as a source of anxiety.

• Money Attitude Total: This is a general estimate of
how much respect and attention you give to money.

Scores on the three Money Attitude Scale dimensions
range from 4 to 20. The overall score ranges from 12 to
60. Norms vary from one group to the next. The follow-
ing table shows how a sample of MBA students scored on
the Money Attitude Scale. The table shows percentiles,
that is, the percentage of people with the same or lower
score. For example, the table indicates that a score of “13”
on the retention scale is quite low because only 25 per-
cent of students would have scored at this level or lower
(75 percent scored higher). However, a score of “12” on
the prestige scale is quite high because 75 percent of stu-
dents score at or below this number (only 25 percent
scored higher).

PERCENTILE PRESTIGE SCORE RETENTION SCORE ANXIETY SCORE TOTAL SCORE

Average Score 9.89 14.98 12.78 37.64

Top 10th percentile 13 18 16 44

Top 25th percentile 12 17 15 41

Median (50th percentile) 10 15 13 38

Bottom 25th percentile 8 13 11 33

Bottom 10th percentile 7 11 8 29

TEAM ROLE AND DEFINITION

INTERPRETATION

Encourager: People who score high on
this dimension have a strong tendency
to praise and support the ideas of other
team members, thereby showing
warmth and solidarity with the group.

Gatekeeper: People who score high on
this dimension have a strong tendency
to encourage all team members to
participate in the discussion.

Harmonizer: People who score high on
this dimension have a strong tendency
to mediate intragroup conflicts and
reduce tension.

Initiator: People who score high on this
dimension have a strong tendency to
identify goals for the meeting, including
ways to work on those goals.

Summarizer: People who score high on
this dimension have a strong tendency
to keep track of what was said in the
meeting (i.e., act as the team’s memory).

High: 12 and

above

Medium: 9 to 11

Low: 8 and below

High: 12 and
above
Medium: 9 to 11
Low: 8 and below

High: 11 and
above

Medium: 9 to 10

Low: 8 and below
High: 12 and
above
Medium: 9 to 11
Low: 8 and below

High: 10 and above

Medium: 8 to 9

Low: 7 and below

488 Appendix B

CHAPTER 7: SCORING KEY FOR
THE CREATIVE PERSONALITY SCALE
Scoring Instructions: Assign a positive point (+1) after each
of the following words that you checked off in the
self-assessment:

Capable Inventive
Clever Original
Confident Reflective
Egotistical Resourceful
Humorous Self-confident
Individualistic Sexy
Informal Snobbish
Insightful Unconventional
Intelligent Wide interests

Assign a negative point (-1) after each of the following
words that you checked off in the self-assessment:

Affected Honest
Cautious Mannerly
Commonplace Narrow interests
Conservative Sincere
Conventional Submissive
Dissatisfied Suspicious

Next, sum the positive and negative points.
Interpreting Your Score: This instrument estimates your
creative potential as a personal characteristic. The scale
recognizes that creative people are intelligent and persis-
tent and possess an inventive thinking style. Creative
personality varies somewhat from one occupational
group to the next. The table below provides norms based
on undergraduate and graduate university/college
students.

CREATIVE
PERSONALITY SCORE INTERPRETATION

Above +9

You have a high creative personality

+1 to +9

You have an average creative
personality

Below +1

You have a low creative personality

CHAPTER 8: SCORING KEY FOR
THE TEAM ROLES PREFERENCE SCALE
Scoring Instructions: Write the scores circled for each item
on the appropriate line in the scoring key at the top of the
right column (statement numbers are in parentheses), and
add up each scale.

TEAM ROLES
DIMENSION CALCULATION

YOUR
SCORE

Encourager + +
(6) (9) (11)

Gatekeeper + +
(4) (10) (13)

Harmonizer + +
(3) (8) (12)

Initiator -I-
(1) (5) (14)

Summarizer + + =
(2) (7) (15)

Interpreting Your Score: The five team roles measured here
are based on scholarship over the years. The following table
defines these five roles and presents the range of scores for
high, medium, and low levels of each role. These norms are
based on results from a sample of MBA students.

Team Role Preference Definitions and Norms

CHAPTER 9: SCORING KEY FOR THE ACTIVE
LISTENING SKILLS INVENTORY

Scoring Instructions: Use the first table below to score the
response you marked for each statement. Then, in the
scoring key, write that score on the line corresponding to

Appendix B 489

the statement number (statement numbers are in paren-
theses) and add up each subscale. For example, if you checked
“Seldom” for statement #1 (“I keep an open mind . .”), you
would write a “2” on the line with “(1)” underneath it.
Calculate the overall Active Listening Inventory score by
summing all subscales.

FOR STATEMENT ITEMS FOR STATEMENT ITEMS
4, 7, 11: 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12:

Rarely/never = 5

Rarely/never = 1

Seldom = 4

Seldom = 2

Sometimes = 3

Often = 2

Often 4

Almost always = 1

Almost always = 5

ACTIVE LISTENING

YOUR
DIMENSION CALCULATION

SCORE

Sensing + +
(1) (4) (7) (10)

Evaluating + + + —
(2) (5) (8) (11)

Responding — — — — =

(3) (6) (9) (12)

Active listening Add up all dimension

total scores =

Interpreting Your Score: The three active listening dimen-
sions are defined as follows:

• Sensing: Sensing is the process of receiving signals
from the sender and paying attention to them. Active

listeners improve sensing in three ways. They postpone
evaluation by not forming an opinion until the speaker
has finished, avoid interrupting the speaker’s conversa-
tion, and remain motivated to listen to the speaker.

• Evaluating: This dimension of active listening includes
understanding the message meaning, evaluating the
message, and remembering the message. To improve
their evaluation of the conversation, active listeners
empathize with the speaker—they try to understand
and be sensitive to the speaker’s feelings, thoughts, and
situation. Evaluation also improves by organizing the
speaker’s ideas during the communication episode.

• Responding: Responding, the third dimension of active
listening, is feedback to the sender, which motivates and
directs the speaker’s communication. Active listeners
show interest through nonverbal cues (eye contact, nod-
ding, symbiotic facial expression) and by sending back
channel signals (e.g., “I see”). They also clarify the mes-
sage, such as by summarizing or rephrasing the speaker’s
ideas at appropriate breaks (“So you’re saying that . ?”).

Scores on the three Active Listening dimensions range
from 4 to 20. The overall score ranges from 12 to 60. Norms
vary from one group to the next. The following table shows
norms from a sample of 80 MBA students in two countries
(Australia and Singapore). For example, the top 10th per-
centile for sensing is 17, indicating that 10 percent of
people score 17 or above and 90 percent score below 17 on
this dimension. Keep in mind that these scores represent
self-perceptions. Evaluations from others (such as through
360-degree feedback) may provide a more accurate esti-
mate of your active listening on one or more dimensions,
particularly the responding dimension, which is visible to
others.

Active Listening Norms

SENSING SCORE EVALUATING SCORE RESPONDING SCORE TOTAL SCORE

Average Score 14.6 14.4 16.6 45.6

Top 10th percentile 17 17 19 52

Top 25th percentile 16 16 18 48

Median (50th percentile) 14 14 16 45

Bottom 25th percentile 13 13 15 42

Bottom 10th percentile 11 12 14 39

CHAPTER 10: SCORING KEY FOR
THE COWORKER INFLUENCE SCALE
Scoring Instructions: To calculate your scores on the
Coworker Influence Scale, write the number circled for
each statement on the appropriate line in the scoring key
below (statement numbers are in parentheses), and add
up each scale.

Interpreting Your Score: Influence refers to any behavior that
attempts to alter someone’s attitudes or behavior. There are
several types of influence, including the eight measured by
this instrument. This instrument assesses your preference for
using each type of influence on coworkers and other people at
a similar level as your position in the organization.

• Persuasion: Persuasion refers to using logical and emo-
tional appeals to change others’ attitudes. This is one of

490 Appendix B

•
TEAM ROLES
DIMENSION CALCULATION

YOUR
SCORE

Persuasion
(1) (9) (17)

Silent Authority
(2) (10) (18)

Exchange + =
(3) (11) (19) •

Assertiveness
(4) (12) (20)

Information
Control —

(5) (13) (21)
Coalition
Formation •

(6) (14) (22)
Upward Appeal =

(7) (15) (23)
Ingratiation =

(8) (16) (24)

the most widely used influence strategies toward others
in any position (e.g., coworkers, bosses, subordinates).

• Silent Authority: The silent application of authority
occurs when someone complies with a request because
her or she is aware of the requester’s legitimate or
expert power. This influence tactic is very subtle, such
as making the target person aware of the status or
expertise of the person making the request.

• Exchange: Exchange involves the promise of benefits
or resources in exchange for the target person’s compli-
ance with your request. This tactic also includes re-
minding the target of past benefits or favors, with the
expectation that the target will now make up for that
debt. Negotiation is also part of the exchange strategy.

• Assertiveness: Assertiveness involves actively applying
legitimate and coercive power to influence others. This
tactic includes demanding that the other person com-
ply with your wishes, showing frustration or impa-
tience with the other person, and using threats of
sanctions to force compliance.

Information Control: Information control involves
explicitly manipulating others’ access to information
for the purpose of changing their attitudes and/or be-
havior. It includes screening out information that might
oppose your preference and embellishing or highlight-
ing information that supports your position. According
to one survey, more than half of employees believe their
coworkers engage in this tactic.
Coalition Formation: Coalition formation occurs
when a group of people with common interests
band together to influence others. It also exists as a
perception, such as when you convince someone else
that several people are on your side and support your
position.
Upward Appeal: Upward appeal occurs when you
rely on support from people higher up the organiza-
tional hierarchy. This support may be real (senior
management shows support) or logically argued
(you explain how your position is consistent with
company policy).

• Ingratiation: Ingratiation is a special case of impres-
sion management in which you attempt to increase the
perception of liking or similarity to another person in
the hope that he or she will become more supportive of
your ideas. Flattering the coworker, becoming friend-
lier with the coworker, helping the coworker (with
expectation of reciprocity), showing support for the
coworker’s ideas, and asking for the coworker’s advice
are all examples of ingratiation.

Scores on the eight Coworker Influence Scale dimen-
sions range from 3 to 15. Higher scores indicate that the
person has a higher preference for and use of that particu-
lar tactic. Norms vary from one group to the next. The fol-
lowing table shows norms from a sample of 70 MBA
students in two countries (Australia and Singapore). For
example, the top 10th percentile for assertiveness is 9, indi-
cating that 10 percent of people score 9 or above and
90 percent score below 9 on this dimension. Keep in mind
that these scores represent self-perceptions. Evaluations
from others (such as through 360-degree feedback) may
provide a more accurate estimate of your preferred influ-
ence tactics.

Coworker Influence Scale Norms

PERCENTILE PERSUASION SILENT AUTHORITY EXCHANGE ASSERTIVENESS

Average Score 12.6 10.0 7.3 5.4
Top 10th percentile 15 13 10 9
Top 25th percentile 14 12 9 6
Median (50th percentile) 13 10 8 5
Bottom 25th percentile 12 9 6 4
Bottom 10th percentile 10 7 4 3

(continued)

Appendix B

491

I I

Average Score 6.8 7.4 8.1 8.9

Top 10th percentile 10 10 11 13

Top 25th percentile 9 9 10 12

Median (50th percentile) 7 8 8 10

Bottom 25th percentile 5 6 6 7

Bottom 10th percentile 4 4 5 4

CHAPTER 11: SCORING KEY
FOR THE CONFLICT HANDLING SCALE
Scoring Instructions: To estimate your preferred conflict han-
dling styles, use the first table below to score the response
you marked for each statement. Then, in the scoring key
below, write that score on the line corresponding to the state-
ment number (statement numbers are in parentheses) and
add up each subscale. For example, if you checked “Seldom”
for statement #1 (“I went along with the others . . .”), you
would write a “2” on the line with “(1)” underneath it.

FOR ALL STATEMENT ITEMS

Rarely/never = 1
Seldom = 2
Sometimes = 3

Often = 4

Almost always = 5

CONFLICT HANDLING YOUR
DIMENSION CALCULATION SCORE

Yielding — — — —_
(1) (7) (16) (20)

Compromising +—+ — -= —+
(2) (10) (11) (17)

Forcing + + +
(5) (8) (12) (15)

Problem solving =
(3) (9) (13) (18)

Avoiding —+ +
(4) (6) (14) (19)

Interpreting Your Score: This instrument measures your pref-
erence for and use of the five conflict handling dimensions:

Conflict Handling Scale Norms

• Yielding: Yielding involves giving in completely to
the other side’s wishes, or at least cooperating with little
or no attention to your own interests. This style involves
making unilateral concessions, unconditional promises,
and offering help with no expectation of reciprocal help.

• Compromising: Compromising involves looking for a
position in which your losses are offset by equally val-
ued gains. It involves matching the other party’s con-
cessions, making conditional promises or threats, and
actively searching for a middle ground between the in-
terests of the two parties.

• Avoiding: Avoiding tries to smooth over or avoid con-
flict situations altogether. It represents a low concern
for both self and the other party. In other words, avoid-
ers try to suppress thinking about the conflict.

• Forcing: Forcing tries to win the conflict at the other’s
expense. It includes “hard” influence tactics, particu-
larly assertiveness, to get one’s own way.

• Problem Solving: Problem solving tries to find a mu-
tually beneficial solution for both parties. Information
sharing is an important feature of this style, because
both parties need to identify common ground and
potential solutions that satisfy both (or all) of them.
Scores on the five Conflict Handling Scale dimensions

range from 4 to 20. Higher scores indicate that the person has
a higher preference for and use of that particular conflict han-
dling style. Norms vary from one group to the next. The fol-
lowing table shows norms from a sample of 70 MBA students
in two countries (Australia and Singapore). For example, the
top 10th percentile for yielding is 14, indicating that 10 per-
cent of people score 14 or above and 90 percent score below 14
on this dimension. Keep in mind that these scores represent
self-perceptions. Evaluations from others (such as through 360-
degree feedback) may provide a more accurate estimate of
your preferred conflict handling style.

PERCENTILE YIELDING COMPROMISING AVOIDMIG FORCING
PROBLEM
SOLVING

Average Score 11.0 13.8 10.2 13.5 15.9

Top 10th percentile 14 17 14 17 19

Top 25th percentile 12 16 12 15 17

Median (50th percentile) 11 14 10 13 16

Bottom 25th percentile 10 12 8 12 15

Bottom 10th percentile 8 10 6 10 13

Strongly disagree = 5

Disagree = 4

Neutral = 3

Agree = 2

Strongly agree = 1

Strongly disagree = 1

Disagree = 2
Neutral = 3
Agree = 4

Strongly agree = 5

Tall Hierarchy
(H)

Formalization
(F)

Centralization
(C)

Total score
(Mechanistic)

(1) (4) (10) (12) (15) (H)

—+—+—+ +
(2) (6) (8) (11) (13) (F)

—+ — + — + +
(3) (5) (7) (9) (14) (C)

Add up all dimension scores
(H + F + C) = Total

Not at all = 3

Not at all = 0

A little = 2

A little = 1

Somewhat = 1

Somewhat = 2

Very much = 0

Very much = 3

CONFLICT
HANDLING

YOUR
DIMENSION

CALCULATION

SCORE

492 Appendix B

CHAPTER 12: SCORING KEY FOR THE
ROMANCE OF LEADERSHIP SCALE
Scoring Instructions: Use the table below to score the re-
sponse you marked for each statement. Then, add up the
scores to calculate your Romance of Leadership score. For
example, if you marked “Disagree” for statement #1 (“Even
in an economic …”), you would write a “2” on the line with
“(1)” underneath it.

FOR STATEMENT ITEMS FOR STATEMENT ITEMS
3, 5, 7, 9: 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10:

+ +—+—+

11 I (2) (3) (4) (5)

+ + — + — + —
(6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

Interpreting Your Score: Romance of leadership is a phe-
nomenon in which followers (and possibly other stake-
holders) want to believe that leaders make a difference in
the organization’s success. People with a high romance of
leadership score attribute the causes of organizational
events much more to its leaders and much less to the econ-
omy, competition, and other factors beyond the leader’s
short-term control. This scale ranges from 10 to 50, with
higher scores indicating that the person has a higher ro-
mance of leadership. The following norms are derived from
a large sample of European employees with an average age
in their mid-30s and work experience averaging about
15 years. However, these norms should be viewed with cau-
tion, because the romance of leadership scale is a recent
development and norms for any instrument can vary from
one group to the next.

Romance of Leadership Norms

ROMANCE OF
LEADERSHIP SCORE INTERPRETATION

38-50 Above average romance of leadership

27-37 Average romance of leadership

10-26 Below average romance of leadership

CHAPTER 13: SCORING KEY FOR
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
PREFERENCE SCALE
Scoring Instructions: Use the table below to assign numbers
to each response you marked. Insert the number for each
statement on the appropriate line in the scoring key. For
example, if you checked “Not at all” for item #1 (“A person’s
career ladder . . .”), you would write a “0” on the line with
“(1)” underneath it. After assigning numbers for all 15 state-
ments, add up the scores to estimate your degree of prefer-
ence for a tall hierarchy, formalization, and centralization.
Then calculate the overall score by summing all scales.

FOR STATEMENT ITEMS FOR STATEMENT ITEMS
2, 3, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 13

Interpreting Your Score: The three organizational structure
dimensions and the overall score are defined below, along
with the range of scores for high, medium, and low levels of
each dimension based on a sample of MBA students.

Organizational Structure Preference Subscale
Definitions and Norms

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
PREFERENCE SUBSCALE DEFINITION INTERPRETATION

Tall hierarchy: People with high scores
on this dimension prefer to work in orga-
nizations with several levels of hierar-
chy and a narrow span of control (few
employees per supervisor).

High: 11 to 15

Medium: 6 to 10

Low: Below 6

(continued)

Total score:

Formalization: People with high scores
on this dimension prefer to work in orga-
nizations where jobs are clearly defined
with limited discretion.

Centralization: People with high scores
on this dimension prefer to work in orga-
nizations where decision making occurs
mainly among top management rather
than spread out to lower-level staff.

Total Score (Mechanistic): People with
high scores on this dimension prefer
to work in mechanistic organizations,

whereas those with low scores prefer
to work in organic organizational struc-
tures. Mechanistic structures are char-
acterized by a narrow span of control
and high degree of formalization and
centralization. Organic structures have
a wide span of control, little formaliza-

tion, and decentralized decision making.

High: 30 to 45

Medium: 22 to 29

Low: Below 22

High: 12 to 15

Medium: 9 to 11

Low: Below 9

High: 10 to 15

Medium: 7 to 9

Low: Below 7

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
PREFERENCE SUBSCALE DEFINITION

INTERPRETATION

Control Culture: This culture values the
role of senior executives to lead the or-
ganization. Its goal is to keep everyone
aligned and under control.

Performance Culture: This culture val-
ues individual and organizational perfor-
mance and strives for effectiveness and
efficiency.

Relationship Culture: This culture val-
ues nurturing and well-being. It consid-
ers open communication, fairness,
teamwork, and sharing a vital part of
organizational life.

Responsive Culture: This culture values
its ability to keep in tune with the exter-
nal environment, including being com-
petitive and realizing new opportunities.

High: 6

Medium: 4 to 5

Low: 0 to 3

High: 3 to 6

Medium: 1 to 2

Low: 0

High: 5 to 6

Medium: 3 to 4

Low: 0 to 2

High: 6
Medium: 4 to 5
Low: 0 to 3

CORPORATE CULTURE DIMENSION

SCORE
AND DEFINITION

INTERPRETATION

Strongly Agree = 7

Moderately Agree = 6

Slightly Agree = 5

Neutral — 4

Slightly Disagree = 3

Moderately Disagree = 2

Strongly Disagree = 1
Strongly Agree = 1
Moderately Agree = 2
Slightly Agree = 3

Neutral = 4

Slightly Disagree = 5

Moderately Disagree = 6

Strongly Disagree = 7

Appendix B 493

Corporate Culture Preference Subscale
Definitions and Norms

CHAPTER 14: SCORING KEY FOR THE
CORPORATE CULTURE PREFERENCE SCALE
Scoring Instructions: On each line below, write in a “1” if
you circled the statement and a “0” if you did not. Then
add up the scores for each subscale.

Control Culture
(2a) (5a) (6b) (8b) (11b)

Performance Culture
(lb) (3b) (5b) (6a) (7a)

Relationship Culture
(la) (3a) (4b) (8a) (10b)

Responsive Culture
(2b) (4a) (7b) (9a) (10a)

CHAPTER 15: SCORING KEY
FOR THE TOLERANCE OF CHANGE
SCALE
Scoring Instructions: Use the table below to assign num-
bers to each box you checked. For example, if you
checked “Moderately disagree” for statement #1 (“I gen-

erally prefer the unexpected . . .”),
you would write a “2” beside that
statement. After assigning numbers
for all 10 statements, add up your
scores to estimate your tolerance for
change.

(12b)

(11a)

(12a)

(9b)

Interpreting Your Score: These corporate cultures may be
found in many organizations, but they represent only four
of many possible organizational cultures. Also, keep in
mind that none of these cultures is inherently good or bad.
Each is effective in different situations. The four corporate
cultures are defined in the table at the top of the right col-
umn, along with the range of scores for high, medium, and
low levels of each dimension based on a sample of MBA
students.

FOR STATEMENT ITEMS FOR STATEMENT ITEMS
1, 3, 7, 8, 10: 2, 4, 5, 6, 9 :

494 Appendix B

Interpreting Your Score: This instrument is formally known
as the “tolerance of ambiguity” scale. The original scale, de-
veloped 50 years ago, has since been revised and adapted.
The instrument presented here is an adaptation of these re-
vised instruments. People with a high tolerance for ambigu-
ity are comfortable with uncertainty and new situations.
These are characteristics of the hyperfast changes occurring
in many organizations today. This instrument ranges from
10 to 70, with higher scores indicating a higher tolerance for
change (i.e., higher tolerance for ambiguity). The table at
the right indicates the range of scores for high, medium, and
low tolerance for change. These norms are estimates from
recent studies using some or all of these items.

TOLERANCE FOR
CHANGE SCORE

INTERPRETATION

50-70 You seem to have a high tolerance for
change.

30-49 You seem to have a moderate level of
tolerance for change.

10-29 You seem to have a low degree of toler-
ance for change. Instead, you prefer
stable work environments.

BUSI 340

Individual Learning Project Instructions

The Individual Learning Project is an opportunity for you to evaluate yourself and your role within your organization by completing

self-assessment activities. You will begin the paper by completing a modified Abstract that details a past, present, or future job you will use as a basis for analyzing the self-assessment results. You will then write a full-page analysis of each assessment and combine all 10 together according to the provided format for submission.

These are the activities you must complete. They are found at the end of the indicated chapter.

CHAPTER	SELF-ASSESSMENT ACTIVITY
2	Are You Introverted or Extraverted?
5	Need Strength Questionnaire
8	What Team Roles Do You Prefer?
9	Active Listening Skills Inventory
10	How Do You Influence Coworkers and Other Peers?
11	Dutch Test for Conflict Handling
12	Do Leaders Make A Difference?
13	What Organizational Structure Do You Prefer?
14	Which Corporate Culture Do You Prefer?
15	Are You Tolerant Of Change?

After completing an assessment, analyze it by using the scoring key located in Appendix B of your textbook and write an analysis with the following components:

Title of the self-assessment–Centered at the top of the page

1. Purpose of assessment

2. Your actual score

3. The interpretation of your score, using the key

4. How you can use the results of this self-assessment to improve your effectiveness and/or efficiency in an organization

Page and Paper Format:

· Components 1 through 3 above should not exceed ¼ of the space on the page.

· Component 4 above must occupy the remaining ¾ of the space on the page.

· All pages are double-spaced with 1” margins (right, left, top, bottom) and left-justified.

· Font should be Times New Roman or Times Roman and 12-pt size.

· Titles for each component should be centered according to APA format.

· The first line of paragraphs should be indented 5 spaces.

· For the submitted collection of analyses, attach a standard cover page like the sample document accompanying these instructions. Your submissions should also include a reference page if you have any quoted sources within the project.

· Submit the collection as a Word document.

· Page headers must include short title and pagination (use Word header function). Cover page is not numbered. All other pages are numbered using the standard number format (1, 2, etc.).

Grading

Page 2 of 2

SELF-ASSESSMENT 2.6 ARE YOU INTROVERTED OR EXTRAVERTED?

PURPOSE This self-assessment is designed to help you
estimate the extent to which you are introverted or
extraverted.

INSTRUCTIONS The statements in the scale below refer
to personal characteristics that might or might not be char-
acteristic of you. Mark the box indicating the extent to

IPlP Introversion – Extraversion Scale

which the statement accurately or inaccurately describes
you. Then use the scoring key in Appendix B at the end of
this book to calculate your results. This exercise should be
completed alone so that you can assess yourself honestly
without concerns of social comparison. Class discussion
will focus on the meaning and implications of extraversion
and introversion in organizations.

HOW ACCURATELY DOES EACH
OF THE STATEMENTS LISTED VERY ACCURATE MODERATELY
BELOW DESCRIBE YOU? DESCRIPTION OF ME ACCURATE

NEITHER ACCURATE
NOR INACCURATE

MODERATELY
INACCURATE

VERY INACCURATE
DESCRIPTION OF ME

1. I feel comfortable

around people.

2. I make friends easily.

3. I keep in the background.

4. I don’t talk a lot.

5. I would describe my
experiences as
somewhat dull.

6. I know how to captivate ❑ ❑

❑

people.

7. I don’t like to draw

❑

❑ ❑

attention to myself.

8. I am the life of the party.

❑ ❑ ❑

9. I am skilled in handling ❑ ❑ ❑
social situations.

10. I have little to say. ❑ ❑ ❑

Source: Adapted from instruments described and/or presented in L. R. Goldberg, J. A. Johnson, H. W Eber, R. Hogan, M. C. Ashton, C. R. Cloninger, and
H. C. Gough, “The International Personality Item Pool and the Future of Public-Domain Personality Measures:’ Journal of Research in Personality 40 (2006),
pp. 84-96.

After reading this chapter go to www.mhhe.com/mcshane6e for more in-depth information and interactivities
that correspond to the chapter.

( 3
Perceiving Ourselves and
Others in Organizations

/ learning objectives

After reading this chapter, you should be able to:

LO1 Describe the elements of self-
concept and explain how they
affect an individual’s behavior
and well-being.

LO2 Outline the perceptual process
and discuss the effects of
categorical thinking and mental
models in that process.

LO3 Discuss how stereotyping,
attribution, self-fulfilling prophecy,
halo, false-consensus, primacy,

LLJ

LOE

and recency effects influence the
perceptual process.

Discuss three ways to improve
perceptions, with specific
applications to organizational
situations.

Outline the main features of a
global mindset and justify its
usefulness to employees and
organizations.

years as a sales representative before joining this company.
Edward is single and has no children.

Lee L. Lee has been with this organization for seven years.
The first two years were spent as a sales representative in the
office that she now manages. According to the regional direc-
tor, Lee rates about average as a branch manager. She earned an
undergraduate degree in geography from a major university
and worked as a sales representative for four years with another
insurance company before joining this organization. Lee is
40 years old, divorced, and has no children. She is a very ambi-
tious person but sometimes has problems working with her
staff and other branch managers.

Sandy S. Sandy is 47 years old and has been a branch
manager with this company for 17 years. Seven years ago,
her branch made the lowest contribution to the region’s
profits, but this has steadily improved and is now slightly
above average. Sandy seems to have a mediocre attitude
toward her job but is well liked by her staff and other
branch managers. Her experience in the insurance industry
has been entirely with this organization. She previously
worked in non-sales positions, and it is not clear how she
became a branch manager without previous sales experi-
ence. Sandy is married and has three school-aged children.
Several years ago, Sandy earned a diploma in business from
a nearby community college by taking evening courses.

Bonus Allocation Form

NAME INDIVIDUAL DECISION TEAM DECISION

Bob B.

Edward E.

Lee L.

Sandy S.

TOTALS:

$100,000 $100,000

lEgathy Inputs Form

INPUT FACTOR* INPUT WEIGHT**

TOTAL: 100%

“List factors in order of importance, with most important factor
listed first.

“*The weight of each factor is a percentage ranging from 1 to 100. All
factor weights together must add up to 100 percent.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 5.6 NEED-STRENGTH QUESTIONNAIRE
Although everyone has the same innate drives, secondary
or learned needs vary from one person to the next in the
same situation. This self-assessment provides an estimate
of your need strength on selected secondary needs. Read
each of the statements below and check the response that
you believe best reflects your position regarding each state-
ment. Then use the scoring key in Appendix B at the end of

the book to calculate your results. To receive a meaningful
estimate of your need strength, you should answer each
item honestly and by reflecting on your personal experi-
ences. Class discussion will focus on the meaning of the
needs measured in this self-assessment, as well as their rel-
evance in the workplace.

Personal Needs Questionnaire

HOW ACCURATELY DO
EACH OF THE FOLLOWING

VERY ACCURATE MODERATELY

NEITHER ACCURATE MODERATELY VERY INACCURATE

STATEMENTS DESCRIBE YOU?

DESCRIPTION OF ME ACCURATE

NOR INACCURATE INACCURATE DESCRIPTION OF ME

I would rather be myself
than be well thought of.

2. I’m the type of person
who never gives up.

3. When the opportunity ❑
occurs, I want to be in
charge.

4. I try not to say things
that others don’t like
to hear.

159

(continued)

Personal Needs Questionnaire

(continued)

HOW ACCURATELY DO
EACH OF THE FOLLOWING
STATEMENTS DESCRIBE YOU?

VERY ACCURATE
DESCRIPTION OF ME

MODERATELY
ACCURATE

NEITHER ACCURATE
NOR INACCURATE
MODERATELY
INACCURATE
VERY INACCURATE
DESCRIPTION OF ME

5. I find it difficult to talk
about my ideas if they
are contrary to group
opinion.

6. I tend to take control
of things.

7. I am not highly motivated
to succeed.

❑

❑ ❑ ❑ ❑

8. I usually disagree with
others only if I know my
friends will back me up.

❑ ❑ ❑ ❑

9. I try to be the very best
at what I do.

10. I seldom make excuses
or apologize for my
behavior.

11. If anyone criticizes me,

❑

f I

❑ ❑ ❑

I can take it.

12. I try to outdo others. El ❑

13. I seldom change my
opinion when people
disagree with me.

1-1

14. I try to achieve more
than what others have
accomplished.

❑ CI

15. To get along and be liked, El ❑
I tend to be what people

expect me to be.

Sources: Adapted from instruments described and/or presented in L.R. Goldberg, J.A. Johnson, H.W. Eber, R. Hogan, M.C. Ashton, C.R. Cloninger, and
H.C. Gough, “The International Personality Item Pool and the Future of Public-Domain Personality Measures:’ Journal of Research in Personality 40 (2006),
pp. 84-96; H.J. Martin, “A Revised Measure of Approval Motivation and Its Relationship to Social Desirability,” Journal of Personality Assessment 48 (1984),
pp. 508-19.

After reading this chapter go to www.mhhe.com/mcshane6e for more in-depth information and interactivities
that correspond to the chapter.

160

differences. Determine your group’s score in the same man-
ner. Write these scores and summary statistics into the
spaces below.

Your total score

Average of the individual scores in your group

Your group’s total score

Number of individuals in your group with a lower
score than your group’s total score

SELF-ASSESSMENT 8.6 WHAT TEAM
PURPOSE This self-assessment is designed to help you
identify your preferred roles in meetings and similar team
activities.

INSTRUCTIONS Read each of the statements below and
circle the response that you believe best reflects your posi-
tion regarding each statement. Then use the scoring key in

Source: Copyright © 1992 by Richard Field and Nicola Sutton. All rights
reserved. Based on information in Joseph Graham Ambrosi, Hiking in
Alberta’s Southwest (Vancouver, BC: Douglas & McIntyre Ltd., 1984);
Gillean Daffern, Kananaskis Country: A Guide to Hiking, Skiing, Eques-
trian & Bike Trails, 2nd ed. (Calgary, AB: Rocky Mountain Books, 1995);
Patricia E. Kariel, Hiking Alberta’s David Thompson Country (Edmonton,
AB: Lone Pine Publishing, 1987).

ROLES DO YOU PREFER?
Appendix B at the end of the book to calculate your results
for each team role. This exercise should be completed alone
so that you can assess yourself honestly without concerns
of social comparison. Class discussion will focus on the
roles that people assume in team settings. This scale as-
sesses only a few team roles.

Team Hales Preferences Scale

CIRCLE THE NUMBER THAT BEST REFLECTS
YOUR POSITION REGARDING EACH OF THESE
STATEMENTS

DOES NOT
DESCRIBE
ME AT ALL

DOES NOT
DESCRIBE ME
VERY WELL

DESCRIBES ME
SOMEWHAT

DESCRIBES
ME WELL

DESCRIBES ME
VERY WELL

1. I usually take responsibility for getting the 1 2 3 4 5
team to agree on what the meeting should
accomplish.

2. I tend to summarize to other team members 1 2 3 4 5
what the team has accomplished so far.

3. I’m usually the person who helps other team 1 2 3 4 5
members overcome their disagreements.

4. I try to ensure that everyone gets heard on 1 2 3 4 5
issues.

5. I’m usually the person who helps the team 1 2 3 4 5
determine how to organize the discussion.

6. I praise other team members for their ideas 1 2 3 4 5
more than do others in the meetings.

7. People tend to rely on me to keep track of 1 2 3 4 5
what has been said in meetings.

8. The team typically counts on me to prevent 1 2 3 4 5
debates from getting out of hand.

9. I tend to say things that make the group feel 1 2 3 4 5
optimistic about its accomplishments.

256

(continued)

terms of animals, you may encounter a bear looking for
berries. While bear attacks on humans are not common,
they are not unusual either. It is also possible that elk or
moose may be encountered. These large plant eaters are
not usually dangerous to humans, but they should be
avoided during the mating season. There are also some in-
sects to be considered. Ticks can carry Rocky Mountain
Spotted Fever, which can be fatal if left untreated. Bees can
also be dangerous if the person stung has a strong allergic
reaction.

You are all currently dressed in warm clothes, including
wool socks and sturdy hiking boots, and each person has a
day pack in which to carry those items that you deem
necessary.

PART I: INDIVIDUAL DECISION There are 15 items
listed below. Before you set out on your hike, your task is to
rank these items according to their general importance for
a hiker, not for you specifically. Rank the items from 1, the
most important, to 15, the least important. No ties are
allowed. You might want to consider, “If a hiker was
allowed to take only one item, what would it be?” That item
would be ranked number 1. Then, “If a hiker was allowed
only one more item, what would it be?” That item would
rank number 2. Write your rankings in the column titled
“Your Ranking.” It is important to remember that the deci-
sions that you are making are for your group as a whole and
should not be influenced by factors affecting you as an
individual.

YOUR

GROUP

EXPERT

YOUR

GROUP
ITEMS

RANKING

SCORE

Canteen with water

Matches

Compass

Hat

Repair kit (includes short length of cord,
string, duct tape, and shoelaces)

First aid kit (includes blister protection
and aspirin)

Five sleeping bags

Sunglasses

Flashlight

Topographic map and Kananaskis
Country Trail guide book

Food

Five-person tent with waterproof fly

Sunscreen

Rain gear

Insect repellent

PART GROUP DECISION Now form groups. Take
a few minutes to examine and discuss your individual
assumptions before you begin to discuss how to rank spe-
cific items. Use constructive controversy decision rules to
guide your decision method and rank the 15 items again.
These rules are as follows: (1) Be critical of ideas, not peo-
ple; (2) focus on making the best possible decision, not
winning; (3) encourage everyone to participate in the dis-
cussion; (4) listen to everyone’s ideas, even if you do not
agree; (5) restate what someone has said if their point is not
clear to you; (6) bring out the ideas and facts supporting
both sides of the argument and then try to integrate

them; (7) try to understand both sides of the issue under dis-
cussion; and (8) change your mind if the evidence clearly
indicates that you should do so.*

Write your group’s answers into the “Group Ranking”
column.

PART III: SCORMIG Your instructor will inform you
of how experts have ranked these 15 items. Write these
rankings into the column titled “Expert Ranking.” To
calculate your personal score, calculate for each of the
15 items the absolute difference between your ranking and
the expert’s ranking, then sum these 15 absolute value

*D.VV. Johnson and F.P. Johnson. Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills. Upper Saddle River (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill, 2009).

255

Team Roles Preferences Scale (continued)

CIRCLE THE NUMBER THAT BEST REFLECTS
YOUR POSITION REGARDING EACH OF THESE
STATEMENTS
DOES NOT
DESCRIBE
ME AT ALL
DOES NOT
DESCRIBE ME
VERY WELL
DESCRIBES ME
SOMEWHAT
DESCRIBES
ME WELL
DESCRIBES ME
VERY WELL

10. Team members usually count on me to give 1 2 3 4 5
everyone a chance to speak.

11. In most meetings, I am less likely than 1 2 3 4 5
others to criticize the ideas of teammates.

12. I actively help teammates to resolve their 1 2 3 4 5
differences in meetings.

13. I actively encourage quiet team members 1 2 3 4 5
to describe their ideas about each issue.

14. People tend to rely on me to clarify the 1 2 3 4 5
purpose of the meeting.

15. I like to be the person who takes notes 1 2 3 4 5
or minutes of the meeting.

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257

(9
Communicating in Teams
and Organizations

learning
objectives
After reading this chapter, you should
be able to:

LO1 Explain why communication
is important in organizations,
and discuss four influences
on effective communication
encoding and decoding.

Compare and contrast the
advantages of and problems
with electronic mail, other
verbal communication media,
and nonverbal communication.

LO3 Explain how social acceptance
and media richness influence
the preferred communication
channel.

LO4 Discuss various barriers (noise)
to effective communication,
including cross-cultural and
gender-based differences in
communication.

LO5 Explain how to get messages
across more effectively, and
summarize the elements of
active listening.

Summarize effective
communication strategies in
organizational hierarchies, and
review the role and relevance
of the organizational grapevine.

258

VIGNETTE #3 One of your subordinates is working on
an important project. He is an engineer who has good tech-
nical skills and knowledge and was selected for the project
team for that reason. He stops by your office and appears to
be quite agitated: His voice is loud and strained, and his
face has a look of bewilderment. He says, “I’m supposed to
be working with four other people from four other depart-
ments on this new project, but they never listen to my ideas
and seem to hardly know I’m at the meeting!”

Develop three statements that respond to the speaker in
this vignette by (a) showing empathy, (b) seeking clarifica-
tion, and (c) providing nonevaluative feedback.

VIGNETTE #4 Your subordinate comes into your office
in a state of agitation, asking if she can talk to you. She is
polite and sits down. She seems calm and does not have an
angry look on her face. However, she says, “It seems like
you consistently make up lousy schedules; you are unfair
and unrealistic in the kinds of assignments you give certain
people, me included. Everyone else is so intimidated they
don’t complain, but I think you need to know that this isn’t
right and it’s got to change.”

Develop three statements that respond to the speaker in
this vignette by (a) showing empathy, (b) seeking clarifica-
tion, and (c) providing nonevaluative feedback.

TEAM EXERCISE 9.5 CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION GAME
PURPOSE This exercise is designed to develop and test
your knowledge of cross-cultural differences in communi-
cation and etiquette.

MATERIALS The instructor will provide one set of
question/answer cards to each pair of teams.

INSTRUCTIONS
Step 1: The class is divided into an even number of teams.
Ideally, each team would have three students. (Two- or
four-student teams are possible if matched with an equal-
sized team.) Each team is then paired with another team
and the paired teams (Team “A’ and Team “B”) are assigned
a private space away from other matched teams.

Step 2: The instructor will hand each pair of teams a stack
of cards with the multiple-choice questions face down. These
cards have questions and answers about cross-cultural dif-
ferences in communication and etiquette. No books or
other aids are allowed.

Step 3: The exercise begins with a member of Team A
picking up one card from the top of the pile and asking

the question on that card to the members of Team B. The
information given to Team B includes the question and all
alternatives listed on the card. Team B has 30 seconds
after the question and alternatives have been read to give
an answer. Team B earns one point if the correct answer is
given. If Team B’s answer is incorrect, however, Team A
earns that point. Correct answers to each question are in-
dicated on the card and, of course, should not be revealed
until the question is correctly answered or time is up.
Whether or not Team B answers correctly, it picks up the
next card on the pile and reads it to members of Team A.
In other words, cards are read alternatively to each team.
This procedure is repeated until all of the cards have been
read or time has expired. The team receiving the most
points wins.

Important note: The textbook provides very little informa-
tion pertaining to the questions in this exercise. Rather, you
must rely on past learning, logic, and luck to win.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 9.6 ARE YOU AN ACTIVE LISTENER?
PURPOSE This self-assessment is designed to help you
estimate your strengths and weaknesses on various dimen-
sions of active listening.

INSTRUCTIONS Think back to face-to-face conversa-
tions you have had with a coworker or client in the office,
hallway, factory floor, or other setting. Indicate the extent
to which each item in the following table describes your

behavior during those conversations. Answer each item as
truthfully as possible so that you get an accurate estimate of
where your active listening skills need improvement. Then
use the scoring key in Appendix B to calculate your results
for each scale. This exercise is completed alone so students
assess themselves honestly without concerns of social com-
parison. However, class discussion will focus on the impor-
tant elements of active listening.

285

Active Listening Skills Inventory

WHEN LISTENING TO OTHERS IN FACE-TO-FACE,
TELEPHONE, OR SIMILAR CONVERSATIONS,
HOW OFTEN DO YOU DO THE FOLLOWING?

NEVER OR
RARELY SELDOM SOMETIMES OFTEN

ALMOST
ALWAYS

1. I keep an open mind when others
describe their ideas.

2. I organize the speaker’s ideas while
s/he is talking to me.

❑ ❑

111

❑ III

3. I ask questions to show I understand ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑
and am focused on the speaker’s
message.

4. I interrupt before the speaker 111 ❑ 111 ❑ 0
sufficiently presents his/her views.

5. While listening, I mentally sort out ❑ ❑
the speaker’s ideas so s/he makes

sense to me.

6. I use gestures and words (nodding, ❑ 111 111 111
agreeing ► to show I am listening.

7. I let my mind wander when listening ❑ ❑ 111 111
to people.

8. I try to visualize and feel the speaker’s ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ 0
experience while s/he is describing
those events.

9. I summarize the speaker’s ideas to ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑
confirm that I understand him/her
correctly.

10. I focus on what the speaker is saying ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑
to me even when it doesn’t sound
interesting.

11. I see the topic from my perspective ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑
rather than from the speaker’s
perspective.

12. I show interest while listening III 111 ❑ ❑
to others.

After reading this chapter go to www.mhhe.com/mcshane6e for more in-depth information and interactivities
that correspond to the chapter.

286

in losses in one year. They managed to keep everyone in
line, resulting in countless transaction record irregulari-
ties and over 800 breaches of the bank’s trading limits.
Duffy and a few other traders were jailed for securities
violations. Several executives, including both NAB’s
chief executive and chairman, lost their jobs due to these
events.

Discussion Questions

1. What were the main sources of power that Luke Duffy
used to keep everyone in line with his irregular business

practices? Describe how he applied these power sources
to influence subordinates and senior executives.

2. What contingencies strengthened Luke Duffy’s power
at NAB’s foreign currency options desk?

3. What can companies do to minimize this sort of abuse
of power and influence?

Sources: R. Gluyas, “Fear and Loathing in NAB’s Forex Fiasco,” The
Australian, August 6, 2005, p. 35; E. Johnston, “Anything Goes:
Ex-Trader Says,” Australian Financial Review, August 2, 2005, p. 3;
E. Johnston, “Expletives and Stench in Hothouse of NAB Dealers,”
Australian Financial Review, August 6, 2005, p. 3.

TEAM EXERCISE 10.3 IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT IN EMPLOYMENT
INTERVIEWS

By Sandra Steen, University of Regina

PURPOSE This exercise is designed to help you examine
impression management as it relates to employment
interviews.

INSTRUCTIONS
Step 1: Form teams with four or five members.

a) Identify specific principles or rules to help an inter-
viewee guide the best response to each interviewer
question.

b) Provide specific statements the interviewee should
say in the interview to represent that principle/rule
in action.

For example:

Interview Question: Why are you leaving your current job?

Principle/Rule: Keep positive; don’t criticize your cur-
rent employer.

Possible Statement: “I enjoyed working at XYZ, but
I was looking for more personal growth and develop-
ment, which your company has a great reputation for.”

INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

• What interests you about this job?
• What are your greatest weaknesses?
• Describe a time when you had to deal with a profes-

sional disagreement or conflict with a coworker.
• Is there anything you would like to avoid in your

next job?
• How many times do a clock’s hands overlap in a day?

Step 2: The instructor will lead a class discussion about
each of the interview questions.

1. What was your ideal answer?
2. What impression of your knowledge or skills were

you attempting to create with your ideal answer?
3. What is an example of an unsuitable interview

response?

Discussion Question

1. Why is it important that the personal brand you cultivate
in an employment interview is an authentic representa-
tion of your knowledge and skills?

TEAM EXERCISE 10.4 DECIPHERING THE NETWORK
PURPOSE This exercise is designed to help you interpret
social network maps, including their implications for orga-
nizational effectiveness.

MATERIALS The instructor will distribute several social
network diagrams to each student.

INSTRUCTIONS (SMALLER CLASSES) The instruc-
tor will organize students into teams (typically four to seven
people, depending on class size). Teams will examine each
social network diagram to answer the following questions:

1. What aspects of this diagram suggest that the network
is not operating as effectively as possible?

2. Which people in this network seem to be most powerful?
Least powerful? What information or features of the
diagram lead you to this conclusion?

3. If you were responsible for this group of people, how would
you change this situation to improve their effectiveness?

After teams have diagnosed each social network map, the
class will debrief by hearing each team’s assessments and
recommendations.

INSTRUCTIONS (LA RGER CLASSES) This activity is
also possible m large classes by projecting each social net-
work diagram on a screen and giving students a minute or

313

two to examine the diagram. The instructor can then ask
specific questions to the class, such as pointing to a specific
individual in the network and asking whether he or she has
high or low power, what level of centrality is apparent, and

whether the individual’s connections are mainly strong or
weak ties. The instructor might also ask which quadrant on
the map indicates the most concern and then allow indi-
vidual students to provide an explanation as to why.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 10.5 HOW DO YOU INFLUENCE COWORKERS
AND OTHER PEERS?

PURPOSE This exercise is designed to help you under-
stand different forms of influence when working with co-
workers (i.e., people at the same organizational level), as
well as estimate your preference for each influence tactic in
this context.

INSTRUCTIONS Think about the occasions when a co-
worker disagreed with you, opposed your preference, or
was reluctant to actively support your point of view about
something at work. These conflicts might have been about
company policy, assignment of job duties, distribution of
resources, or any other matter. What did you do to try to
get the coworker to support your preference?

The statements below describe ways that people try to
influence coworkers. Thinking about your own behavior

over the past six months, how often did you engage in each
of these behaviors to influence coworkers (i.e., people at a
similar level in the organization)?* Circle the most accurate
number for each statement. When done, use the scoring
key in Appendix B to calculate your results. This exercise is
completed alone so students assess themselves honestly
without concerns of social comparison. However, class dis-
cussion will focus on the types of influence in organiza-
tions and which influence tactics are most and least
successful or popular when influencing coworkers.

*Note: If you have not been in the workforce recently, complete this
instrument thinking about influencing another student instead of a
coworker.

Coworker Influence Scale

OVER THE PAST SIX MONTHS, HOW OFTEN DID YOU USE
THE FOLLOWING TACTICS TO INFLUENCE COWORKERS?

RARELY/
NEVER SELDOM SOMETIMES OFTEN

ALMOST
ALWAYS

1. Gave the coworker logical reasons why the 1 2 3 4 5
matter should be

decided in my favor.

2. Made my authority or expertise regarding the 1 2 3 4 5
issue known without being obvious about it.

3. Tried to negotiate a solution, where I would offer 1 2 3 4 5
something in return for the coworker’s support.

4. Demanded that the matter should be resolved in 1 2 3 4 5
my favor.

5. Avoided showing the coworker information 1 2 3 4 5
that opposed my

preference.

6. Enlisted the support of other employees so the 1 2 3 4 5
coworker would see that I have the more
popular preference.

7. Claimed or demonstrated that my preference has 1 2 3 4 5
management support.

8. Said something positive about the coworker, 1 2 3 4 5
hoping this would increase his/her support for
my views.

9. Tried to convince the coworker using factual 1 2 3 4 5
information and logic.

(continued)

314

Coworker Influence Scale (continued)

OVER THE PAST SIX MONTHS, HOW OFTEN DID YOU USE
THE FOLLOWING TACTICS TO INFLUENCE COWORKERS?
RARELY/
NEVER SELDOM SOMETIMES OFTEN
ALMOST
ALWAYS

10. Subtly let the coworker know about my expertise 1 2 3 4 5
on the matter.

11. Offered to support or assist the coworker on 1 2 3 4 5
something if he/she would agree with me on

this matter.

12. Showed impatience or frustration with the 1 2 3 4 5

coworker’s opposition to my preference.

13. Presented information in a way that looked 1 2 3 4 5

better for my preference.

14. Claimed that other staff support my position on 1 2 3 4 5

this matter.

15. Suggested or threatened to have the issue 1 2 3 4 5

resolved by higher management.

16. Became friendlier toward the coworker, hoping 1 2 3 4 5

this would create a more favorable opinion of

my viewpoint.

17. Helped the coworker to see the benefits of my 1 2 3 4 5

preference and/or the negative outcomes of

other choices.

18. Quietly or indirectly showed the coworker my 1 2 3 4 5
authority, expertise, or right to have this matter

decided in my favor.

19. Mentioned that I had helped the coworker in the 1 2 3 4 5
past, hoping that he/she would reciprocate by
supporting me now.

20. Let the coworker know that I might be 1 2 3 4 5

disagreeable or uncooperative in the future if
he/she did not support me now.

21. Framed and selected information that mainly 1 2 3 4 5
agreed with (rather than opposed) my

preference.

22. Made sure that at least a few other people were 1 2 3 4 5

on my side of this issue.

23. Pointed out that my view was consistent with 1 2 3 4 5

the company’s values or policies.

24. Showed more respect toward the coworker, 1 2 3 4 5

hoping this would encourage him/her to

support me.

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that correspond to the chapter.

315

1 1
Conflict and Negotiation
in the Workplace
/ learning objectives

After reading this chapter, you should be able to:

LO1 Define conflict and debate
its positive and negative
consequences in the workplace.

LO ‘e Distinguish constructive
from relationship conflict and
describe three strategies to
minimize relationship conflict
during constructive conflict
episodes.

LO3 Diagram the conflict process
model and describe six
structural sources of conflict
in organizations.

LO4 Outline the five conflict handling
styles and discuss the
circumstances in which each
would be most appropriate.

LO5 Apply the six structural approaches
to conflict management and
describe the three types of third-
party dispute resolution.

L06 Describe the bargaining zone
model and outline strategies that
skilled negotiators use to claim
value and create value in
negotiations.

ACTION ALTERNATIVE RANKING (1 & 2)

1. Agree to accept the raw material in the different format.

2. Refuse to accept the material in the new format because it would cause a disruption in your operation.

3. Propose a solution where you accept material in the new format during the first shift but not during the
second and third.

4. Tell Ted Smith that you do not wish to deal with the issue at this time, but that you will consider his request
and get back to him at a later date.

5. You decide to tell Ted Smith of your concern regarding his failure to consult with you before installing new
equipment. You inform him that you wish to find longer-term solutions to the conflict between you.

scENIARIO #5

Setting

You are employed as supervisor of the compensation and
benefits section in the human resources department of a
medium-sized pharmaceutical company. Your staff of
three clerks is responsible for maintaining contacts with
the various benefits providers and answering related ques-
tions from the company’s employees. Your section shares
secretarial, word processing, and copier resources with the
training and development section of the department. Re-
cently, a disagreement has arisen between you and Beth
Hanson, the training and development supervisor, over
when the secretarial staff should take their lunch breaks.
Beth would like the secretarial staff to take their lunch

breaks an hour later to coincide with the time most of her
people go to lunch. You know that the secretaries do not
want to change their lunch times. Further, the current time
is more convenient for your staff.

At this time, you are hard-pressed to deal with the situa-
tion. You have an important meeting with the provider of
dental insurance in two days. It is critical that you are well
prepared for this meeting, and these other tasks are a
distraction.

Action Alternatives for Scenario #5

Please indicate your first and second choices from among
the following alternatives by writing the appropriate num-
ber in the space provided.

ACTION ALTERNATIV

1. Take some time over the next day and propose a solution whereby three days a week the secretaries
take their lunch at the earlier time and two days at the later.

2. Tell Beth Hanson you will deal with the matter in a few days, after you have addressed the more

pressing issues.

3. Let Beth Hanson have her way by agreeing to a later lunch hour for the secretarial staff.

4. Flat out tell Beth Hanson that you will not agree to a change in the secretaries’ lunch time.

5. Devote more time to the issue. Attempt to achieve a broad-based consensus with Beth Hanson that meets
her needs as well as yours and those of the secretaries.

Source: G.A. Callanan and D.F. Perri, “leaching Conflict Management Using a Scenario-Based Approach,” Journal of Education for Business 81 (January/
February 2006), pp. 131-39.

TFAM YFRCISE 11.4 UGLI ORANGE ROLE PLAY
PURPOSE This exercise is designed to help you under-
stand the dynamics of interpersonal and intergroup con-
flict, as well as the effectiveness of negotiation strategies
under specific conditions.

MATERIALS The instructor will distribute roles for
Dr. Roland, Dr. Jones, and a few observers. Ideally, each

negotiation should occur in a private area away from other
negotiations.

INSTRUCTIONS
Step 1: The instructor will divide the class into an even
number of teams of three people each, with one partici-
pant left over for each team formed (e.g., six observers if

345

OVER THE PAST SIX MONTHS, HOW OFTEN DID YOU
DO THE FOLLOWING TO HANDLE CONFLICTS?

1. I went along with the other party’s wishes rather than
my own.

2. I compromised by accepting a middle ground solution.

3. I tried to creatively find the best solution for everyone.

4. I avoided differences of opinion as much as possible.

5. I pushed my own ideas and preferences.

6. I tried to make the dispute seem less important.

7. I accommodated the other party’s wishes.

8. I did my best to get what I wanted.

9. I tried to figure out how to satisfy both my interests
and the other party’s.

10. I made sure that both sides gave in a little.

11. I worked toward a 50-50

compromise.

12. I fought for my own position.

13. I searched for a solution that satisfied both parties.

14. I delayed or avoided solving the disagreement.

NEVER/
RARELY SELDOM SOMETIMES OFTEN

ALMOST
ALWAYS

1=1

❑ ❑

111 ❑

1=1 III ❑

❑ ❑ ❑
❑ ❑ ❑
❑ ❑ ❑

❑ ❑ ❑

❑ ❑ ❑
❑ ❑ ❑
❑ ❑ ❑

❑ III ❑

there are six teams). Half of the teams will take the role of
Dr. Roland, and the other half will be Dr. Jones. The
instructor will distribute roles after these teams have been
formed.

Step 2: Members within each team are given 10 minutes
(or other time limit stated by the instructor) to learn their
roles and decide negotiating strategy.

Step 3: After reading their roles and discussing strategy,
each Dr. Jones team is matched with a Dr. Roland team to
conduct negotiations. Observers will receive observation
forms from the instructor, and two observers will be as-
signed to watch the paired teams during prenegotiations
and subsequent negotiations.

Step 4: As soon as Roland and Jones reach agreement or
at the end of the time allotted for the negotiation (which-
ever comes first), the Roland and Jones teams report to the
instructor for further instruction.

Step 5: At the end of the exercise, the class will congregate
to discuss the negotiations. Observers, negotiators, and in-
structors will then discuss their observations and experi-
ences and the implications for conflict management and
negotiation.

Source: This exercise was developed by Robert J. House, Wharton Business
School, University of Pennsylvania. A variation of this incident involving
sisters is also described in R. Fisher, W. Ury, and B. Patton, Getting to Yes:
Negotiating Agreement without Giving In, 2nd ed. (New York: Harvard
University, 1991).

SELF-ASSESSMENT 11.5 WHAT IS YOUR PREFERRED CONFLICT
HANDLING STYLE?

PURPOSE This self-assessment is designed to help you to
identify your preferred conflict management style.

INSTRUCTIONS Read each of the statements below and
select the response that best indicates how often you handle
conflict in the way described in that statement. Then use

the scoring key in Appendix B to calculate your results for
each conflict management style. This exercise is completed
alone so you can assess yourself honestly without concerns
of social comparison. However, class discussion will focus
on the different conflict management styles and the situa-
tions in which each is most appropriate.

Conflict Handling Style Scale

(continued)

346

NEVER/ ALMOST
RARELY SELDOM SOMETIMES OFTEN ALWAYS

OVER THE PAST SIX MONTHS, HOW OFTEN DID YOU
DO THE FOLLOWING TO HANDLE CONFLICTS?
❑
❑ ❑
❑ ❑

15. I held my position.

16. I let the other side have its way.

17. I tried to settle the conflict with a half-way

compromise.

18. I tried to find a solution that benefited both sides.

19. I avoided communicating with the people with whom

I had the conflict.

20. I gave the other party what it wanted.

Conflict Handling Style Scale (continued)

Sources: This scale was created by Steven L. McShane, based on information and instruments published in R.R. Blake, H.A. Shepard, and J.S. Mouton, Managing
Intergroup Conflict in Industry (Houston, TX: Gulf Publishing, 1964); K.W. Thomas, “Conflict and Negotiation Processes in Organizations,” in Handbook of
Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 2nd ed., ed. M.D. Dunnette and L.M. Hough (Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1992), pp. 651-718;
C.K.W. de Dreu, A. Evers, B. Beersma, E.S. Kluwer, and A. Nauta, “A Theory-Based Measure of Conflict Management Strategies in the Workplace,” Journal of
Organizational Behavior 22 (2001), pp. 645-68; M.A. Rahim, Managing Conflict in Organizations, 4th ed. (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2011).

After reading this chapter go to www.mhhe.com/mcshane6e for more in-depth information and interactivities
that correspond to the chapter.

347

Leadership in
Organizational Settings

learning objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:

LO1 Define leadership and shared
leadership.

LO2 Identify eight competencies
associated with effective
leaders, and describe authentic
leadership.

LU3 Describe the key features of task-
oriented, people-oriented, and
servant leadership, and discuss
their effects on followers.

LO4 Discuss the key elements of
path-goal theory, Fiedler’s

contingency model, and
leadership substitutes.

LO5 Describe the four elements of
transformational leadership, and
distinguish this theory from
transactional and charismatic
leadership.

LOb Describe the implicit leadership
perspective.

L07 Discuss cultural and gender
similarities and differences in
leadership.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 12.4 DO LEADERS MAKE A DIFFERENCE?
PURPOSE This assessment is designed to help you assess
your beliefs about the influence of leaders.

INSTRUCTIONS Read each of the statements below and
circle the response that best indicates your personal belief

Romance of Leadership Scale

about that statement. Then use the scoring key in Appen-
dix B to calculate the results for each leadership dimen-
sion. After completing this assessment, be prepared to
discuss in class the relevance and level of implicit leader-
ship theory.

TO WHAT EXTENT DO YOU AGREE OR DISAGREE THAT …
STRONGLY

AGREE AGREE NEUTRAL

DISAGREE

STRONGLY
DISAGREE

1. Even in an economic recession, a good leader can 0 0 0

0 0

prevent a company from doing poorly.

2. The quality of leadership is the single most important ❑ ❑ ❑ 0
influence on how well the organization functions.

3. The CEO and executive team have relatively little ❑ ❑
effect on the company’s success or failure.

4. Sooner or later, bad leadership at the top will result in ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑
declining organizational performance.

5. The effect of a company’s leaders on organizational ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑
performance is fairly weak.

6. A company is only as good or as bad as its leaders. ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑

7. Even the best leaders can’t help an organization very ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑
much when the economy is bad or competition is tough.

8. It is impossible for an organization to do well when its ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑
leaders are average.

9. Compared with the economy, competition, and other ❑ ❑ 111 ❑ ❑
external forces, leaders have only a small influence
on a firm’s performance.

10. The company’s top executives have the power to make
or break the organization.

Source: Adapted and condensed by B. Schyns, J.R. Meindl, and M.A. Croon, “The Romance of Leadership Scale: Cross-Cultural Testing and Refinement,”
Leadership, Vol. 3, No. I, (2007), pp. 29-46. Copyright © 2007. Reproduced with permission of Sage Publications.

After reading this chapter go to www.mhhe.com/mcshane6e for more in-depth information and interactivities
that correspond to the chapter.

373

13 PART FOUR: ORGANIZATIONAL PROCESSES

Designing Organizational
Structures

learning
objectives
After reading this chapter, you
should be able to:

LO , Describe three types
of coordination in
organizational
structures.

LO2 Discuss the role and
effects of span of
control, centralization,
and formalization,
and relate these
elements to organic
and mechanistic
organizational
structures.

LO3 Identify and evaluate
six types of
departmentalization.

LO4 Explain how the
external environment,
organizational size,
technology, and
strategy are relevant
when designing an
organizational
structure.

374

Even the CEO of TBWA Worldwide, Tom Carroll, ac-
knowledged that Digital Arts hit some bumps in the road:
“We played with certain things, we experimented with cer-
tain things, and some of it has worked and some of it hasn’t,”
he noted. “We get better every day. We learn more every day.”

But perhaps the most important thing that Carroll and
other corporate heads learned was that chief digital officers
do not fit easily into traditional creative giants. DeCourcy
recently left TBWA, as did her counterparts at the creative
agencies Ogilvy & Mather and Young & Rubicam. None of
the companies has since filled these positions with new
staff. The remaining digital geniuses have been folded into
existing media departments. In effect, the experiment of
creating an organizational structure with an elite digital
SWAT team has come to an end.

Perhaps the main problem with a chief digital officer
and a team of digital geniuses is that the unit will never
match a sprawling organizational structure. DeCourcy’s
Digital Arts group operated at the worldwide level, as part
of the Media Arts unit. Thus, financial questions arose
when it plugged in to local agencies, such as whether bill-
ing for the well-compensated digital artists would come out
of a local office’s budget. The New York-based digital units
also faced resistance from local offices that were wary of
losing client revenue to headquarters. They appeared to
“parachute in” on projects and take too much credit.

Another problem was that the digital leaders found
themselves pulled in different ways. It was unrealistic to
expect a single digital leader to take responsibility for the
entire agency’s digital success or failure. “It’s just one per-
son,” said Ogilvy North America CEO John Seifert. “What
I think the flaw has been is that too much has been as-
sumed or made of a single person in that role,” which
meant that the digital chiefs were “just stretched in a mil-
lion directions.”

Finally, digital was never a centerpiece in the competi-
tive strategy of traditional agencies. Although they wanted
greater digital know-how, such all-purpose shops mainly

tout their breadth of services, not their digital prowess.
“The reality is there is a degree to which these agencies feel
the need to get digital,” said one source. “And if we remem-
ber at their heart that they’re advertising agencies, then
there’s probably only a certain degree [of digital expertise]
that they need to have as creative services companies.”

This reality seemingly has sunk in. Chief executives
claim their agencies no longer need chief digital officers,
and they assert that digital is “not all or nothing,” in
TBWA’s Tom Carroll’s words. “Our guys get closer and closer
to doing what [digital agencies do]. We get closer every
day—and that’s enough.”

In response, Ogilvy’s John Seifert argues for closer digi-
tal integration rather than a distinct corporate structure for
digital experts, because the rank and file “have to be part of
this digital revolution.” The chief digital officers who have
departed generally agree, noting “Digital needs to be so in-
tegral to the organization that it’s not distinguished by a
group or individual leaders.” In effect, traditional creative
agencies are taking a bottom-up rather than top-down
approach to their digital transformation.

Discussion Questions

1. List the main reasons organizational structures with
chief digital officers did not work well at TBWA and
other major creative agencies.

2. What form of departmentalization best represents the
Digital Arts group at TBWA and similar digital genius
SWAT teams?

3. Suppose you were head of a very large, traditional
advertising agency. Having read this case study,
what organizational structure would you use to
encourage more emphasis on digital media across
the organization?

Sources: B. Morrissey and A. McMains, “The Twisting Path to New
Agency Models,” Ad Week, May 10, 2010; A. McMains, “New Strategies
Replace Solo Acts,” Ad Week, June 28, 2010.

TEAM EXERCISE 13.3 THE CLUB ED EXERCISE

Cheryl Harvey and Kim Morouney, Wilfred Laurier University

PURPOSE This exercise is designed to help you under-
stand the issues to consider when designing organizations
at various stages of growth.

MATERIALS Each student team should have enough
overhead transparencies or flip chart sheets to display sev-
eral organizational charts.

INSTRUCTIONS Each team discusses the scenario pre-
sented. The instructor will facilitate discussion and notify
teams when to begin the next step. The exercise and

debriefing require approximately 90 minutes, though fewer
scenarios can reduce the time somewhat.

Step 1: Students are placed in teams (typically four or five
people).

Step 2: After reading Scenario #1, each team will design
an organizational chart (departmentalization) that is most
appropriate for this situation. Students should be able to
describe the type of structure drawn and explain why it is
appropriate. The structure should be drawn on an over-
head transparency or flip chart for others to see during

401

subsequent class discussion. The instructor will set a fixed
time (e.g., 15 minutes) to complete this task.

Scenario #1. Determined never to shovel snow again, you
are establishing a new resort business on a small Caribbean
island. The resort is under construction and is scheduled
to open one year from now You decide it is time to draw
up an organizational chart for this new venture, called
Club Ed.

Step 3: At the end of the time allowed, the instructor will
present Scenario #2, and each team will be asked to draw
another organizational chart to suit that situation. Again,
students should be able to describe the type of structure
drawn and explain why it is appropriate.

Step 4: At the end of the time allowed, the instructor will
present Scenario #3, and each team will be asked to draw
another organizational chart to suit that situation.

Step 5: Depending on the time available, the instructor
might present a fourth scenario. The class will gather to pres-
ent their designs for each scenario. During each presentation,
teams should describe the type of structure drawn and
explain why it is appropriate.

Source: Adapted from C. Harvey and K. Morouney, Journal of Manage-
ment Education 22 (June 1998), pp. 425-29. Used with permission of
the authors.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 13.4 WHAT ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE DO
YOU PREFER?

PURPOSE This exercise is designed to help you under-
stand how an organization’s structure influences the per-
sonal needs and values of people working in that structure.

INSTRUCTIONS Personal values influence how comfort-
able you are working in different organizational structures.
You might prefer an organization with clearly defined rules or
no rules at all. You might prefer a firm where almost any em-
ployee can make important decisions or one where important

Organizational Structure Preference Scale

decisions are screened by senior executives. Read each state-
ment below and indicate the extent to which you would like
to work in an organization with that characteristic. When fin-
ished, use the scoring key in Appendix B at the end of the
book to calculate your results. This self-assessment should be
completed alone so that you can assess yourself honestly
without concerns of social comparison. Class discussion will
focus on the elements of organizational design and their rela-
tionship to personal needs and values.

I WOULD LIKE TO WORK IN AN ORGANIZATION WHERE … NOT AT ALL A LIME SOMEWHAT VERY MUCH SCORE

1. A person’s career ladder has several steps toward
higher status and responsibility.

2. Employees perform their work with few rules to limit
their discretion.

❑

3. Responsibility is pushed down to employees who ❑ ❑ ❑
perform the work.

4. Supervisors have few employees, so they work closely ❑ ❑ ❑
with each person.

5. Senior executives make most decisions to ensure that ❑ ❑ ❑
the company is consistent in its actions.

6. Jobs are clearly defined so that there is no confusion ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑
over who is responsible for various tasks.

7. Employees have their say on issues, but senior ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑
executives make most of the decisions.

8. Job descriptions are broadly stated or nonexistent. ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑

9. Everyone’s work is tightly synchronized around top-
management operating plans.

(continued)

402

I WOULD LIKE TO WORK IN AN ORGANIZATION WHERE

10. Most work is performed in teams without close

supervision.

11. Work gets done through informal discussion with
coworkers rather than through formal rules.

12. Supervisors have so many employees that they can’t

watch anyone very closely.

13. Everyone has clearly understood goals, expectations,

and job duties.

14. Senior executives assign overall goals, but leave daily
decisions to frontline teams.

15. Even in a large company, the CEO is only three or four
levels above the lowest position.

Organizational Structure Preference Scale (continued)

NOT AT ALL A LITTLE SOMEWHAT VERY MUCH SCORE

1=1 ❑

0 0
❑
❑ ❑ ❑ ❑

Li ❑

403

4 1 )
Organizational Culture
/ learning objectives

After reading this chapter, you should be able to:

LO1 Describe the elements of
organizational culture and discuss
the importance of organizational
subcultures.

List four categories of artifacts
through which corporate culture
is deciphered.

Discuss the importance of
organizational culture and the
conditions in which organizational
culture strength improves
organizational performance.

Compare and contrast four
strategies for merging
organizational cultures.

Identify four strategies for
changing or strengthening an
organization’s culture, including
the application of attraction-
selection—attrition theory.

Describe the organizational
socialization process and
identify strategies to improve
that process.

class (see Part A). Their responses are shown in the table
below. Working in teams, analyze the information in this
table and answer these questions:

Discussion Questions for Part B

1. In your opinion, what are the dominant cultural values
in this organization? Explain your answer.

2. What are the positive aspects of this type of culture?
3. What are the negative aspects of this type of culture?
4. What is this organization’s main business, in your opin-

ion? Explain your answer.
5. These groups all reported to one manager. What advice

would you give to the manager about this unit?

Metaphor Results of Five Teams in a Cincinnati Organization

TEAM ANIMAL FOOD PLACE TV SHOW SEASON

1 Rabbit Big Mac Casino 48 Hrs. (movie) Spring

2 Horse Taco Racetrack Miami Vice Spring

3 Elephant Ribs Circus Roseanne Summer

4 Eagle Big Mac Las Vegas CNN Spring

5 Panther Chinese New York LA LAI! Racing

Source: Adapted from D.L. Luechauer and G.M. Shulman, “Using a Metaphor Exercise to Explore the Principles of Organizational Culture,” Journal of
Management Education 22 (December 1998), pp. 736-44. Used with permission of the authors.

CLASS EXERCISE 14.4 DIAGNOSING CORPORAI E CULTURE
PROCLAMATIONS

PURPOSE This exercise is designed to help you under-
stand the importance and context in which corporate cul-
ture is identified and discussed in organizations.

INSTRUCTIONS This exercise is a take-home activity,
though it can be completed in classes where computers and
Internet connections are available. The instructor will
divide the class into small teams (typically four or five peo-
ple per team). Each team is assigned a specific industry—
such as energy, biotechnology, or computer hardware.

The team’s task is to search the websites of several com-
panies in the selected industry for company statements
about their corporate cultures. Use company website search
engines (if they exist) to find documents with key phrases
such as “corporate culture” or “company values.”

In the next class, or at the end of the time allotted in the
current class, report on your observations by answering the
following three discussion questions.

Discussion Questions

1. What values seem to dominate the corporate cultures of
the companies you searched? Are these values similar or
diverse across companies in the industry?

2. What was the broader content of the web pages on which
these companies described or mentioned their corporate
cultures?

3. Do companies in this industry refer to their corporate
cultures on their websites more or less than companies
in other industries searched by teams in this class?

SELF-ASSESSMENT 14.5 WHICH CORPORATE CULTURE DO
YOU PREFER?

PURPOSE This self-assessment is designed to help you
identify the corporate culture that fits most closely with
your personal values and assumptions.

INSTRUCTIONS Read each pair of statements in the
Corporate Culture Preference Scale and circle the state-
ment that describes the organization you would prefer to
work for. Then use the scoring key in Appendix B at the
end of the book to calculate your results for each subscale.

The scale does not attempt to measure your preference for
every corporate culture—just a few of the more common
varieties. Also, keep in mind that none of these corporate
cultures is inherently good or bad. The focus here is on
how well you fit within each of them. This exercise should
be completed alone so that you can assess yourself honestly
without concerns of social comparison. Class discussion
will focus on the importance of matching job applicants to
the organization’s dominant values.

429

I WOULD PREFER TO WORK IN AN ORGANIZATION:

1 a. Where employees work well together in teams.

2a. Where top management maintains a sense of order in
the workplace.

3a. Where employees are treated fairly.

4a. Where employees adapt quickly to new work
requirements.

5a. Where senior executives receive special benefits not
available to other employees.

6a. Where employees who perform the best get paid
the most.

lb. That produces highly respected products or services.

or 2b. Where the organization listens to customers and
responds quickly to their needs.

or 3b. Where employees continuously search for ways to
work more efficiently.

or 4b. Where corporate leaders work hard to keep employees
happy.

or 5b. Where employees are proud when the organization
achieves its performance goals.

or 6b. Where senior executives are respected.

7a. Where everyone gets her or his job done like clockwork. or

8a. Where employees receive assistance to overcome or
any personal problems.

9a. That is always experimenting with new ideas in the or
marketplace.

10a. That quickly benefits from market opportunities. or 10b. Where employees are always kept informed about

7b. That is on top of innovations in the industry.

8b. Where employees abide by company rules.

9b. That expects everyone to put in 110 percent for peak
performance.

what’s happening in the organization.

11a. That can quickly respond to competitive threats. or 11b. Where most decisions are made by the top executives.

12a. Where management keeps everything under control. or 12b. Where employees care for each other.

Corporate Culture Preference Scale

430

1. I generally prefer the unexpected
to the predictable.

2. I am much more comfortable at ❑ ❑
events where I know most of the
people there.

3. I don’t consider new situations any
more threatening than familiar
situations.

4. I prefer solving problems that have
only one “best” solution rather than

many solutions.

5. I dislike ambiguous situations.

6. I avoid situations that are too
complicated for me to easily

understand.

7. I like situations that can be
interpreted in more than one way.

8. I cope well with unexpected events.

9. Familiar situations are always
preferable to me than unfamiliar
situations.

10. I enjoy working in ambiguous
situations.

❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑

III ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑

111 ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑

❑ El ❑

❑ 111

TO WHAT EXTENT DOES EACH STATEMENT
DESCRIBE YOU? INDICATE YOUR LEVEL
OF AGREEMENT BY MARKING THE

STRONGLY MODERATELY SLIGHTLY SLIGHTLY MODERATELY

STRONGLY

APPROPRIATE RESPONSE ON THE RIGHT

AGREE AGREE AGREE NEUTRAL DISAGREE DISAGREE

DISAGREE

SELF-ASSESSMENT 15.3 ARE YOU TOLERANT OF CHANGE?
PURPOSE This exercise is designed to help you under-
stand how people differ in their tolerance of change.

INSTRUCTIONS Read each of the statements below and
circle the response that best fits your personal belief. Then
use the scoring key in Appendix B at the end of this book to

calculate your results. This self-assessment should be
completed alone so that you can rate yourself honestly
without concerns of social comparison. Class discussion
will focus on the meaning of the concept measured by this
scale and its implications for managing change in organi-
zational settings.

Tolerance of Change Scale

Source: Adapted from D.L. Mclain, “The Mstat-I: A New Measure of an Individual’s Tolerance for Ambiguity,” Educational and Psychological Measurement
53, no. 1 (1993), pp. 183-89; S. Budner, “Intolerance of Ambiguity as a Personality Variable,” Journal of Personality 30 (1962), pp. 29-50.

After reading this chapter go to www.mhhe.com/mcshane6e for more in-depth information and interactivities
that correspond to the chapter.

457

stif4 additional cases

Case

Case 3

Case 4

Case 5

Case 6

Case 7

Case
Case
Case
Case

Case 1:

Arctic Mining Consultants

Bridging the Two Worlds—The Organizational Dilemma

Chengdu Bus Group

Fran Hayden Joins Dairy Engineering

Going to the X-Stream

Keeping Suzanne Chalmers

The Regency Grand Hotel

The Shipping Industry Accounting Team

Simmons Laboratories

Tamarack Industries

Treetop Forest Products

Vetements !Abe

CASE 1: ARCTIC MINING CONSULTANTS

By Steven L. McShane, University of Western Australia, and Tim Neale

Tom Parker enjoyed working outdoors. At various times in
the past, he worked as a ranch hand, high steel rigger, head-
stone installer, prospector, and geological field technician.
Now 43, Parker is a geological field technician and field co-
ordinator with Arctic Mining Consultants. He has special-
ized knowledge and experience in all nontechnical aspects
of mineral exploration, including claim staking, line cut-
ting and grid installation, soil sampling, prospecting, and
trenching. He is responsible for hiring, training, and super-
vising field assistants for all of Arctic Mining Consultants’
programs. Field assistants are paid a fairly low daily wage
(no matter how long they work, which may be up to 12 hours
or more) and are provided meals and accommodation.
Many of the programs are operated by a project manager
who reports to Parker.

Parker sometimes acts as a project manager, as he did
on a job that involved staking 15 claims near Eagle Lake,
Alaska. He selected John Talbot, Greg Boyce, and Brian
Millar, all of whom had previously worked with Parker, as
the field assistants. To stake a claim, the project team
marks a line with flagging tape and blazes along the pe-
rimeter of the claim, cutting a claim post every 500 yards
(called a “length”). The 15 claims would require almost

60 miles of line in total. Parker had budgeted seven days
(plus mobilization and demobilization) to complete the
job. This meant that each of the four stakers (Parker, Talbot,
Boyce, and Millar) would have to complete a little over
seven “lengths” each day. The following is a chronology of
the project.

DAY 1
The Arctic Mining Consultants crew assembled in the
morning and drove to Eagle Lake, from where they were
flown by helicopter to the claim site. On arrival, they set up
tents at the edge of the area to be staked and agreed on a
schedule for cooking duties. After supper, they pulled out
the maps and discussed the job—how long it would take,
the order in which the areas were to be staked, possible he-
licopter landing spots, and areas that might be more diffi-
cult to stake.

Parker pointed out that with only a week to complete
the job, everyone would have to average seven and a half
lengths per day. “I know that is a lot:’ he said, “but you’ve
all staked claims before and I’m confident that each of you
is capable of it. And it’s only for a week. If we get the job
done in time, there’s a $300 bonus for each man.” Two

458

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