how data moving from her laptop moves down the TCP/IP model

it is about write a half page about How data moving from her laptop moves down theTCP/IP model, travels over the physical network, and moves up the receiving devices TCP/IPmodel stack. INF 284 – Assignment 2
Due: Tuesday, September 11 at 6:16 pm
Covers: Chapter 3 and topics discussed in class.
1- TCP/IP model (10 points)
Scenario:
You currently have an internship at a prominent IT consulting company. While having lunch, the
company’s CFO comes over and strikes up a conversation. After a few minutes of talking, the
CFO tells you she has little to no computer knowledge beyond using applications like email,
Google and her accounting software. She’s interested in knowing how data from her laptop gets
to devices in other rooms or geographical locations.
Task:
Write a half-page response, explaining how data moving from her laptop moves down the
TCP/IP model, travels over the physical network, and moves up the receiving devices TCP/IP
model stack. Use the same terminology found throughout the reading. You are not limited to just
what’s in the textbook, but if you use other resources, cite them in a list at the bottom of the
document.
Your response should include professional language but not be overly complicated since the
CFO has little background knowledge about the topic. Be sure to review the Rubric on how the
assignment will be graded. Follow the listed criteria to receive the full amount of credit.
Submit as pdf file.
What to turn in:
Submit through Canvas one pdf file (Assignment2_.pdf).
TCP/IP Networks
CHAPTER 3
Protocol “layers”
Networks are complex,
with many “pieces”:
Question:
is there any hope of organizing
structure of network?
 hosts
 routers
 links
of various
media
 applications
 protocols
 hardware,
software
…. or at least our discussion of
networks?
1-2
Organization of air travel
1-3
ticket (purchase)
ticket (complain)
baggage (check)
baggage (claim)
gates (load)
gates (unload)
runway takeoff
runway landing
airplane routing
airplane routing
airplane routing

a series of steps
Layering of airline
functionality
1-4
ticket (complain)
ticket
baggage (check)
baggage (claim
baggage
gates (load)
gates (unload)
gate
runway (takeoff)
runway (land)
takeoff/landing
airplane routing
airplane routing
airplane routing
departure
airport
airplane routing
airplane routing
intermediate air-traffic
control centers
arrival
airport
layers: each layer implements a service
 via
its own internal-layer actions
 relying on services provided by layer
below
Introduction
ticket (purchase)
Why layering?
dealing with complex systems:

explicit structure allows identification, relationship of
complex system’s pieces



layered reference model for discussion
modularization eases maintenance, updating of system

change of implementation of layer’s service transparent to
rest of system

e.g., change in gate procedure doesn’t affect rest of system
layering considered harmful?
1-5
TCP/IP Network

TCP/IP defines standards for
networking products and rules to
follow when building a network using
those products.


Standards set the guidelines to follow
for implementing a network.


TCP/IP Rules = Protocols and
Standards
Can apply to hardware and software
Protocols focus more on what the
standard does

A set of rules and message that do
something useful for a network
TCP/IP
Standard 1
Protocol A
Standard 2
Protocol D
Protocol B
Protocol C
Standard 3
Protocol E
TCP/IP Model

TCP/IP model is divided
into layers
 Helps
people understand
the details of networking
 Helps
in dividing the work
among different products
 Switch
TCP/IP Model (5)
Application
Application
Transport
Transport
Internet
Network
vs. Router
 Cables

TCP/IP Model (4)
vs. Software
Standards are
categorized by layer
Link
Data Link
Physical
Preferred version
to use
Internet protocol stack(TCP/IP)
1-8

application: supporting network
applications


transport: process-process data
transfer



IP, routing protocols
link: data transfer between
neighboring network elements

application
transport
TCP, UDP
network: routing of datagrams
from source to destination


FTP, SMTP, HTTP
Ethernet, 802.11 (WiFi), PPP
physical: bits “on the wire”
network
link
physical
ISO/OSI reference model
1-9



presentation: allow applications
to interpret meaning of data,
e.g., encryption, compression,
machine-specific conventions
session: synchronization,
checkpointing, recovery of data
exchange
Internet stack “missing” these
layers!

these services, if needed, must be
implemented in application

needed?
application
presentation
session
transport
network
link
physical
OSI vs TCP/IP

Open Source Networking
Model

7 Layer structure

Shares similarities with
TCP/IP model

Model used in name only
today
OSI Model
7 Application
6
5
4
3
Session
Presentation
Transport
Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical
TCP/IP Model
Application 5
Transport
4
Network
3
Data Link
2
Physical
1
TCP/IP Model
5 layer
192.168.10.10
PC
1
5. Application
HTTP Data
4. Transport
Layer 4 – stuff
3. Network
Layer 3 – stuff
2. Data Link
Layer 2 – stuff
1. Physical
Layer 1
10.1.1.1
Layer 5
5. Application
Layer 4
4. Transport
Layer 3
3. Network
Layer 2
2. Data Link
Layer 1
1. Physical
source
message
segment
M
Ht
M
datagram Hn Ht
M
frame
M
Hl Hn Ht
Encapsulation
application
transport
network
link
physical
1-12
link
physical
switch
M
Ht
M
Hn Ht
M
Hl Hn Ht
M
destination
Hn Ht
M
application
transport
network
link
physical
Hl Hn Ht
M
network
link
physical
Hn Ht
M
router
TCP/IP LANS and WANS

LANs = Local Area Network



Connect devices over small
distances

WANs – Wide Area Network

Connect sites over large distances

The equipment used is owned by a
service provider
Equipment owned by company or
individual
Work at the Physical and Data Link
Layers of TCP/IP Model

Telephone company (telco)

Organizations pay to use WAN
technology

WANs start outside the demarc
point

Work at the Physical and Data Link
layers
LANs and WANs:
Physical Layer

Physical layers

Anything that can be seen/touched that contributes to sending bits

LANs


Encoding: process of varying energy signal on a link

Sending and Receiving devices agree on encoding standard and are able
to interpret the signals based on the encoding scheme

Devices: NIC, Switch(*)
WANs

Layer created and maintained by telco

Consists of hidden telco network (vast cabling)

Uses different devices from LAN

Simplest WAN tech is Leased Line (point-to-point)
LANs & WANs:
Data Link Layer

Defines the rules (protocols) that tell the devices how
and when to use the physical layer
LAN
WANs
Protocol: Ethernet (802.3)
Protocols: Point-to-Point (PPP), HDLC
Physical Addresses (MAC)
Physical Addresses (MAC)
TCP/IP:
Network Layer

Internet Protocol (IP)



802.3
802.3
802.3
802.3
2
1
Logical addressing applied to
network devices
14.1.1.1
14.1.1.2
12.1.1.21
Unique addresses used to get data
to correct destination
IP Routing

Source:
Source: IP
IP 10.1.1.1
10.1.1.1
Destination
Destination IP:
IP: 12.1.1.21
12.1.1.21
Routers process of making a
forwarding decision based on IP
address
10.1.1.3
R2
R1 Routing Table
Destination IP
Send To
12.0.0.0
Local
14.1.1.2
Goes out port F0/0
S0/0/0
10.1.1.2
Local
Goes out port F0/0
Network Layer: IP Addressing

IP addresses

Forms of IP address
Logical numbers assigned
to a networked device


An IP address distinguishes
a device from its neighbor


IP addresses can change
and are only used to
represent that device at
that moment while on the
network

IPv4 = 192.168.16.100

IPv6 =
2001:ABAB:0000:0000:3245:6756:CDCD:0000


32-bit binary number
128-bit binary number
IP address grouping

Set of IP addresses that represent a
collection of devices

These devices are a part of the same
network

192.168.16.100 vs 10.1.1.1

2 separate networks
TCP/IP: Transport Layer


Provides connection to
the applications (user
created data)
sending
receiving

Tracks applications by port
numbers
Src1024
Port: 33
Src IP: 172.16.0.0 Streaming
Streaming
Src Port:
Src IP: 192.168.15.15
Music
Dest
Port:
1024
Dest
IP:
192.168.15.15
Music
Dest Port: 33 Dest IP: 172.16.0.0

Port numbers are used to
identify an instance that
requires networking service
Src Port:
102355Src IP: 192.168.15.15
Lab Report
Src Port:
Src IP: 192.168.15.16
Lab
Dest Dest
Port: Port:
55 1023
Dest IP:Dest
192.168.15.16
IP: 192.168.15.15 Report
Main protocols

TCP: connection-oriented

UDP: connectionless
Port:Src
80 IP: 192.168.15.15
Src IP: 8.8.8.8 Google Search
Google
Src Port:Src
1022
Dest
1022
Dest IP: 192.168.15.15 Search
Dest Port:
80 Port:
Dest
IP: 8.8.8.8
Some Rubric
Criteria
Ratings
Pts
TCP/IP
model
10.0 pts
5.0 pts
Full Marks
Incomplete
Well written response. The explanation was difficult to understand
Terminology was used correctly. due to grammatical errors and/or typos. The
The explanation was clear, response could use more elaboration OR
concise and explained the Use of terminology was limited/incorrect. Be
TCP/IP model, the protocols sure to carefully proofread any writing
used at each layer in an
assignment before submitting.
effective manner.
0.0 pts
No
Marks
Did not
complete
10.0 pts
Total Points: 10.0