History 4 Essays

I have 4 prompts . Each prompt has several questions I have posted the sources ( powerpowints). To answer the questions you have to use the power points to answer the questions. The answers should be like a story and an essay . Each prompt has to be one whole page no less than 1 page and no more than page and half. The final essays file is the prompts and the rest are the powerpoints. please not I won’t accept information out of the powerpoints. It has to be from the powerpoints.

HISTORY 110B

WORLD CIVILIZATIONS SINCE THE 16TH CENTURY

DR. NANCY FITCH

Summer

013

1. What was the industrial revolution? Why is it significant? Compare and contrast the differences between the U.S., Russia, Chinese, and Japanese responses to the industrial revolution. What do you believe accounts for the differences in which different countries responded to England’s industrial challenge? Economically, today, our world may be changing as much as it changed in the nineteenth century. On the basis of your answer, what advice would you give to policy makers examining the global economy today?

2. It has been argued that the roots of many of the current tensions in the Middle East and the Arab world can be traced to the events during and immediately after World War I (including the treaties that ended the war). Would you agree with this conclusion? Give specific examples. Based on your answer to this question, what advice would you give foreign policy officials in the U.S. today?

3. What is fascism? Both the Germans and the Japanese developed politics in the 1930s that deeply challenged the parliamentary and democratic traditions that developed in England, France, and the United States. Some historians have called the kind of political organization in these countries Totalitarianism and have included the government Stalin formed in the USSR as well. What do you believe these historians meant by totalitarianism? What are the similarities between what the Japanese, Germans, and Soviets believed? What are the differences?

4. How did the strategies to end World War II lead to the outbreak of the Cold War? How did the Cold War shape developments in Europe, China, Viet Nam, and Korea? In looking at the policies of the United States and the Soviet Union, were they different from one another, or essentially similar in their respective goals and methods?

PAGE

The Industrial Revolution

Readings: Smith, et al., 791-802, 812-818

Lecture 14
1

The Industrial Revolution
Has its main effects from 1780-1850:
Time of transformation of work
From hand to machine
From rural areas to cities
Created social classes
Workers, the Proletariat
Changed family life

Changes which occurred because of the Industrial Revolution
Migration to industrialized nations
Changed way of buying and selling
Creation of new leisure activities
Transferred balance of power toward industrialized countries

Why ENGLAND?
Science most advanced
Protestantism
Agricultural Revolution most advanced in England

New Technology

New Technology
John Kay—Flying Shuttle
(1733)
James Hargreaves—Spinning Jenny (1764)
Samuel Cromptom— “The Mule” (1779)
Edmund Cartwright—Power Loom (1775)
Eli Whitney– Cotton Gin (1793)

New Bottleneck is Factory problems
Factory location because of Factory size.
Fuel problems
England was running out of wood
Coal accumulated water in the mines so that pumps had to be used

Engines
Savery—1698
Necomen—1705
John Wilkinson did a boring mill in 1774
James Watt did the steam engine in 1775
George Stephenson came up with the “The Iron Horse in 1829

Click to edit Master text styles
Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level

England and the Consequences of the Industrial Revolution
Technology used to transform means of war
1851—England produced 2/3 of the world’s coal.
England produced ½ the world’s iron and cotton.
Problems in factories
Standard of living?

The New Imperialism

Readings: Smith, et al., 825-829, 836-841, 843-852, 857-868, 869-881

Lecture 16
1

Neocolonialism
Nothing really new but great powers decide to carve up world, especially Africa, Far East and the Pacific Islands

Colonies—during New Imperialism

Click to edit Master text styles
Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level

Why Neocolonialism?
Economic motivations
1870s: The first “Great Depression”, prices fall with competition from US
Believed that by taking colonies, they could create “sheltered” markets
Needed places to invest

Other reasons for Neocolonialism
Raw materials
Gold
Diamonds
Rubber
Pineapples
Bananas
Sugar
Oil
Social Darwinism/The “White Man’s Burden”
Theory of Evolution
Europeans believed that “white races” are superior to “colored races”
Karl Pearson
Japanese

The Chinese and Japanese Response to Industrialization

Readings: Smith, et al., 802-8

0, 841-849, 868-887

Lecture 17–Chinese/Japanese Response

China

English want to sell goods to China

China Emperors have no interest in buying anything from Europe.

Emperor wrote letter to English king in which he says that Chinese produced everything of value.
Jesuits and others brought clocks and mechanical toys to China.
Father Mateo Ricci was in charge of missionary duties in China
Chinoiserie
Europeans wanted:
Porcelain
Wallpaper
Chinese art
Chinese deer
Tea

Chinoiserie

India
Began decline under Aurangzeb (1659)
British, French and Portugal all establish colonies
British East India Company gains control
British win over Muslims in 1858

India (continued)
British destroy India’s cotton industry
Had been best cotton producers
Sold opium to Chinese and grew it in India

China, Britain and India
Opium Wars
British use steamships with cannons.
They take the ships up the Chinese rivers
They threaten the Chinese interior
Treaty of Nanjing
Dismantled Chinese tributary states.
Created “Treaty ports” where Europeans could trade

China Increasingly Unstable
The Taiping Rebellion went on from 1850-1864
The Self-Strengthening Movement went on from 1860-1895
1885 France takes over Vietnam
Japan forces Chinese to grant independence to Korea and took control of Taiwan and Liaodong Peninsula
1898-Foreign powers divide China into spheres of influence
The HUNDRED DAYS Reform also took place.
Boxer Rebellion took place in 1899.

Taiping Revolution

French colonies

Results
Took control of China in 1911.
He proclaimed Chinese Republic in 1912.
Government was very weak and warlords gained control throughout the country.

Japan

Japan was feudal and was ruled by shoguns in reality.
By 19th century, Japan was in very bad shape
The Economy was stagnating
There were many revolts going on.

Japan
In 1853, Matthew Perry arrives in Tokyo Bay with the message, “Trade with us or we’ll kill you!”
The boy emperor Mutsuhito takes power. His rule is known as Meiji (“Enlightened Rule”)

Japan’s Desires
Japan wants to become an Imperial Power.
To do this, Japan invests heavily in weapons and ships.
Japan’s Army modeled on Germany
Japanese Navy modeled on Britain.

How Technology Changed the Face of the War

Readings: Smith, et al., 891-902

WHY GLOBAL WAR IN 1914?

Break of Multi-national Empires

Intense Nationalism

Social Darwinism

Yellow Journalism

Arms Race and Rise of Armaments Industry

New Weapons

New Weapons (continued)

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Serbian nationalism is a big problem then and now
Who Fought?
England, France, Belgium (neutral but attacked), Russia, Serbia, Italy, Rumania, U.S., Japan, China, and Brazil
Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire

Battlefronts

Western front and Trenches

Lusitania

How World War I ends:
All European powers worn down—millions of casualties, millions of mutilated men
British blockage leads to famine conditions in Germany and Austria-Hungary
Germans believed they had to resume u-boat attacks

US Enters the War:
Germans feel they have to renew unrestricted submarine warfare to end British blockade or morale will be totally ruined
Zimmerman Telegram and U.S. – Mexico Relations
April 1917, Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to declare war.
Ludendoff Offensive in March 1918
Germans defeated 11 of November 1918

Casualties of World War I
Great Britain: 947, 000 dead; 2,122,000 wounded
France: 1,385,000 dead; 3,044,000 wounded
Russia: 1,700,000 dead; 4,950,000 wounded
Italy: 460,000 dead; 947,000 wounded
US: 115,000 dead; 206,000 wounded
Germany: 1,808,000 dead; 4,247,000 wounded
Austrio-Hungarian Empire: 1,200,000 dead; 3,620,000 wounded
Ottoman Empire: 325,000 dead; 400,000 wounded

The Russian Revolution

Peter Builds New Capital

Nicholas I (1825-1855)
Hated Industrial Revolution and French Revolution
Wanted to make world safe for autocracy
Fought against progress in Russia and Europe

Decembrists
Revolt against czarism
Put down
Revolutions of 1848
Most of Europe but Russia has some form of democracy
Economy remains backward

Alexander II (1855-1881)
Son of Nicholas I.
One of better czars – interested in reform
Emancipated the serfs in 1861

Alexander III (1881-1894)
Increased the repressive powers of the police
Limited the power of the local assemblies
Pograms against anyone who was not Russian

Nicholas II (1894-1917)
Wrong man, wrong time
Little interest in government

Imperialistic Conflict over Korea and Manchuria
Russia trying to ward off rebellion
Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)

Bloody Sunday-January 22, 1905
Began in St Petersburg
Disaster of Russo-Japanese War revealed corruption and incompetence of czar
Created Duma, limited economic reform

World War I/ Rasputin
Had control over the Tsar Nicholas II and the Tsarina
Was murdered in December 1916
World War I was a disaster.

The Revolutions of 1917
February Revolution (March 8, 1917)
Czar Nicholas Abdicates

Kerensky forms Provisional Government

Lenin Arrives at Finland Station

Lenin arrives in Petrograd (St. Petersburg)—April 16. 1917
Lenin calls for armed insurrection
—Oct. 16, 1917 (Russian Calendar)
October Revolution begins, October 24, 1917 (Russian Calendar)
November 6, 1917 (Western European Calendar)
Lenin, Trotsky and Stalin
How Do Bolsheviks Get Power?

Treaty of Brest Litovsk—
March 3, 1918
Lost 32% of the land
Lost Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
Much of the Ukraine
Much of Belarussia

Creation of Soviet Union
Civil War, 1918-1921
“Reds” vs “Whites”
“Reds” (Bolsheviks, Communists) under Lenin win
Supported by peasants, national/ethnic groups
New Economic Plan
Nationalization of banks and heavy industry, limited ownership of small businesses
Lenin dies 1923

Power Struggle after Lenin’s Death and Stalin’s Rule
Forced collectivization
“The Great Famine”
“The Great Terror”
Purges
Gulag

Contemporary Problems
Cold War with US from 1945-1991
Mikhail Gorbachev’s Glasnost allowed
Democracy to Emerge
Perestroika—socialism not possible in capitalist world
Resigns December 25, 1991
End of Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War

Boris Yeltsin
Problems:
Economy was a mess
Workers not paid
National Debt
IMF and World Bank Money to Cronies
Politics a Mess

Today in Russia and the Former Soviet Union
A weak Boris Yeltsin names Vladimir Putin, former head of the KGB, Premier then President
Dmitri Medvedev replaced him, but Putin still made many decisions. Putin is now President again after elections many think were rigged.

Today’s Russia (continued)
–Ethnic groups want autonomy or Independence
–Putin has destroyed Chechnya, Dagestan
–Reports of rapes and pillage
–Nationalists want powerful Soviet Union
–Questions still needing answers

Winners
Communist Party
Some Workers
Massive Literacy Project—all those who learn to read and write
Vastly improved health care—all those who lived longer and healthier
Women
Losers
Poorest peasants
Traditional Russian upper classes
Many of those in traditional Russian middle classes
Those killed or imprisoned because of oppressive regime
Jews, Muslims
Other ethnic minorities (maybe)
Russian Economy
Russian Democracy
Russian Revolution: Who Won, Who Lost?

Age of Anxiety and Uncertainty

Reading: Smith, et al., 913-921

Overview

World War I was really awful for most people

Technology had so transformed the face of the war that many things were called into question.

Even before the war, there was tension as people were asking questions and doubting that everything was so wonderful.

There was a crisis of modernity.

The idea that each generation was better off than the one before was questioned.

Modern Philosophy
Nietzsche (1844-1900)
Western civilization has emphasized rationality at the expense of passion and instinct.
Christianity glorified weakness, envy, and mediocrity
“God is dead”
Democracy isn’t working
Respectability stifles self-realization
People have no authenticity
Will to power

Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980)
Existentialism
God has nothing to do with giving life meaning.
Human beings simply exist.
There is no God to help them
There is no reason to help them.
“Man is forced to be free”
To be free, men and women must become engaged and choose actions correctly.
Human beings are responsible for their own behavior.
Became really popular after World War II, a war in which actions and consciousness induced men and women to either act courageously or abominably

Science foundation of Enlightenment, reason and progress.
At the end of the 19th century, scientists found atoms not hard, permanent little balls.
Atoms consists of many smaller fast-moving particles, including electrons and protons
Marie Curie (1867-1934) and her husband found that radium emits subatomic particles so it has no constant atomic weight.
Max Plank (1858-1947) found that subatomic energy is emitted from vibrating electron in uneven spurts or “quanta”. Calls into question old distinction of matter and energy.
He also called into question atoms as stable building blocks of nature
New Physics

Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
Light propagated through space in the form of particles (photons)
E=mc2
Special theory of relativity.
Time and space relative to the viewpoint of the observer
General theory of relativity
Newton’s universe three dimensional while Einstein’s universe four dimensional space-time continuity

Rutherford (1871-1937)
Showed atom could be split into smaller particles.
Crucial for subsequent development of atomic weapons
Werner Heisenberg (1901-1927)
“Principle of Uncertainty”
Instead of Newton’s certainties, we now have a physics based on tendencies and probabilities
Rutherford (1871-1937) and
Werner Heisenberg (1901-1927)

Freudian Psychology
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
Interested in unconscious behavior
Theory of psychoanalysis
His conclusion was that human behavior is basically irrational, not rational behavior of Enlightenment thought.

Franz Kafka captured the sense of nightmarish 20th century world in The Metamorphosis, as well as others.
Oswald Spengler wrote Decline of the West which was the obituary of civilization.
Also two war novels were written:
Ernest Hemingway, A Farewell to Arms.
Erich Remarque, All Quiet on the Western Front
German expressionist films came out during this time period.
The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1919) which was trying to answer the question, “Is the director of the insane asylum himself an insane murderer?
Metropolis was about the madness of industrial capitalization.
Modern Literature and Modern Cinema

Modern Art–Overview
Camera invented in 19th Century.
Great images of U.S. Civil War—Matthew Brady’s photographs
Kodak personal camera introduced at the end of the century. Why paint realistic paintings if camera can better capture reality. No color photos yet.

Impressionism—French painters

French Painters
Claude Monet (1840-1926)
Camille Pissaro (1830-1903)
Auguste Renoir (1841-1919)
Their goal was to capture the overall picture of things by capturing light falling on the scene before their eyes.

Modern Artists
Painted what is in his mind
Increasingly form became more important than light
Paul Cezanne (1893-1906)
Henri Mattisse (1869-1954)
Pablo Picasso (1891-1973)
Cubism—all of these artists trying to capture in form inner essence of things not superficial “surface”

Cubism

Dali and Surrealism
Salvador Dali (1904-1989) was involved in Surrealism which exalted the irrational, the violent, and the absurd in human experiences

Dali and Surrealism

Western music tradition since the Renaissance “major-minor” system of tonality
New musicians began to explore polytonality.
Igor Stravinsky
Achieved effects through polytonality, dissonant harmonies, and percussive rhythms
Rites of Spring was a pre-World War I ballet which undermines common conventions of ballets with his jarring music. Dancers engaged in representation of reproduction
Extremely shocking when first performed in Paris in 1913. It became more popular after World War I
Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951) abandoned traditional harmony and tonality altogether and arranged the 12 notes of the scale in an abstract mathematical pattern, the “tone-row” which stresses disharmony
Modern Music

Bauhaus was an institution in Germany that brought together architects, designers, and painters.
Walter Gropius (1883-1969) was the first director of Bauhaus. He believed in functional designs, simplicity of shape, and lots of glass.
Implemented philosophy “form must follow function”
Influenced Swiss-French Architect, Le Corbusier
Modern Architecture

Global Impact
Europeans searched for non-Western inspiration.
Paul Gauguin (1848-1903) searched the South Pacific for unspoiled beauty and a primitive way of life.
Josephine Baker (1906-1975) was an African American who was a dancer, singer, entertainer who was popular in 1930s Paris
Jazz was the music from the American Blacks which combined gospels, African rhythms, and erotic blues. It was very popular in Europe.

More on Global Impact
Trinidad was where Calypso was a popular music. Songs about urban hunger, unemployment, and social upheaval.
Negritude Movement in France was closely connected to surrealists.

The Democratization of Desire
Radio
Hollywood
Shopping
Modernism
A word to collectively describe these common features of Western art and culture.
Form is emphasized at the expense of content.
A systematic and determined rejection of the classical models
Culture is increasingly global
The Democratization of Desire and Modernism

Consequences of the War in the 20th and 21st Centuries

Readings: Smith, et al., 904-913, 972-973, 1012-1014, 1045-1048

Versailles Treaty

Really five separate treaties but can think of them as Versailles Treaty
Two approaches:
Woodrow Wilson
Georges Clemenceau (French Premier)

Woodrow Wilson’s Approach
Fourteen Points
Guide to future peace
Open covenants of peace; openly arrived at
“National Self-Determination”
League of Nations
“The Peace to End All War”

Georges Clemenceau’s Approach
Punish Germany
Blamed Germany for the war
Disarm Germany
Demilitarize the Rhineland
Create buffer states in Eastern Europe
Make Germany pay for the war (“war reparations”)

Results of the Versailles Conference
Wilson got the League of Nations (but neither Germany nor USSR were in it)—US Senate vetoed entire Versailles Treaty.
Punish Germany:
Germany blamed for war
No Army
Alsace-Lorraine to France
Rhineland demilitarized
No Armaments Industry
Germany pays for War and Reparations (5 billion +)

National Self-Determination
Eastern Europe
Austria-Hungary is dismantled
Austria becomes small country
Czechoslovakia
Yugoslavia
Poland
Treaty of Trianon
Hungary becomes a very small state, losing much territory and a majority of the Hungarians
Romania (including large populations of Hungarians)

Prize: Ottoman Empire

England, France, Russia and Other Powers Seek Gains in Middle East

Gallipoli

Armenian Genocide

The Husayn-McMahon Agreement, 1915

Middle East After Settlements
British Role:
Arab Revolts (Lawrence of Arabia)
Balfour Declaration
French Role:
Got Involved in Palestinian struggles to prevent British from getting all Middle East as new colonies

The Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916

Treaty of Sevres, August 10, 1920
Mandates (another name for colonies to please President Wilson)
Jordon—mandate to British
Palestine—to British
Syria and Lebanon—French
Hijaz (Arab) independent

Attaturk and Turkish Nationalism

The Palestine Mandate

Poster Urging Jews to Settle in Palestine

Exodus

UN Partition Plan of 1947

David Ben Gurion Announcing the Birth of Israel

Young Israelis

Palestine Refugee Camp, 1948

Palestinian Woman Watches as Her Home is Demolished

Syria and Iraq Problems

Actual Below

Syria is a nation that has long been a crossroads for the Middle East, from its occupation during the Crusades to its conquest by France after the downfall of the Ottoman Empire that lasted until WWII. Since the creation of Israel, Syria has been a constant enemy of the Jewish state, highlighted by Syria’s participation in the 1967 and 1973 Arab-Israeli wars. In 1967, Syria lost the Golan Heights to Israel, one reason why the Syrian government refuses to recognize Israel.
Associated Press © 2005
Associated Press Interactive

Map of Present Day Iraq

Ethnic and Religious Makeup of Iraq

The Liberation of Kuwait

Kuwait, 1991
Burning oil fields, set ablaze by retreating Iraqis, provide an eerie backdrop to motorized U.S. troops participating in Operation Desert Storm, the high point of the Bush, Sr’s, presidency.

The Sanctions Period (1991-2003)

Colin Powell and WMD
In February 2003 U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell went before the UN General Assembly to convince the international community that Saddam Hussein was concealing chemical and biological weapons, and to request the approval of the Security Council to commence military action against Iraq. Here he holds up a vial of anthrax, a life threatening infectious disease reputed to be in the terrorist arsenal.

Consequences of “Peace to End All War”
World War II
Arab-Israeli Conflict
Iraq-Iran War
Persian Gulf War
Bosnia, Kosovo, Serbian crisis
Al Queda – 9/11
Iraq War – 2003

Other Consequences
Ho Chi Minh – Vietnam War
May 4th Movement – Chinese Communism

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Nazi Expansion and the Outbreak of World War II in Europe

Reading: Smith, et al., 925-932, 936-945

Causes of World War II In Europe

Versailles Treaty

Germans Believed they were “stabbed in the back”

Nationalism and Desire for Ethnic States in Eastern and Central Europe

Hitler Manipulated Ethnic Rivalries

Soviet Development and Expansionist Desires

Stalin’s Five-Year Plans modernized and industrialized USSR

Literacy Increased from 28.4% in 1897 to 87.4% in 1939

Life Expectancy (except for political murders) rose from 32 to 69 years

Soviet Union becomes model of turning Agrarian State into an Industrialized State.

Time Line
Hitler remilitarizes the Rhineland in 1936 and no one stops him
Japan occupies China and does the Rape of Nanjing and no one stops them. In one sense, Japanese occupation of China is the beginning of World War II

Time Line Continued
March 1938 Hitler annexes Austria and no one stops him.
September 1938 is the Czechslovakia Crisis. Hitler wants Sudentenland to be part of Germany. Sudentenland is given to appease Hitler

Time Line Continued
Spring of 1939—Hitler Annexes All of Czechoslovakia.
No one dares to do anything.
Britain totally unprepared for war.
French government doesn’t want war.
1939—Nazi-Soviet Non-Agression Pact
September 1939, Germany invades Poland
September 3, 1939 France and Britain declare war on Hitler
October 1939-May 1940 is the Phony War.
May 1940-Hitler invades and defeats Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France.
Why was France defeated?
Poor military leadership
Thinking defensively—The Maginot Line

Time Line
Why French lost?
The Permanent Trench
Used Tanks as Taxis
Poor government leadership
June 1940-End of War “Battle of Britain
Air War
England bombs Germany
Germany bombs England
Radar
Hitler Invades Soviet Union
Stalin Depressed and does nothing
Problem: He killed too many generals in the Purges
1941 Germany constructs first death camp.

Hitler and the Rise of Nazi Germany
Spodek: 687-690

Why Study Hitler/The Nazis?

Why the Nazis could rise to power in Germany
Defeat in World War I
Versailles Treaty—England and France “Stabbed Germany in the Back”
Great Depression: High Unemployment, Low Profits, People Lose Savings
German Military Tradition: Frederick the Great—Prussia; Otto Von Bismarck—Unified Germany; Luddendorf; Hindenburg
Anti-Semitism—Jews as Scapegoats: “Had all the jobs”; “Controlled Politics”; “Had all the money” (None of the above was true but it didn’t matter)

Adolph Hitler
Emblematic of German Problem:
Only success came in war—won a minor medal
Believed that Germany “stabbed in the back”
Germany should have won the war
Unemployed after the war—no jobs
Couldn’t get into art school—claimed only Jews got in. He had no artistic talent
Formed a paramilitary group to substitute for Germany Army—National Socialists

Adolph Hitler (continued)
Hitler promised Germans:
Stability
Jobs
To be Proud Again
To Reverse the Versailles Treaty
To End “Weak” Democracy
To “Get Rid of” the Jews
Lebenstraum— “Living Space for Germans”

Fascism
Nation comes first
Against Liberalism and Liberal Institutions
Irrational Politics—Emphasize Street Fighting
SA Storm Troopers (Ernst Rohm)—they wanted to get rid of Nazi’s enemies. They were called the “Brown shirts”
SS—Schutzstaffel (Heinrich Himmler)—they were called the black shirts.

Key Dates
October 1929—Great Depression
Summer-Fall 1932 –German Elections: Nazis 288; Nationalists 52; Center 74; Socialists 120; Communists 81; and others 23
The main points: Nazis won 44% of the vote; no center; Nazi’s powerful but can’t form government.

Key Dates Continued
President Hindenburg Names Hitler Chancellor in January 1933.
Street Violence
Reichstag Fire—Legislature Building Burns Down
March 23, 1933—Reichstag passes (with huge majority) the Enabling Act which made Hitler dictator until April 1, 1937
July 14, 1933—Nazi Party was made only legal party
November 12, 1933 Nazis win 92% of the vote
Main Point:
Only at this date does Hitler behave illegally
July 1934-SS and Army purge the SA and they begin to secretly arm the army
1935 Denounces Versailles Treaty
1936 Remilitarizes the Rhineland

1936-1937 Four Year Plan
War materials
Industrialization
Autobahn
VW
Daimler-Benz
General Motors
Ford

Racism in Nazi Germany
Belief German “Aryan” Race Master Race
Jews inferior
Slavs inferior
Gypsies inferior
Eugenics-Social Darwinism run amok
1935 Nuremberg Laws
Identify Jews (with Yellow Star
Deprive Jews of Citizenship
Allows only so many Jews in specific jobs
Outlaw marriage and sex between Jews and non-Jews

9 of November 1938
Night of Broken Glass or Kristallnacht
In response to assassination of German diplomat in Paris:
Nazis set synagogues on fire
Broke Jewish shop windows
Beat up Jews—91 killed; thousands injured
Confiscated Jewish property
Jews forbidden to collect insurance
20,000+ Jews sent to concentration camp

Why Hitler?
War Vets—Hated Government for Losing the War
Middle Class—Ruined by Inflation, Depression
Workers—Unemployed
Industrialists—Hated Socialist Labor Struggle
More than economy/defeat:
Emphasized a cult of war, physical danger, sexuality, future, speed, a “new life”
Airplanes, car, radio

Goebbels and Riefenstahl
Goebbels was the Chief Propaganda Officer. He promoted radios. By 1942, Germany had 23 million radios
Leni Riefenstahl was Hitler’s filmmaker. “Triumph of Will” and “Olympiad”

Hitler’s Road to War
March 1938—Annexed Austria
1938 German minority in Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia)
September 1938– “Munich Crisis”
Appeasement
Chamberlain— “There will be peace in our Time”
Spring 1939 Annexed all of Czechoslovakia
Summer 1939—Nazi-Soviet “Non Aggression Pact”

The Rise of Nazi Germany
*

World War II in Europe
1 September 1939 Nazis invade Poland
3 of September 1939 England, France declare war on Germany
Hitler defeats Poland in a month
“Phony War” (September 1939- May 1940)
May 1940 Germany invades the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France
“Battle of Britain”
22 of June 1941 Germany invades Soviet Union.
1941 First Extermination Camp Created

Japanese Expansion and the Origins of World War II in Asia

Reading: Smith, et al., 935-936

Japan begins to industrialize after the Meiji Restoration

Emperor elevated to new status
Created a Constitutional Monarchy
Supported by Shintoism
Japan Develops Army based on Germany.
Develops Navy based on England’s

Japan Imperialism
1894—Took Taiwan away from China
In 1910, occupied Korea
From 1894 on had resources from Manchuria

Japan Hit Hard by Great Depression
In the 1930s
Worker’s Real Income was down and unemployment was up
Depression blamed on the weakness of the parliamentary government.
When Germany became strong under Hitler, some Japanese started looking to Germany as their model
Gradually began to demand an “Asia for the Asians”

Japanese Army takes over Manchuria
Takes over in 1932.
Changes the name to Manchukuo
Makes it a puppet state under Pui-Yi “China’s Last Emperor”

The League of Nations
League of Nations protests Japan’s invasion of Manchuria.
Japan walks out of the League of Nations which is not able to do anything

Japanese Fascism?

Japan declares War on China
On July 7, 1937, Japan finally declares war on China.
Conquers vast amounts of Chinese territory
Can be considered to be the beginning of World War II
No one stopped Japan, even though US thinking that Japan was an aggressor state.
Previously US had admired Japan for its “westernization.”

In 1938
November 3, 1938– Prime Minister Konoe Creates a New Puppet State under Wang Ching-Wei
Proclaims “Japan’s New Order in East Asia” to parallel Hitler’s “New Order in Europe”
Entire time Japan is constantly in little border wars with the Soviet Union
Shocked when Nazi-Soviet Pact Announced in 1939.

In 1939, Japan’s Problems in Asia, not European
How to deal with China
Very threatened by Soviet Union
Didn’t want to antagonize the United States
Coveted Vietnam, Dutch East Indies and other areas in Southeast Asia
Believed that Southeast Asia should be ruled by Asians, mainly them
They lose the Battle of Nomonhan to Soviet Union.

In 1940
Tripartite Pact
Hitler starts thinking about invading Soviet Union

In 1941

April 13, 1941—Japan concludes treaty of neutrality with USSR.
June 22, 1941—Hitler invades Soviet Union
June 23, 1941—German controlled France agrees to let Japan take over Vietnam.
US places total embargo after Vietnam and Dutch East Indies occupied by Japan.

Pearl Harbor

December 7, 1941—Japan bombs Pearl Harbor
Admiral Yamamoto terrified to learn that Air Craft Carriers not hurt
Hitler declares war on US

Reasons why Japan launched war in Asia
To Protect position in China, especially Manchuria
To gain new colonies and Raw Materials
To preserve conservative government of Japan
To combat communism, especially China

What happened?
Japan lost entire colonial empire
US insisted on dismantling traditional government, Emperor
Japanese Occupation Fostered Intensification of Communism

Readings: Smith, et

., 946-950

The Holocaust
Readings: Smith et al, 946-950

Genocide in 20th Century

Genocide had very specific form in 20th century.
Armenian Genocide had roots in late 19th century but 1 ½ million were killed between 1915-1923
Used in concentration camps as well as mass deportations
Used Special Organization (Teshkilati Mahsusa) to organize killing
Turks claim it was an action against a bitter enemy during war

Rape of Nanjing
Japanese killed over 300,000 and raped between 60,000- 80,000.
Like Turks, claimed massacre was a necessary act against enemy combattants
Question: what is moral and immoral in war? Are 20th century wars different in the violence they enacted on civilians?

Click to edit Master text styles
Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level

Wanted to purify German (Aryan) Race
Afraid if intermarried and reproduced with other races, the Aryan race would degenerate.
In Mein Kampf, Adolph Hitler argued that it was necessary to exterminate Jews and other “inferior races”
Nazi Policy—Extremes of Race-based Thinking (Eugenics)

Nuremberg Laws and Kristallnacht
September 1935 Nuremberg Laws—laws discriminating against the Jews, depriving them of citizenship, prevent them from having sexual contact with “Aryans”/Germans
November 1938—Kristallnacht “The Night the Broken of Glass” – Germans begin to put thousands of Jews in “concentration” camps, where they were forced to labor for the Government

Events during the War
Killing Intensifies
SS Einsatzgruppen (Action squads)
Mobile killing units
Firing squads murdered massive number of people
Buried them in mass graves
By 1941, the SS Einsatzgruppen had murdered 1.5 million people, mostly Jews
January 20, 1942 the Wannsee Conference in Berlin
The Jews were rounded up and sent to Labor and the Death camps.
3 million people were killed in Auschwitz alone.
At least 6 million Jews killed

The Holocaust
European Jewish population fell from 9,739,200 to 3,505,800
Also killed 5 million other undesirables (disabled, Slavs, gypsies, homosexuals, petty criminals, Jehovah’s Witness, communists).
After they were killed, the bodies were burned in large crematories, but many bodies still evident when camps liberated.

United Nations Declaration on Human Rights, But:
Genocide in Rwanda
Genocide in Bosnia
Genocide in Kosovo
Genocide in Sudan
Could it happen again?

THE COLD WAR

READINGS: Smith, et al., 950-955, 959-985

WHAT WAS THE COLD WAR?

Undeclared War between Two Superpowers

United States

Democracy

Capitalism

Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.)

Communism

Theatres of Battle:

Proxy wars in other countries

Nuclear Arms Race

Space Race

Economic Competition

KOREAN PROBLEMS
End of World War II:
North Korea (Soviet Zone):
Soviets turn North Korea into militarized Communist State under Kim Il-Sung
South Korea (U.S. Zone):
Korean’s Create “People’s Republic”
U.S. refuses recognition
Economy so tied into Japan’s not sure want to separate it
Don’t want to give land confiscated by Japanese back to Koreans
Reluctantly agreed to back South Korea as United Nations recommended Korea’s independence

NORTH KOREA
Kim Il-Sung
Born into Christian family
Organized anti-Japanese resistance movement from USSR in 1930s
Proclaimed “People’s Democratic Republic” (September 9, 1948)
Institutionalized dictatorship modeled on Stalin’s
Repressed/killed thousands and created a police state

SOUTH KOREA
Rhee Syngman
Nationalist and Christian
Politically conservative
Spent many years in the U.S.
Unpopular with many non-Christians
Unpopular with Koreans opposed to U.S. influence
Led to leftist movements
He imprisoned thousands and created police state

KOREAN WAR (1950-1953)
Both Koreas wanted Reunification – with force if necessary
United Nations passed resolution in favor of democratic unified Korea
North Korea (with Soviet and Chinese support) invaded South Korea (June 25, 1950)
U.S. General Douglas MacArthur ordered U.N. invasion of North Korea
With the successful invasion of North Korea, MacArthur wanted to push into China
Threatened by U.N./U.S. invasion, China supported North Korean Advance into South Korea
With stalemate, armistice signed restoring division at 38th Parallel (June 27, 1953)
North Korea: one of poorest nations in the world today under Kim Il-Jong
South Korea: One of Asia’s “Little Tigers”

THE CHINESE REVOLUTION
Sun Yat-sen – Father of Modern China? (Elected President Dec. 30, 1911)
May 4th Movement (May 4, 1919)
1920 – 1949 Civil War between Nationalists and Communists

CHINESE NATIONALISTS
Kuomintang (KMT)
Under leadership of Chiang Kai-shek
Allied with Shanghai business community
Formed United Front with Chinese Communists to unify country between 1926 and 1928
1928 – Expelled communists and killed thousands
Chiang ran the Republic of China from 1928-1937 from Capital in Nanjing
Attempted to modernize China along western lines
Received significant public and private aid from the United States

CHINESE COMMUNISTS
Mao Zedong
Peasant who saw base of Communists in Peasantry
Used violence to redistribute property
1935 – “Long March” with 100,000 soldiers
Fought 6,000 miles on foot
Moved into Northern Shensi Province
Set up Headquarters in Yenan – 1936

JAPANESE INVASION OF CHINA, 1937
Communists and Nationalists form uneasy front against Japan
Communists build up peasant support in Northern China
Communists build mass-based party
Communists foster cult of people/peasants

END OF WORLD WAR II IN CHINA

U.S. wants Nationalists and Communists to form coalition government
Nationalists refuse
Have more U.S. weapons
Thought could easily defeat CCP
Had no cause
Had no economic program
Many KMT generals warlords who fought each other for territory

CHINESE CIVIL WAR, 1946-1949
Communists had millions of peasants, few weapons
Gradually defeated KMT
Confiscated weapons
October 1, 1949, victorious Mao proclaims “The People’s Republic of China”
Chiang Kai-Shek, KMT flee to Taiwan

PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA, 1949-1957
Communists consolidate power
Economy a disaster at end of war
Rebuilt it rapidly with Soviet assistance, but still backward
Collectivized agriculture
Tried to industrialize along Soviet lines
Failed – too backward

“Great Leap Forward” – 1958
Urban population up 30% 1952-1957
Grain production stagnant
Mao solution – industrialize on the collectives
Put factories in rural areas
Worked at first
Failed without Soviet Assistance
1959 Huge Famine

“THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION” 1960-1978
Famine challenged communist myths
Peasants, workers turned against Mao and the CCP
The Cultural Revolution
Reeducate masses
Universities closed
Dissidents attacked
Millions killed, tortured, imprisoned
Only ended with Mao’s Death

U.S. AND CHINA
Both Chiang Kai-Shek and Mao Zedong committed to “One China”
Before 1971, U.S. recognized Nationalist Taiwan as “official” China
July 1971 – President Richard Nixon sends Henry Kissinger to China
October 1971, Taiwan Kicked out of U.N., “People’s Republic of China” brought in
May 1973 – Chinese and U.S. “normalize” all relations
Nixon agrees Taiwan should be reunified with China
January 1, 1979 President Jimmy Carter recognizes “People’s Republic of China” as “official” government of China

CHINA UNDER DENG XIOAPING (1978-1997)
Under Deng Xioping, China moves rapidly in a capitalist direction
Encourages trade, especially with the U.S.
Limited Democracy – much official repression
Tiananmen Square Massacre
Brings tanks in to fire on students protesting for Democracy, Liberal ideals of French and American Revolution

CONTEMPORARY CHINA

With Baoding English Class

CHALLENGES CHINA FACES

TAIWAN
Island largely populated by Malay peoples
Taiwan only annexed by Qing Dynasty in 17th Century
Encourage Chinese migration
1894/1910 Taiwan becomes Japanese Colony
Fostered Industrialization
Fostered Mass Education
1944 – 71% Chinese Literate
Only 10% Literate in Dutch East Indies and French Indochina
Restricted Taiwanese university education
Allowed Taiwanese farmers to own land
Main Point: Taiwan’s 20th Century History very different from that of Mainland China

END OF WORLD WAR II
Taiwan Reunified with China
KMT ruled Taiwan as conquered colony
Taiwanese Rebellion 1947
10,000 Taiwanese killed

DEFEAT OF KMT – 1949
Communists defeat Nationalists (KMT) in Chinese Civil War
Chiang Kai-shek and 2 million KMT soldiers flee to Taiwan
Brutally chase Taiwanese out of homes, factories, land
Thousands more killed
Taiwanese believe Chinese Nationalists worse than Japanese

UNITED STATES AND TAIWAN
1949 – U.S. recognizes Taiwan as “true” China
Taiwan admitted to United Nations
Taiwan grew economically
The KMT dictatorship morphs into democracy
U.S. invested capital
U.S. provided military support

IS TAIWAN A SEPARATE NATION OR A PROVINCE OF CHINA?
Improved U.S. Relations with Mao -> Taiwan no longer recognized
Tensions persist between China and Taiwan
Lee Teng-hui – member of KMT – first elected President of Taiwan 1996
Proclaims Taiwan will deal with mainland China on the basis of “special state-to-state relations”
China rejects “two-state theory”
Chen Shui-bian, head of Democratic Progressive Party, native Taiwanese elected President March 2000
Platform calls for Independent Taiwan
First victory of native Taiwanese over KMT
Significant and often escalating tensions between China and Taiwan
Ma-Ying-Jeou, ardent KMT, becomes President in March 2008

IS ONE CHINA POSSIBLE?
President Bush stands firm on U.S. Commitment to “One China” but…
Taiwan very democratic, little democracy in China
1992: China’s per capita GNP $560.00, Taiwan’s $9,300
2006: China’s per capita GNP $7,700,
Taiwan’s $29,000
U.S. ignores many human rights abuses in China, but…
China has 3rd largest economy in the world
U.S. has many economic interests in both Taiwan and China
Much of Chinese investment comes from Taiwanese

VIETNAM
Under French colonial control from 1880s
Created plantation economy in hands of French
Destroyed Vietnamese families
Took Vietnamese land
Used Vietnamese as forced laborers
Much resentment

Ho Chi Minh
One of Many Vietnamese nationalists opposed to French rule
Went to Paris seeking national self-determination for Vietnam in 1919-1920
No one would talk to him
Founded French Communist Party
Studied in the Soviet Union
Launched nationalist uprisings from China in 1930s
French put down uprisings, killing thousands
Had little influence in country

JAPANESE ACQUIRE VIETNAM
Germans make France give Vietnam to Japan 1940
When obvious would lose, Japanese attacked French in Vietnam
U.S. supports Ho Chi Minh, who creates Viet Minh to liberate Vietnam
General Vo Nguyen Giap occupies Hanoi after Japanese surrender
Proclaims Provisional Government with Ho Chi Minh as President
Ho Chi Minh proclaims Democratic Republic of Vietnam – September 2, 1945

VIETNAMESE WAR AGAINST THE FRENCH
French insist on keeping Vietnam leading to war 1946-1954
Ho Chi Minh controls North
French create puppet regime under Bao Dai, last of Nguyen emperors in South
War with France ends when Vietnamese devastate French troops in Battle of Dien Bien Phu – 1954

THE VIETNAM WAR
Geneva Conference
U.S. originally backed Ho Chi Minh, but scared by development of Communism in Korea and China
“The Domino Theory”
Recognized French government of Bao Dai
Gave government $4 billion in aid 1950-1954
Now U.S. backed division of country at 17th Parallel
Ho Chi Minh controlled North
Ngo Dinh Diem backed by U.S. controlled the Republic of Vietnam in the South
Soviets and China sent material aid but no soldiers to North Vietnam
U.S. sent half a million soldiers to South by 1969

DEFEAT OF SOUTH VIETNAM
South difficult to govern
Multiethnic
Divisions between Buddhists and Catholics
Corruption in Government
Ho Chi Minh sometimes popular as nationalist
Terrain difficult
U.S. dropped more tons of bombs on Vietnam than they did on Japan in World War II
U.S. used napalm to destroy foliage
Atrocities led much U.S. public opinion against war, many demonstrations
U.S. withdraws after much protest – 1973
Two years later, Saigon falls
Vietnam becomes Communist
Those who could, left
Vietnam communist, but moving in Capitalist direction like China
Still one of poorest countries in Asia

WORLD WAR II

Readings: Smith, et al., 950-955, 959-985

JAPANESE BOMB PEARL HARBOR

Sneak Attack on U.S Naval Base

Destroys planes and battleships

Aircraft carriers out on maneuvers

Roosevelt: Day of Infamy

Admiral Yamamoto: “We have awakened a sleeping tiger”

THE U.S. ENTERS WORLD WAR II
December 7: Pearl Harbor Bombed
December 8: U.S. Declares War on Japan
December 10: Britain Declares War on Japan
December 11: Hitler Declares War on the U.S.
Italy Declares War on the United States

WORLD WAR II COMBATTANTS
EUROPE:
ALLIES: ENGLAND, THE SOVIET UNION, AND THE UNITED STATES
AXIS:
GERMANY AND ITALY

WORLD WAR II COMBATTANTS
ASIA:
ALLIES:
UNITED STATES, GREAT BRITAIN
AXIS:
JAPAN AND GERMANY

PROBLEM – SOVIET UNION
Stalin Creating 2nd
Superpower
5 Year Plans – Rapid Industrialization
Collectivization of Agriculture – Increase Productivity to Feed Workers
Great Terror –
Forced Migration to
Siberia
Does it make it possible to do things not possible in Democracy

U.S. – Fight war in Europe First
Stakes Highest
Hitler Dominating Europe
Much of War Fought in North Africa (September 1940-May 1943)
Mussolini wanted to reconstruct Roman Empire, invades Egypt
Germany bales out Mussolini
U.S. contributes tank force under Gen. George Patton
Patton defeats German General Erwin Rommel

U.S. Britain, Canada invade Italy (July 10, 1943)
Mussolini forced to resign (July 25, 1943)
Rescued by Hitler September 15, 1943
Creates Salo Republic in Northern Italy
Much of European fighting in Italy

BATTLE OF BRITAIN
Massive Bombing
Germans Target London
Britain Targets German Cities
Civilian Casualties High
Firebombing of Dresden
Radar
Enigma Machines

Hitler invades Soviet Union (June 22, 1941)
Germans Decide on “Final Solution”
Winter Threatens German Troops in Russia
Siege of Moscow
Battle of Stalingrad
Gen. Zhukov stops Germans advance (November 1942) – major turning point of war in Europe

War in the Pacific
Japan invades Philippines (January 2, 1942)
Conquers most of Southeast Asia, Many Islands
U.S., allies, have to fight back island by island

MAKING PEACE OUT OF WAR
Moscow Conference (October 19-November 1, 1943)
U.S., Britain, Soviet Union agree to form United Nations
Tehran Conference (November 28-December 1, 1943)
Open up Second Front
Europe’s Soft Underbelly: Eastern Europe (Churchill)
France
Ultimately – Normandy Landing – D-Day June 6, 1944

WORLD WAR II COMBATTANTS
EUROPE:
ALLIES: ENGLAND, THE SOVIET UNION, AND THE UNITED STATES
AXIS:
GERMANY AND ITALY

MAKING PEACE OUT OF WAR
Yalta Conference (February 1945)
Germany to be Disarmed and Denazified
German Leaders to be Tried as War Criminals
Each power would occupy part of Germany
Soviet Union could collect Reparations
United Nations would be formed
Agreed Soviets could supervise elections in Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary
Agreed to divide Korea at 38th Parallel – if Soviets declared war on Japan

END OF WAR IN EUROPE
Roosevelt dies (April 12, 1945)
Harry Truman becomes U.S. President
German Divisions in Italy Resign (April 28, 1945)
Mussolini and Mistress Killed by Anti-Fascists
Battle of Berlin (May 1, 1945)
Hitler and new wife Eva Braun commit suicide

V-E Day in Europe (May 8, 1945)

POTSDAM CONFERENCE (JULY 17-AUGUST 2, 1945)
Truman, Churchill/Atlee, Stalin confirm Yalta Agreement
Truman announces U.S. secret weapon

Hiroshima (August 6, 1945)

SOVIETS DECLARE WAR ON JAPAN (AUGUST 8, 1945)
Soviets invade Korea, Manchuria

U.S. DROPS ATOMIC BOMB ON NAGASAKI (AUGUST 9, 1945)

JAPAN SURRENDERS (AUGUST 10, 1945)

WORLD WAR II ENDS/COLD WAR BEGINS (SEPTEMBER 2, 1945)
Korea Divided at 38th Parallel
Germany Divided
“Iron Curtain” Descending Upon Europe
Nuclear Arms Race

COLD WAR IN EUROPE
Fear of Communism in Greece, Italy, and France
Fear of Revival of Fascism in Germany
July 1947 – Marshall Plan
April 1949 – Creation of NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Orga1nization)
August 29, 1949 – Soviets detonate Atomic Bomb
1955 – Soviets form Warsaw Pact
October 4, 1957 – Soviets launch Sputnik

European Union

De-colonization in the Middle East

De-colonization in Palestine

De-colonization in Egypt

De-colonization in Algeria

Terms: Balfour Declaration, Gamal Nasser, Suez Crisis, Pied Noir

Mandates
Colonies under a new name in the Middle East:
Syria, Lebanon to France
Lebanon, Independent 1943
Syria, Independent 1945
Palestine, Iraq to Great Britain
Iraq Independent in 1932 but British troops continued to support non-Iraqui monarch
Leftist coup 1958—ended British rule

I. De-colonization in Palestine
Palestine before Israel
Massive Jewish migration between wars
British tried to halt migration-failed with Holocaust
Britain turned it over to the United Nations in 1947

Creation of State of Israel
U.N. Declared Partition of Palestine
David Ben-Gurion declares statehood, 1948
War ended hostilities
Israel a state in area it occupied
600,000 Palestinians fled or were driven out, creating new population of stateless refugees

De-colonization in Egypt
European imperialism in Egypt
The Rise of Gamal Nasser – Army overthrows King Farouk and asserts independence
The Suez Crisis
1956- Britain withdraws troops
Egypt nationalizes waters/canal
Provoked – Israel attacks Egypt
France and England send ships to protect canal
U.S. forces French/British withdrawal
Begin of the end for Br. And Fr. Colonial Empires
U.S. moving in as interventionist power in Middle East

Algeria under the French
Algeria under the French from 19th Century
Many French migrated to Algeria – largest European settler pop. In N. Africa—the pieds noirs (black boots) – held 1/3 of all land
By 1950—80% pieds noirs born in Algeria
Algeria not a colony but an integral part of France
Algerian elite saw selves as more French than Algerian

Algerian War
FLN (National Liberation Front) launches movement for independence from French – 1954
French dug in, sending 400,000 troops to Algeria
Algerian women hiding behind headscarfs planted bombs in European cafes
French soldiers savagely tortured Algerian Arabs
Brutality of French soldiers led to massive anti-war protests in France
Led army to use torture against French citizens in France

Algerian War Continued
Pieds Noirs – determined to keep Algerian French, threatened coups, set off bombs in France and Algeria, and assassinated politicians
1958 army coup brings Charles de Gaulle to power – hope strong leader would keep Algeria
De Gaulle negotiates emergency powers and creates strong presidency to deal with crisis
Terrorism in France and Algeria escalated
De Gaulle negotiates settlement with Algerian leaders in 1962, making Algeria Independent after 300,000 Algerians and 20,000 Frenchmen killed
Millions of pieds noirs and Algerian supporters flee to France

Globalization and Its Discontents

Have studied world history by country, but do countries matter anymore?

Southern California: Collectively 6th richest country in world

EU under threat now but collectively was 2nd largest economy to that of the US in 2006

Banks, corporations, even underground drug dealers may be more important in global economy than nation-states?

How does government fiscal policy work?

Learning Goal A
Understand the origins and forces that shaped the modern world from 1400 and the emerging factors that contribute to a multipolar world order:
China maybe most powerful country in the world in 1500
Much of class is about how Europe, the U.S., and Japan surpassed China economically and politically
Now? China a powerful economy, but politically ?

How Do You Measure Wealth?
GDP – GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT =the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period. GDP per capita is often considered an indicator of a country’s standard of living GDP = private consumption + gross investment + government spending + (exports − imports), or GDP = C + I + G +(X – M )
PER CAPITA GDP=GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT PER PERSON= GDP/POPULATION

Estimated GDP Per Capita Purchase Power Parity, 2006
>$30,000 $10,000-29,999 $5,000-9,999 $2,000-4,999 <$2,000 Luxembourg $71,400 Taiwan $29,500 Thailand $9,200 Serbia $4,400 Senegal $1,800 United Arab Emirates $49,700 Spain $27,400 Romania $9,100 Angola $4,400 Haiti $1,800 Norway $46,300 Israel $26,200 Brazil $8,800 Egypt $4,200 N. Korea $1,800 Ireland $44,509 S. Korea $24,500 Iran $8,700 Syria $4,100 Cote d’Ivoire $1,600 U.S. $44,000 Kuwait $23,100 Dom.Rep. $8,400 Cuba $4,000 Rwanda $1,600 Canada $35,000 Czech $21,900 Ukraine $7,800 Indonesia $3,900 Nigeria $1,500 Australia $33,300 Portugal $19,800 China $7,700 India $3,800 Gaza $1,500 Japan $33,100 Hungary $17,600 Algeria $7,600 Vietnam $3,100 West Bank $1,500 Netherlands $32,100 Argentina $15,200 Peru $6,600 Iraq $2,900 Tajikistan $1,300 Germany $31,900 Oman $14,400 Jordan $5,100 Cambodia $2,700 Burkina Faso $1,300 U.K.(England) $31,800 Poland $14,300 Philippines $5,000 Ghana $2,700 Mali $1,300 Singapore $31,400 Saudi Arabia $13,600 Pakistan $2,600 Benin $1,100 France $31,100 Croatia $13,400 Sudan $2,400 Afghanistan $800 Italy $30,200 Russia $12,200 Bangladesh $2,300 Congo (D.R.) $700 Mexico $10,700 Zimbabwe $2,100 Somalia $600 Richest Countries in the World 2011 Southern California Greater LA, Orange, San Bernardino, and Riverside Counties produce more output than Russia Throw in San Diego County, Southern California Produces more output than most of world Poorest Countries in the World, 2011 Globalization and Crime: What Makes a City Dangerous? Can History Explain Why Some Countries are Rich and Others Poor? - 2 Legacy of Wars World War I, exacerbated by Cold War Conflicts Instability in Middle East Israel/Palestine Iraq Iran World War II Japan received over 2 billion dollars from the US to rebuild after war Both Germany and Japan prevented from spending money on armies Cold War U.S. backed countries got better foreign aid and advice Marshall Funds, Europe Soviet priorities emphasized more weapons than aid North, South Korea East, West Germany Religious Fundamentalism and Ethnic Tensions Especially significant in Africa and the Middle East Civil strife not so good for economic development Natural Resources Not that Important France, Germany, Japan lack natural resources Nigeria and other impoverished countries in Africa extraordinarily rich in natural resources Can History Explain Why Some Countries are Rich and Others Poor? To some extent, the development of underdevelopment Colonial powers reshape economies and production in colonies to benefit themselves Colonial rule left legacies that made countries unstable—especially in Africa and Latin America Ruled through wealthy colonial elites, who own most land Pulled so much wealth out of colonies that it impoverished illiterate poor Often emphasized and exacerbated ethnic tensions to rule more effectively Emphasis on cash crops like Coffee and sugar impoverished whole countries except elites (later drugs become powerful cash crops) – retarded industrialization Where are We Going? Industrial Revolution—late 18th century Mechanization of textile industry Steam engine: use of machines to make things instead of crafting them by hand Second Industrial Revolution—late 19th Century Assembly line—turn people into machines Era of mass production Third Industrial Revolution? – Now? New materials, new processes Much lower input of labor, especially with robotics—cost of labor as a proportion of production cost will go down Key demand for labor will be in collaborative manufacturing services available on-line “The Days of huge factories full of lots of people are not there anymore”—Colin Smith, Director of Engineering and technology for Rolls Royce Digitization of manufacturing—everything in factory will be run by smarter software—Does this make more training and education crucial? If so, why is America cutting back on education and training so savagely? Will this bring production back to rich countries where demand for new goods is highest???????:? Learning Goal B Understand the recurring themes in the development of diverse cultures and societies since 1500, including the socio-economic, political, cultural and environmental impact of colonialism, industrialism, nationalism, and globalization How Do We Understand India? Colonialism – British dominate country for most of its modern history With industrialization, need to persuade people they want to buy goods and services – Advertising, media a part of this Capitalism – Those who run companies search for those who will work for the lowest wages? What does it tell us that the lowest wages might be in the U.S.? But do those willing to work for the lowest wages in the U.S. have the same skills as those working for low wages in India handling call centers? Global Population Population and Economic Development Don’t think about population much, but it is critical: China has second largest world economy, but per capita GDP still among that of poorest countries: Should China have a one-child policy-what kinds of odd demographic effects produced by policy—aging and male population India prospering, but large size of population dragging down its economy and the well-being of ordinary people What is the difference between the ways in which countries, religions, dictatorships, democracy make decisions on population? How do these decisions affect men, women, and children? W UYGHURS PROTESTING CHINESE ETHNIC CLEANSING Environment and Technology Much of Chinese History about controlling flood waters How does population growth and the demands of industrial society affect the environment? What is the relationship between environment and technology? Why/are we so inept in dealing with environmental crises? Hurricane Katrina BP Oil Spill Bringing It All Together Learning Goal C: Critically engage with source material, including original records, eyewitness accounts, memoirs, newsppaers, surveys, statistics, film, and scientific treatises When our products are global, our History needs to be global as well

Where Is the World’s Wealth?
The World’s GDP

WORLD	65,950,000,000,000
U.S.	13,130,000,000,000
EU	13,060,000,000,000
CHINA	10,170,000,000,000
JAPAN	4,218,000,000,000
INDIA	4,156,000,000,000
RUSSIA	1,746,000,000,000
BRAZIL	1,655,000,000,000
SOUTH KOREA	1,196,000,000,000
CANADA	1,178,000,000,000
MEXICO	1,149,000,000,000
INDONESIA	948,300,000,000
TAIWAN	680,500,000,000

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