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Read the article attached below and complete each part with at least a 5 sentence answer.
Also, you need to provide specific examples cited from the study. You must also write in complete sentences.
Part 1:
Write one paragraph on your observations and explanations of the author and timeline
. .
Part 2:
Write one paragraph on your observations and explanations of whether bias is present
.
Part 3:
Write one paragraph on your observations and explanations of the study’s data and conclusions
.
NOAA, NASA: Significant ozone hole remains over
Antarctica
October 20, 2011
Ozone levels in the atmosphere above the South Pole dropped to a seasonal low of 102 Dobson
Units Oct. 9, tied for the 10th lowest in the 26-year record. The ozone layer helps protect the
planet’s surface from harmful ultraviolet radiation. Every year, an ozone hole forms above the
Antarctic for several weeks, because of environmental conditions and the presence of ozone-
depleting chemicals.
High Resolution (Credit: NOAA)
The Antarctic ozone hole, which yawns wide every Southern Hemisphere spring, reached its
annual peak on September 12, stretching 10.05 million square miles, the ninth largest on record.
Above the South Pole, the ozone hole reached its deepest point of the season on October 9 when
total ozone readings dropped to 102 Dobson units, tied for the 10th lowest in the 26-year record.
The ozone layer helps protect the planet’s surface from harmful ultraviolet radiation. NOAA and
NASA use balloon-borne instruments, ground instruments, and satellites to monitor the annual
South Pole ozone hole, global levels of ozone in the stratosphere, and the manmade chemicals
that contribute to ozone depletion.
“The upper part of the atmosphere over the South Pole was colder than average this season and
that cold air is one of the key ingredients for ozone destruction,” said James Butler, director of
NOAA’s Global Monitoring Division in Boulder, Colo. Other key ingredients are ozone-
depleting chemicals that remain in the atmosphere and ice crystals on which ozone-depleting
chemical reactions take place.
“Even though it was relatively large, the size of this year’s ozone hole was within the range we’d
expect given the levels of manmade, ozone-depleting chemicals that continue to persist,” said
Paul Newman, chief atmospheric scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center.
http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2011/images/spole_totaloz_2011_oct12
http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2011/images/spole_totaloz_2011_oct12
Levels of most ozone-depleting chemicals are slowly declining due to international action, but
many have long lifetimes, remaining in the atmosphere for decades. Scientists around the world
are looking for evidence that the ozone layer is beginning to heal, but this year’s data from
Antarctica do not hint at a turnaround.
In August and September (spring in Antarctica), the sun begins rising again after several months
of darkness. Circumpolar winds keep cold air trapped above the continent, and sunlight-sparked
reactions involving ice clouds and manmade chemicals begin eating away at the ozone. Most
years, the conditions for ozone depletion ease by early December, and the seasonal hole closes.
NOAA researchers at the South Pole release a ballonsonde, a massive balloon carrying
instruments that measure ozone, temperature, humidity and more from the surface of the snow to
about 20 miles high.
High Resolution (Credit: NOAA)
Levels of most ozone-depleting chemicals in the atmosphere have been gradually declining since
an international treaty to protect the ozone layer, the 1987 Montreal Protocol, was signed. That
international treaty caused the phase out of ozone-depleting chemicals, then used widely in
refrigeration, as solvents and in aerosol spray cans.
Global atmospheric models predict that stratospheric ozone could recover by the middle of this
century, but the ozone hole in the Antarctic will likely persist one to two decades beyond that,
according to the latest analysis by the World Meteorological Organization, the 2010 Ozone
Assessment, with co-authors from NOAA and NASA.
Researchers do not expect a smooth, steady recovery of Antarctic ozone, because of natural ups
and downs in temperatures and other factors that affect depletion, noted NOAA ESRL scientist
Bryan Johnson. Johnson helped co-author a recent NOAA paper that concluded it could take
another decade to begin discerning changes in the rates of ozone depletion.
Johnson is part of the NOAA team tracks ozone depletion around the globe and at the South Pole
with measurements made from the ground, in the atmosphere itself and by satellite. Johnson’s
“ozonesonde” group has been using balloons to loft instruments 18 miles into the atmosphere for
http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2011/images/2011ozonesonde12
http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2011/images/2011ozonesonde12
26 years to collect detailed profiles of ozone levels from the surface up. The team also measures
ozone with satellite and ground-based instruments.
This November marks the 50th anniversary of the start of total ozone column measurements by
the NOAA Dobson spectrophotometer instrument at South Pole station. Ground-based ozone
column measurements started nearly two decades before the yearly Antarctic ozone hole began
forming, therefore helping researchers to recognize this unusual change of the ozone layer.
NASA measures ozone in the stratosphere with the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) aboard
the Aura satellite. OMI continues a NASA legacy of monitoring the ozone layer from space that
dates back to 1972 and the launch of the Nimbus-4 satellite.
A new satellite scheduled to launch this month, the NPP satellite, features a new ozone-
monitoring instrument, the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite, which will provide more detailed
daily, global ozone measurements than ever before to continue the task of observing the ozone
layer’s gradual recovery. The NPP satellite is part of Joint Polar Satellite System, a program of
NOAA, NASA and the Department of Defense (formerly known as the NPOESS Preparatory
Project). It is scheduled to launch October 27 from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California.
NOAA’s mission is to understand and predict changes in the Earth’s environment, from the
depths of the ocean to the surface of the sun, and to conserve and manage our coastal and marine
resources. Join us on Facebook, Twitter and our other social media channels.
http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2011/20111020_ozone.html
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