HEALTH

1. What are the two functions of the respiratory system?

2. Name the structures of the upper respiratory tract.

3. Name the structures of the lower respiratory tract.

4. What effect does the nasal cavity have on inhaled air?

5. Name the structure shared by both the respiratory and digestive systems.

6. Name the structure that contains the vestibular and vocal folds. What protective function do these folds have?

7. The vocal folds are also known as the . Why?

8. Name the organ that maintains an open passageway to and from the lungs. What particular structure helps to keep this passageway open?

9. This passageway divides into two , which upon entering the lungs, continue to divide into smaller until they ultimately divide into .

10. Each divides repetitively to form , , and .

11. What structure serves as the site for gas exchange? These rounded structures are surrounded by .

12. How do oxygen and carbon dioxide move between the blood and the alveoli?

13. What is the Latin term for the vestibule? What does this word mean?

14. Name the three midline structures that make up the nasal septum.

15. Name the largest paranasal sinus.

16. Name the portion of the throat posterior to the oral cavity. What lymphatic organs are located there?

17. Name the structure of the soft palate that elevates during swallowing to prevent food from entering the nasopharynx.

18. Name a structure commonly deviated from the mid-line, impacting airflow.

19. Name the shelflike projection of mucosa-covered bone that is a separate bone.

20. Name the narrow space that contains the opening of the nasolacrimal duct.

21. What is the threefold purpose for increasing the surface area of the nasal cavity with conchae and meatus?

22. Name the collection of lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx.

23. Name the structure of the nasopharynx that represents the anterior end of the narrow duct between the middle ear and the pharynx. Name the structure of the nasopharynx that surrounds it.

1. Another term for breathing is .

2. Both and result from changes in in the .

3. What structures drive these changes?

4. During inspiration, the thoracic cavity increases in . Why?

5. What regulates the length of the thoracic cavity?

6. How is the length of the thoracic cavity increased during inspiration?

7. What changes occur with the diaphragm and the thoracic cavity during expiration?

8. What regulates the depth and width of the thoracic cavity? How?

9. How does the elevation of the ribs affect the thoracic cavity width? This motion is similar to .

10. What effect does this elevation of the ribs have on the sternum? What effect does this have on the thoracic cavity depth?

11. How does the movement of the sternum and ribs facilitate inspiration?

Animation: Partial Pressure

After viewing the animation, answer these questions:

1. What is the partial pressure of oxygen in fresh air entering the lungs?

2. What effect does moisture in the lungs have on this number?

3. What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in fresh air entering the lungs?

4. What effect does carbon dioxide delivered to the lungs from the blood have on this number?

5. Describe the direction of diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli.

6. This occurs because of .

7. This occurs at the ends of the .

8. What occurs as a result of diffusion at the venous ends of the pulmonary capillaries?

9. With no differences in partial pressure, .

10. How do oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse into/out of the tissue capillaries?

11. This occurs because of .

12. What occurs at the venous ends of the tissue capillaries?

13. The blood now carries the to the .

14. In the body, all of these exchanges occur .

Animation: Alveolar Pressure Changes

After viewing the animation, answer these questions:

1. At the end of expiration, .

2. Therefore, .

3. Inspiration begins with of the to .

4. This results in .

5. The increased alveolar pressure causes a in below and

flows .

6. At the end of inspiration, .

7. Air flow into the lungs causes .

8. The pressure becomes equal, so .

9. During expiration, the of the as the , and the and

the .

10. This results in a in and an in .

11. The is now than , so air flows of the lungs.

12. Air continues to flow out of the lungs until .

Animation: Diffusion Across Respiratory Membrane

After viewing the animation, answer these questions:

1. In the lungs, gas exchange takes place .

2. What are alveoli? Where are they located?

3. What is the diameter of an alveolus? How many are in each lung?

4. What are the two types of specialized cells in the wall of the alveoli?

5. The cells that form 90 percent of the alveolar wall are .

6. Describe these cells.

7. Name and describe the second type of cells.

8. What do these cells secrete? What is the function of this secretion?

9. form a network around each alveolus.

10. Name the thin structure that separates the capillary blood from the air in the alveolus.

11. What is this thin structure composed of?

12. This structure has a thickness of only , which facilitates .

13. What causes the diffusion of gases across this membrane? Explain it for both oxygen and carbon dioxide.

1. Name the serous membrane that covers the lungs.

2. Name the space formed between the visceral and parietal pleura.

3. What is the primary muscle of respiration?

4. What pressure changes occur when the primary muscle contracts?

5. What nerve is responsible for these contractions?

6. The oblique fissure of the left lung separates the lobes, while in the right lung it separates the lobes.

7. The horizontal fissure of the right lung separates the lobes.