USA: +1(669)289-8683 
Sign in
Here is the material then answer the questions.
|
To understand the health status of a population, it is essential to monitor and evaluate the consequences of the determinants of health. The health status of the United States is a description of the health of the total population, using information representative of most people living in this country. For relatively small population groups, however, it may not be possible to draw accurate conclusions about their health using current data collection methods. The goal of eliminating health disparities will necessitate improved collection and use of standardized data to identify correctly disparities among select population groups. Health status can be measured by birth and death rates, life expectancy, quality of life, morbidity from specific diseases, risk factors, use of ambulatory care and inpatient care, accessibility of health personnel and facilities, financing of health care, health insurance coverage, and many other factors. The information used to report health status comes from a variety of sources, including birth and death records; hospital discharge data; and health information collected from health care records, personal interviews, physical examinations, and telephone surveys. These measures are monitored on an annual basis in the United States and are reported in a variety of publications, including Health, United States andHealthy People Reviews. |
|
The leading causes of death are used frequently to describe the health status of the Nation. Over the past 100 years, the Nation has seen a great deal of change in the leading causes of death. At the beginning of the 1900s, infectious diseases ran rampant in the United States and worldwide and topped the leading causes of death. A century later, with the control of many infectious agents and the increasing age of the population, chronic diseases top the list. A very different picture emerges when the leading causes of death are viewed for various population groups. (see figure 2). |
|
The leading causes of death in the United States generally result from a mix of behaviors; injury, violence, and other factors in the environment; and the unavailability or inaccessibility of quality health services. Understanding and monitoring behaviors, environmental factors, and community health systems may prove more useful to monitoring the Nation’s true health, and in driving health improvement activities, than the death rates that reflect the cumulative impact of these factors. This more complex approach has served as the basis for developing the Leading Health Indicators. |
| Figure 1 below shows the leading causes of death as a percentage of all deaths in the United States, 1900 and 1996. |
Figure 2 shows the leading causes of death by age group, United States, 2008 The Leading Health Indicators reflect the major public health concerns in the United States and were chosen based on their ability to motivate action, the availability of data to measure their progress, and their relevance as broad public health issues.The Leading Health Indicators illuminate individual behaviors, physical and social environmental factors, and important health system issues that greatly affect the health of individuals and communities. Underlying each of these indicators is the significant influence of income and educationThe Leading Health Indicators are intended to help everyone more easily understand the importance of health promotion and disease prevention and to encourage wide participation in improving health. Developing strategies and action plans to address one or more of these indicators can have a profound effect on increasing the quality of life and the years of healthy life and on eliminating health disparities–creating healthy people in healthy communities.Physical activity
Overweight and obesityTobacco useSubstance abuseResponsible sexual behaviorMental healthInjury and violenceEnvironmental qualityImmunizationAccess to health care Your HeredityYou can control many factors that impact your health, however, some come from your genes. Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to their biological children. The “scientific name” for these traits is DNA, which is the pattern for all of your physical traits. Your EnvironmentThe environment you live in can have an impact on your health. Think about things like where you live, the housing conditions, the climate, and the air/water quality; these are all things in your physical environment that impact your health. You also are impacted by your social environment which is your family, neighbors, educational opportunities, and job opportunities. Your Health ChoicesThe most important aspect to your health is your own choices! What types of foods do you eat, who do you hang out with, and what do you allow to influence you? These are important questions to consider when making decisions for your health. The media and other forms of advertising will try to draw you to unhealthy habits and you will have to decide what is best for your body. Decisions and Your HealthWhen it comes to your health, the decisions you make will impact you for a lifetime. You have to have good decision making skills as a young adult when it comes to what you eat and how you live. Deciding to avoid things that harm your health like tobacco, fast food, or drugs can lead to a healthier life. Your Values & EthicsYour decisions are a reflection of your values. Values are the beliefs that guide the way a person lives. If a group of people share the same values they have core ethical values. Ethical means choosing to take the right action. Your values are developed from your parents, other family, friends, your culture, and possibly your religion. Your ChoicesIf you are unsure of the right choice and want to make a good decision you can use the H.E.L.P criteria to decide what to do: H (Healthful) What are the risks? E (Ethical) Is it right to do it?L (Legal) Does it break a law?P (Parental Approval) Would my parents approve?The Six Steps of Decision MakingState The SituationList The OptionsWeigh the Possible OutcomesConsider Your ValuesMake a Decision and ActEvaluate the Decision What is Character?Character is the way a person thinks, feels, and acts. If you have “good character” you act in a positive way when facing a real life situation. People with good character are trustworthy, caring, and overall good citizens. The exact traits for a person of good character are:TrustworthinessRespectResponsibilityFairnessCaringCitizenshipYour character is determined by your life experiences, role models, and the people you associate with. Go to http://www.choosemyplate.gov/ and look at the different tools they offer for eating healthy and weight management. The new “Food Pyramid” information is below:
MacronutrientsAll of the foods you eat are composed of three macronutrients: carbohydrates, protein and fat. Some foods are primarily carbohydrate (bread); others are mainly protein (turkey); and some are pure fat (olive oil). Other foods are combinations of two or all three. A slice of pizza is a perfect example. The crust and tomato sauce provide the carbohydrate, and the cheese provides protein and fat. In order to properly function, your body needs all three of these macronutrients in approximately the following ratio: 55 percent carbohydrate, 15 percent protein and no more than 30 percent total fat.
| NutrientCalories per gramCarbohydrate4 caloriesProtein4 caloriesFat9 calories |
| How many calories do I need? The ideal situation to maintain a healthy body weight is to take in the amount of calories you need – no more, no less. As we all know, this is much easier said than done. To get a rough idea of how many calories you should be eating, look at the following USDA chart. Keep in mind, however, that this chart only offers three general caloric ranges, and your requirements may vary depending upon your age, sex, size and activity level. |
| General Daily Calorie Requirements | |
| 1600 calories | Number of calories needed for many sedentary women and older adults. |
| 2200 calories | Number of calories needed for most children, teenage girls, active women, and many sedentary men. Women who are pregnant and breastfeeding may need somewhat more. |
| 2800 calories |
Number of calories needed for teenage boys, many active men, and some very active women.
|
Nutrients:A nutrient is a substance found in food that helps with body processes. The foods you eat give you energy. Energy is measured in calories. A calorie is a unit of energy produced by food and used by the body. Different nutrients provide different things your body needs.Carbohydrates:A nutrient that is the main source of energy for the body is a carbohydrate. Carbohydrates include sugars, starches, and fiber. There are two types of carbohydrates: simple and complex. Simple carbs enter the bloodstream fast and provide “quick energy”. They provide calories but provide little minerals and vitamins. Complex carbs are starches and fiber and include bread, pasta, potatoes, and beans. These foods provide long-lasting energy.
Fiber:The part of grains and plant foods that cannot be digested is fiber. Fiber helps move food through the digestive system. Good sources of fiber include grains, breads, cereals, seeds, dried beans, fruits, and vegetables. There are two types of fiber: soluble and insoluble.
Proteins:A nutrient that is needed for growth, to build, repair, and maintain body tissues, to regular body processes and to supply energy is a protein. Proteins form part of every cell in your body. They help your body maintain strength and resist infection. A diet that does not supply enough protein might stunt y your growth, affect the development of certain tissue, and affect mental health. There are two kinds of proteins: complete proteins and incomplete proteins.
Fats:A nutrient that provides energy and helps the body store and use some vitamins is fat. The body needs fats to maintain body heat, maintain an energy reserve, and build brain cells and nerve tissues. You can break fats into 3 categories: saturated fats, unsaturated fats, and trans-fatty acids. Vitamins:A nutrient that helps the body use carbohydrates, proteins, and fats is a vitamin. Vitamins do not provide energy to the body directly, but they help free energy stored in carbs, proteins, and fats.
There are two different types of vitamins–fat-soluble vitamins and water-soluble vitamins. Minerals:A nutrient that regulates many chemical reactions int he body is a mineral. There are two types of minerals: marco minerals and trace minerals.
Water:Water is a nutrient that is involved in all body processes. Water makes up part of the blood, helps with waste removal, regulates body temperature, and cushions the spinal cord and joints. Your body is more than 60% water. You can live without other nutrients for months, but you can survive without water only for about three days.
How To Read Nutrition Labels:Visit this website to learn more about how to read nutrition labels to make sure you are getting all of your nutrients!
Click Here To Learn More
Eating Disorders
Being within a healthy weight range is important for wellness. People who are overweight have a greater chance of developing serious health problems such as high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes. Being significantly underweight is also unhealthy. These people may not have enough stored body fat which serves as a source of energy.
An eating disorder is an extreme eating behavior that can lead to serious illness or even death. Eating disorders can develop from a person being overly concerned with their weight and body image. There are several types of eating disorders. These include Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating.
Anorexia Nervosa is an eating disorder in which a person strongly fears gaining weight and starves him or herself. Eating very little prevents the body from getting enough nutrients. Bones may not develop properly, blood pressure may drop, and the heart may be damaged.
Bulimia Nervosa is an eating disorder in which a person repeatedly eats large amounts of food and then purges. Two ways to purge include throwing up and using laxatives. Bulimia not only keeps the body from getting its nutrients, but can also harm the colon, liver, heart, and kidneys. The lining of the stomach and esophagus can also be damaged from throwing up.
Binge eating is a disorder in which people eat too much food at one time then fast or diet to lose weight. Binge eaters do not purge. Health risks include weight gain, heart disease, diabetes, and some cancers.
Benefits of Physical Activity
Physical activity is any movement that makes your body use extra energy. Being physically fit is important for a lifetime of healthy living. It can help prevent many health problems and can also improve your overall mood and moral.
Elements of Exercise
- Endurance- the ability to perform difficult physical activity without getting overly tired. Muscle Endurance- the ability of a muscle to repeatedly use force over a period of time.Cardiovascular endurance- the measure of how well your heart and lungs work during moderate-to-rigorous physical activity or exercise.
- Strength- the ability of your muscles to use force.
- Flexibility- the ability to move joints fully and easily through a full range of motion.
- Body Composition- is the proportions of fat, bone muscle, and fluid that make up body weight.
Types of Exercise
Most physical activities and exercises can be classified as aerobic (rhythmic, moderate-to-rigorous activity that uses larges amounts of oxygen and works the heart and lungs) or anaerobic (intense physical activity that builds muscle but does not use large amounts of oxygen).
Regular physical activity throughout life is important for maintaining a healthy body, enhancing psychological well-being, and preventing premature death. In 1999, 65 percent of adolescents engaged in the recommended amount of physical activity. In 1997, only 15 percent of adults performed the recommended amount of physical activity, and 40 percent of adults engaged in no leisure-time physical activity.
|
Health Impact of Physical Activity Regular physical activity is associated with lower death rates for adults of any age, even when only moderate levels of physical activity are performed. Regular physical activity decreases the risk of death from heart disease, lowers the risk of developing diabetes, and is associated with a decreased risk of colon cancer. Regular physical activity helps prevent high blood pressure and helps reduce blood pressure in persons with elevated levels. |
| In addition, children and adolescents need weight-bearing exercise for normal skeletal development, and young adults need such exercise to achieve and maintain peak bone mass. Older adults can improve and maintain strength and agility with regular physical activity. This can reduce the risk of falling, helping older adults maintain an independent living status. Regular physical activity also increases the ability of people with certain chronic, disabling conditions to perform activities of daily living. |
Regular physical activity also:
| Increases muscle and bone strength. |
| Increases lean muscle and helps decrease body fat. |
| Aids in weight control and is a key part of any weight loss effort. |
| Enhances psychological well-being and may even reduce the risk of developing depression. |
| Appears to reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety and to improve mood |
Other Issues
The major barriers most people face when trying to increase physical activity are lack of time, lack of access to convenient facilities, and lack of safe environments in which to be active.
Populations With Low Rates of Physical Activity
1. Women generally are less active than men at all ages.
2. People with lower incomes and less education are typically not as physically active as those with higher incomes and education.
3. Blacks and Hispanics are generally less physically active than whites.
4. Adults in northeastern and southern States tend to be less active than adults in North-Central and Western States
5. People with disabilities are less physically active than people without disabilities.
6. By age 75, one in three men and one in two women engage in no regular physical activity.
We will soon be engaging in an activity to create our own fitness plan, so let’s go over some general safety concerns first. Here is a safety check list to keep in mind when beginning an exercise program.
| Wear comfortable clothing and shoes during exercise.Do some warm-up activities before exercise.Notice the weather when you play or exercise outdoors.Notice the temperature. On hot days, drink enough water during exercise. In cold weather, wear warm clothes that can be put on or taken off easily.Avoid doing exercise in a wet or dark places so you won’t have an accident.If you are too tired or sick, don’t force yourself to do vigorous exercise.Stop exercise and tell your parents or teachers at once if you feel pain, fatigue, dizziness, nausea or serious breathing difficulty.Don’t try to showoff, or you may have an accident or get hurt. |
Google Static and Dynamic Stretches to Learn More About Stretches
Now that we are aware of the pre-exercise safety issues, let’s go find out what workout plan will work for us. Remember, you want to exercise no less than 30 minutes 3 times per week, but research has found that exercising every day (moderately) for 20 minutes has even more positive effects.
Please go to
Workouts For You
and read the article about creating your own workout.
Skeletal and Muscular SystemThe
skeletal system is made up of bones and other tissue. There are 206 bones in the body. Joints, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage are also part of the skeletal system. Joints are places where two or more bones meet. Some joints allow bones to move, while others protect organs. Tendons are a type of tissue that connects muscles to bones and muscles to muscles. Ligaments are a type of connecting tissue that holds bones to other bones at the joint. Cartilage is strong but flexible tissue that cushions bones, allows joints to move easily, and supports soft tissues. The figure below shows the major bones in the skeletal system.
The muscular system includes tissues that move parts of the body and control the organs. There are more than 600 muscles in the human body. The muscular system provides the power and flexibility you need to move. There are three main types of muscles in the body; skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscles are voluntary, which means you can control them. These muscles work in pairs to move bones. As one muscle contracts, the other muscle lengthens. The figure below shows the major skeletal muscles.
Heart and Blood Vessels
Vocabulary:
Circulatory System-
the group of organs and tissues that act as transfer stations carrying needed materials to cells and removing their waste products
Arteries
– blood vessels that carry blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to other body parts
Veins
– blood vessels that carry blood from all parts of the body back to the heart
Capillaries
– tiny blood vessels that carry blood to and from all body cells and connect arteries and veins
Summary:
The heart, blood vessels, and blood itself are all part of the circulatory system or cardiovascular system. Cardio refers to the heart, and vascular refers to the blood vessels. The heart is the center of the circulatory system. Its job is to pump blood throughout the body through a large group of blood vessels. These blood vessels are made up of arteries, veins, and capillaries. It is very important to have a healthy circulatory system for our overall health.
The Circulation Process
Vocabulary:
Pulmonary Circulation-
occurs when blood travels from the heart, through the lungs, and back to the heart
Systematic Circulation-
occurs when oxygen-rich blood travel to all body tissues except the lungs
Blood Pressure-
the force of blood pushing against the walls of the blood vessels
Summary:
The heart and lungs work together to deliver oxygen to the body’s cells. Without oxygen, we cannot live more than a few minutes. There are two types of circulation; pulmonary and systematic. In the pulmonary circulation system, oxygen-rich blood exits the lungs, passes through the heart, and is pumped to the body tissues. Blood gets rid of carbon dioxide and fills up with oxygen when it travels this path. In systematic circulation, this blood returns to the heart and is pumped to the lungs.
Ac certain amount of blood pressure is need for circulation. Blood pressure is checked to determine whether a person’s blood pressure is within a healthy range. When a doctor or nurse measures your blood pressure, they take two readings and record those readings as two numbers. The first number is called systolic pressure. Systolic pressure is when the heart contracts and pumps blood into the arteries. The second number is called the diastolic pressure. The diastolic pressure is when the heart relaxes to refill with blood.
What Makes Up Our Blood?
Vocabulary:
Plasma
– the yellowish, watery part of blood
Summary:
There are several parts of the blood. These parts include plasma, white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. Plasma carries nutrients and hormones to the cells and transports waste to the lungs and kidneys for removal. White blood cells fight infection in the body. Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to all other parts of the body. Platelets help blood to clot at the sight of a wound. Blood helps to fight off illness and supplies all parts of your body with materials needed to survive.
There are four different types of red blood cells; A, B, AB, or O. Each person has one of these four types of blood in their body for their entire life. It is important to know your own blood type. Some blood types can be safely mixed in one person’s body and some cannot. If incompatible blood types are mixed, the red blood cells in one type clump together and block the blood vessels. O-negative blood can be safely mixed with all other blood types.
Most people have a substance called an Rh factor in their blood. These people are referred to as Rh-positive. People without this substance are referred to as Rh-negative and can only receive blood donations from people who are also Rh-negative. People who are Rh-positive can receive blood from either Rh-positive or Rh-negative donors. Donated blood saves many lives each year.
Caring for Our Circulatory System
Summary:
Aerobic and physical activity is important for a healthy circulatory system. A balanced diet that is low in fats is also important. Managing stress and avoiding tobacco are important for maintaining health.
itness Plan
When creating your fitness plan it is important to set goals. These goals should be challenging and yet reasonable. Remember that goals may change as your fitness abilities improve. Create a schedule to make time for your fitness. Write down activities that you already do and then list activities that you would like to do. Variety in your fitness program will keep you from getting bored.
Working out safely is very important in fitness. Wear the right clothes for all conditions. Loose fitting clothing is usually best. During cold weather, wear several thin layers. This allows you to peel off layers as you warm up during exercise. During warm weather, wear clothes that allow air to circulate. Keeping yourself hydrated in warm weather is especially important. Drink plenty of water and the occasional sport drinks to replace electrolytes. If you are exercising outside, be sure to wear sunscreen, a hat and sunglasses.
An effective workout should follow the F.I.T.T. formula. F.I.T.T. stands for Frequency, Intensity, Time and Type of activity. Frequency is the number of days per week you will be working out. Intensity is how much energy you will be using. Time is the length of the workout. Type is the kind of exercise you will be doing. The keys to a good workout are to start with a warm-up and light stretches. Then do more vigorous activity according to F.I.T.T. and end with a cool down and some light stretches. A warm-up involves gentle exercise that gets heart muscles ready for moderate-to-vigorous activity. A cool down lets the body adjust to ending a workout.
Weight Training and Sports
Weight training is a form of resistance training that builds strength, tones muscles, strengthens bones, and helps you manage your weight. There are a variety of reasons for weight training. These may include strengthening certain muscles for sports and improving overall muscle tones for a trimmer appearance. Setting a personal goal is important to succeed at fitness. You might work with a gym teacher, coach, or other trained person to refine your goals and develop a personal weight training program for meeting the goals.
Sports are a great way to get fit and stay fit. Some people participate in sports just for fun and some people are more serious and work hard to develop their skills. Either way, sports are a positive way to exercise. There are individual sports, such as swimming, running, biking, and hiking, and there are several team sports, such as football, basketball, volleyball, and soccer. Several advantages to playing team sports include socializing with others, encouragement from team members, and motivation to do your best.
What and when you eat is very important to athletes involved in sports. To get enough fuel for energy, eat a variety of foods each day. Eating the right foods will provide you with the nutrients and energy you need. Here are a few Do’s and Don’ts to remember when to eat.
- Don’t eat a heavy meal right before physical activity, instead eat a light snack
- Do drink plenty of water before activity. About 16 ounces two hours before and another 16 ounces 15 minutes before.
- Do stay hydrated during and after activity
- Don’t forget to eat a balanced meal after an activity
Conditioning is training to get into shape for a physical activity or sport. Different activities require different types of conditioning. Every conditioning program should be personalized to the individual. Conditioning is good for you, but too much of it can be harmful. Conditioning too hard or too often without enough rest between sessions is called overworking. Avoid overworking by taking a day off from conditioning every week and switch off between heavy workouts and light ones.
Your heartbeat is the sound of the valves in your heart closing as they push blood from one chamber to another. Heart rate is the number of times the heart beats per minute (BPM), and the pulse is the beat of the hear that can be felt in any artery that lies close to the skin.The heart beats at different rates depending on whether your body is at rest or at work. When resting, the heart rate beats an average of 85 BPM for middle school students and 72 BPM for high school students. Your stroke volume, the amount of blood pumped for each heartbeat, also increases. This is because the muscles that are working demand more blood to supply them with oxygen and other nutrients. Heart rate is measured by counting the number of times your heart beats in one minute. One way to determine your heart rate is to manually take your pulse. The two most common locations used to take a pulse are at the radial artery in the wrist and the carotid artery in the neck. It is best to practice locating and counting your pulse when you are at rest and again during physical activity. An exercise heart rate shows how fast your heart beats per minute while exercising. It is important to learn how to take your heart rate when you exercise to determine if you are working at a level that benefits your heart. Find out what your target heart rate is by going to this website: http://www.cancer.org/healthy/toolsandcalculators/calculators/app/target-heart-rate-calculator
I am proud of my ability to…
If I could change anything about myself, it would be …
| Complete those sentences above. Which one is easier to complete?Self-esteem is how people feel about themselves.Many people find the second sentence easier to complete, because people often focus on their weaknesses rather than their strengths.The first sentence indicates an appreciation of personal assets and strengths, which is necessary for self-esteem. |
| Self-esteem can be improved by focusing on the following four conditions.appreciation of personal assets and strengthssense of belongingsense of powerpositive role model |
What do you tell yourself when you fail or do poorly at some task? Are you aware that you tell yourself anything at all? In order to improve your own self-esteem, you must be able to talk to yourself in a positive way. Two examples of a situation where you could respond negatively or positively are listed below:
Let’s take a look at some Frequently Asked Questions about Suicide.
| Let’s read a bit about depression and suicide . |
Go to Mental Health
Net check out some of the “featured topics.”
Here are some additional Mental / Emotional Health resources:
Your Mind
Mental Health
1)
Please list at least five “Leading Health Indicators”. Leading Health Indicators reflect the major public health concerns of a population and illuminate individual behaviors and physical and social environmental factors.
2)
Please create a meal that includes at least 5 food groups, and label to which food group each food belongs.
3)
Name two good ways to stay hydrated during exercise.
4)
What are 2 symptoms of depression?
5)
What are the six steps to problem solving?
6)
Explain two ways to protect your eyes from damaging conditions.
7)
Name three ways to prevent (getting) colds.
8)
Name four signs that a person has a problem with alcohol?
9)
Name two medical consequences of using spit tobacco:
10)
What are some side effects of mixing different medications with Over-the-Counter drugs?
11)
2pts: What does AIDS stand for? What does HIV stand for?
12)
Name three ways to transmit HIV?
13)
What are three ways you can protect yourself from HIV/AIDS
14)
Name three Sexually Transmitted Diseases.
15)
Name three Sexually Transmitted Diseases.
16)
What are some societal factors that may hinder a student from thriving in a classroom environment?
17)
What is Abstinence?
18)
What does a testicular exam look for?
19)
When should a girl start having pap tests?
20)
Name four types of contraception.
21)
Name two “renewable resources”.
22)
Name 2 “perpetual resources”.
