For Nancy

I already sent you the work description.The attachments are the rest of the work. Things that u will need to know to write properly. If a doubts let me know. 

Assignment:

AComparison of Three Dietary Assessment Methods

Word count:

1

900
Introduction

The high prevalence of chronic no communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, some cancers, diabetes, obesity and osteoporosis, not only in developing countries but also in developing countries, highlights the need to improve the methods assessment of dietary intake of food in order to identify the role of diet in the aetiology and prevention of these diseases (Vuckovic et al. 2000). Dietary assessment methods are essential tools in determining food intake of population groups. Because each method has its advantages and limitations, the present review is to analyze and discuss the most important aspects related to these methods. The assessment of nutritional status can be performed after the application of various methods, scope and limitations (Thompson et al. 2001).

Although the intake effect on health has received attention a long time, and there are historical studies of interest which is reviewed in another paper in this report, the development of modern methodology began to consider rigorously only from for a couple of decades. There are many dietary methods for diet assessment that include 24-hour recall and telephone recall that are retrospective methods, in addition there are methods such as food frequency and semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires, methods that include history of dietary, food record weighed, food diary, prospective method, duplicate portion analysis etc (Wang et al. 2006). However, the three dietary assessment plans used for the completion of this paper are 7-day weighed record, 3-day estimated record, 24 hour recall.

The 24 hour recall method is to define and quantify all beverages and food ingested during a period prior to the interview, usually 24 hours before the meeting. Basically the person is asked to remember and describe the type and amount of all foods (including beverages) taken during the previous 24 hours. On the other hand, the 7 day weighed record or food diary is the one in which the practical application of the direct method of assessing individual intake is that the respondent or a representative of this (e.g., A mother for her child) scores in appropriate forms for a period of time, every food and beverages consumed over that period. The method can be carried out without accurately quantify the intake of food and drinks. Finally, the 3-day estimated record or food frequency is useful for providing information about food groups and typical food consumed; reflects the habitual consumption of food (Trabulsi, et al. 2001).

Method: Dietary Intake

24 hr recall

This method attempts to obtain complete information on dietary intake of an individual during a period of 24 hours. The method required an interviewer that was a classmate to take from 20 to 30 minutes to interview the subject. The interviewer asked extensively on food and beverage consumption during 24 hours prior to the interview or during the day before the interview from breakfast until the participant’s rest. For an adequate description of food and beverages, the interviewer asked about the type of food. For an adequate description of food and beverages, the interviewer asked about the type, in preparation, brand name, ingredients recipe and other characteristics. Photo weight aid was used during the interview as a reference to estimate the quantities and portions consumed (Gibson, 2005).

Food Diary (7 days)

In this method participant or the subject recorded his diet for a period of seven days. One or more sheets were intended for each day of a week. Each line of the sheet had different spaces where to point the intake schedule, location, the description of the food, how the food was prepared or cooked and the food amount. The participant weighted the food using the scale. As participant consumed food at different location this affected and consequently changed participant normal diet. (Mahabi, Baer et al.2006).

Food Frequency (3 days)

In this method the subject indicated the usual frequency of consumption over 3 days of the foods or food groups. The subject included in the food sheet amounts or portions consumed. Any period of time that the participant was unable to enter information in the charts were completely taken off from the data (Lindquist et al. 2000).

Participant/ subject is a 59 years female, so basal metabolic rate (BMR) was calculated to see the amount of daily energy expended by the participant. Participant different physical activities levels (PAL) was also calculated see results.

Results

Dietary assessment: Interpreting a dietary assessment report (Dietplan)

Table 1: Table for Macronutrients

g

%

g

24

21

Energy	Fat	Carbohydrates	NSP	Protein
Kcal			g		%	g/d
24 hours	184		5		24	16.2	2.0	19.7
	3 days	736	42.7	52	40.7		21	9.1	40.3
	7 days	859	187.2	121.3	51	14.7	51.4
	DRV	1940	65	33	300	47	18	46.5

Table 2: Table for Micronutrients

3 days

5

7 days

DRV

Vitamin C mg	Iron mg	Calcium mg	Iodine ug	Vitamin A (as retinol equivalents) g
24 hours	23	1	77	50	266
71	4	142	19
179	9	429	29	1197
40 rni	14.8	700	110 mcg	600

BMR=(8.18×95)+(502×1.60)-116

=(777.1+803.2)-116

=1580.3-116 = 1464.3

PAL=Physical activity level a multiple of BMR by people

PAL normal activity1464.3×1.63

PAL=more ativity1464.3kg x1.78=2606

PAL=less activity=1464×1.49=2182

Discussion

The participant intakes are quite different from DRVs expected for participant age and gender, an example is participant fat intake that is 52% 3 days assessment, 24% for 24 hours assessment and 21 % for 7 days assessment, when daily fat intake should be of 33%. It can be seen the lack of accuracy just by comparing participant fat intake over 24 hours, 3 and 7 days methods. Participant carbohydrates percentage intake was 24% for 24 hours, 21% for 3 days and 51% for 7 days what was actually quite closed to 47%, the expected carbohydrate intake for a female over 51 years old, the percentages approximation might show also that food diaries might be more accurate, but this will be discuss later in the discussion. Furthermore the participant is not eating as much fibre (non-starch polysaccharide) NSP as she should the participant is only having 2.0 g for 24 hours, 9.1 g for 3 days and 14.7 g for 7 days, the participant is expect to consume 18g of NSP daily.

Respondent protein intake for 3 and 7 days didn’t differed as much as other macronutrients, respondent protein intake for 3 days assessment was of 40.3 g, 7 days assessment was of 51.4, protein intake for the participant should of 46.5 g.

Calcium and iron mass and other DRV also differ.

The participant calcium intake is extremely low compared to what the participant should consume; the participant should consume 700 mg per day however she is only having 77 mg for 24 hour, 142 mg for 3 days and 429 mg for 7 days. Other big difference is Iron that should be of at least 14.8 mg daily intake but participant intake is between 1 – 9 mg daily.

For other micronutrients the difference was also great since the respondent vitamin C intake for 24 hours was of 23 mg, for 3 days was of 71 mg and for 7 days was of 179 mg, the RNI for vitamin C is of 40 mg, what shows that the subject intake is not only different but quite unbalanced.

Furthermore it was verified that Iodine intakes was also differed from the expected intake. Participant intake was of 50 ug for 24 hours, 5 ug for 3 days and 29 ug for 7 days. Already it possible to observe discrepancies in participant intakes and this also differs from expected intake of 150 ug.

Finally vitamin A assuming that the calculations are correct also differ from what is expected the participant to consume.

The participant is overweight however is eating little and in an unbalanced way according with above mentioned. The subject might be dieting according with results.

Strengths and Weaknesses of each method

24hour recall

The advantages of this method is that it allows details of food and the preparation method used, does not require schooling level of the respondent, participant or subject, does not require too much memory, is of short duration (20 minutes) and is useful to apply in groups population. It is known that eating a day hardly represents the usual diet of an individual, but if this method is a good alternative for information on populations. It can be applied to a larger number of cases in a short period of time and finally is fast and easy to perform. The disadvantages can be mentioned that use it in individual studies is not good because dietary intake varies widely.

The accuracy of information obtained depends on the correct identification of the food and their amounts, coding and calculation procedures to convert dietary nutrient intake and also depends on the databases used food composition. The amount of food can be determined directly by considering the weight of ingested food and drink, and indirectly by estimation home measures. The use of food models, photographs and standard household measures was used. It was necessary to consider the processing food, industrial food that can use the values ​​supplied by the industry or the nutrient values ​​of the ingredients of the preparation (Seale et al. 2002).

Food Diary (7 days)

The advantages of this method are primarily based on the measurement accuracy of the intake, especially when performing dual track heavy, giving also the fact that the procedure depends on the individual’s memory and it is possible assess current intake and regular use if registration is done repeatedly over a representative period. At the other end of the scale, the method has a number of objective limitations that make it is not used as often as would be expected from its advantages. Starting Limitations include the need for the person (or participant/ subject) participating in the study can read, write and count / weigh reasonable rigor. But this may not be enough, and even though the person is competent can cease process by requiring considerable time and effort, especially in the case of carrying out the search for heavy, having found that the accuracy decreases with increasing daily the number of consecutive days of dietary data collection (Di, Contento et al. 2007).

Food Frequency (3 days)

The main advantages of frequency questionnaire of food consumption, start citing speed and efficiency to determine usual food consumption over a period of time in an epidemiological study population, a finding that its use does not alter the pattern of habitual, and especially the ability to classify individuals into categories of consumption by this method. The latter is particularly useful when epidemiological studies comparing the relative risk of being in the category of maximum intake exposure versus basal category. They are also practical advantages such as offering relatively cheap instruments and without much complexity when its use, particularly not require trained interviewers, and that are particularly viable when computer processing. This is structured by nature and easily. Unfortunately this method, as all previous, is not without limitations. First it must be recognised that the development of the instrument is very difficult, which has consequences such as the uncertain validity in estimating intake of individuals (or populations) with very different dietary patterns of food considered in the list. Therefore, the validity must be established for each new questionnaire and population. It is also a method that has a particular complexity in the case of children and the elderly, as it requires memory of past eating habits; problem is that in some cases intensified (Lillegaard et al. 2007).

References

Di, N. J., Contento, I. R., and Schinke, S. P. (2007). Criterion validity of the Healthy Eating Self monitoring Tool (HEST) for black adolescents. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 107, 321–324.

Gibson, R. S. (2005). ‘‘Principles of Nutritional Assessment.’’ Oxford University Press, New York.

Lindquist, C. H., Cummings, T., and Goran, M. I. (2000). Use of tape-recorded food records in assessing children’s dietary intake. Obes. Res. 8, 2–11

Lillegaard, I. T., Loken, E. B., and Andersen, L. F. (2007). Relative validation of a pre-coded food diary among children, under-reporting varies with reporting day and time of the day.Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 61, 61–68.

Mahabir, S., Baer, D. J., Giffen, C., Subar, A., Campbell, W., Hartman, T. J., Clevidence, B., Albanes, D., and Taylor, P. R. (2006). Calorie intake misreporting by diet record and food frequency questionnaire compared to doubly labelled water among postmenopausal women. Eur. J Clin. Nutr. 60, 561–565.

Seale, J. L., Klein, G., Friedmann, J., Jensen, G. L., Mitchell, D. C., and Smiciklas-Wright, H. (2002). Energy expenditure measured by doubly labelled water, activity recall, and diet records in the rural elderly. Nutrition 18, 568–573

Trabulsi, J., and Schoeller, D. A. (2001). Evaluation of dietary assessment instruments against doubly labelled water, a biomarker of habitual energy intake. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinal. Metab. 281, E891–E899.

Thompson, F. E., and Subar, A. F. (2001). Chapter 1. Dietary assessment methodology. In ‘‘Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease’’ (A. M. Coulston, C. L. Rock,

and E. R. Monsen, Eds.). Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 3–30

Vuckovic, N., Ritenbaugh, C., Taren, D. L., and Tobar, M. (2000). A qualitative study of participants’ experiences with dietary assessment. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 100, 1023–1028.

Wang, D. H., Kogashiwa, M., and Kira, S. (2006). Development of a new instrument for evaluating individuals’ dietary intakes. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 106, 1588–1593.

APPENDICES: Are attached.

1