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Problems with the post-traumatic stress disorder diagnosis and
its future in DSM −V
Gerald M. Rosen, Robert L. Spitzer and Paul R. McHugh
BJP 2008, 192:3-4.
Access the most recent version at DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.107.04308

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The British Journal of Psychiatry (2008)
192, 3–4. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.107.043083

Editorial

Problems with the post-traumatic stress
disorder diagnosis and its future in DSM–V
Gerald M. Rosen, Robert L. Spitzer and Paul R. McHugh

Summary
Significant issues challenge the diagnosis of post-traumatic implications for clinical practice and for those who revise
stress disorder (PTSD). Yet, applications of the PTSD ‘model’ criteria in the DSM–V.
have been extended to an increasing array of events and

Declaration of interest human reactions across diverse cultures. These issues have
None.

Gerald Rosen (pictured) is a Clinical Professor with the Department of
Psychology at the University of Washington, and with the Department of
Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Washington School of
Medicine. Robert Spitzer is Professor of Psychiatry in the Department of
Psychiatry at Columbia University. He led the development of the American
Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 3rd edition
(DSM–III) and its revision (DSM–III–R). Paul McHugh is presently University
Professor of Psychiatry at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and Professor in
the Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns
Hopkins University. He was Psychiatrist-in-Chief at Johns Hopkins Hospital,
1975–2001.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) will undoubtedly be revised
in DSM–V. When considering changes, committee members will
be faced with the fact that since its inception in 1980 little about
PTSD has gone unchallenged. In this context, we focus on several
core issues regarding the PTSD diagnosis.

Specific aetiology?

Unlike other diagnoses in the DSM that were agnostic to aetiology,
PTSD was defined as a disorder that arose after a specific set of
traumatic stressors. Thus, the origins of the definition of PTSD
rest on the assumption of a specific aetiology (Criterion A). This
assumption, already questionable,1 has been undermined by
reports that the disorder can develop after a variety of non-life
threatening events (e.g. divorce, financial difficulties).2 Further,
recent studies have demonstrated the frequent occurrence of
PTSD symptoms among people with depression who had not
experienced Criterion A life stressors,3 and among people with
social phobias who respond to failed performance situations.4

Even when an individual encounters horrific, life-threatening
events (Criterion A), studies find that pre-incident vulnerability
factors (e.g. psychiatric history) and post-incident social support
contribute more to post-trauma morbidity than does the magni
tude of the presumed aetiological trauma.5 In short, Criterion A
events are neither necessary nor sufficient to produce PTSD. In
stead, they appear to represent high-magnitude stressors that are
otherwise indistinct from the full range of stressors that can have
an impact on an individual and create risk of psychiatric morbid
ity. Now set apart from the general field of stress studies, PTSD
might arguably be better returned to the fold.

Distinct syndrome?

In the absence of a specific aetiology, the rationale for diagnosing
PTSD lies in the distinctiveness of the clinical syndrome. This is
problematic when one considers that a combination of symptoms

of major depression and specific phobia fully constitutes the
requisite criteria for diagnosing PTSD.6 This raises the concern
that PTSD, at least on some occasions, is simply an amalgam of
other disorders.

Consider, for example, the case of a boat captain whose fishing
vessel is lost at sea, resulting in the death of several crew. Though
not physically injured, the captain starts feeling ‘on edge,’ suffers
from insomnia and begins to withdraw from usual activities. Most
alien to the fisherman’s self-concept, he becomes anxious when
considering a return to his usual occupation. Consequently, he
turns down offers to work on other vessels, and he becomes
isolated from the fishing industry. Without income, this man
becomes increasingly anxious and depressed. Prior to the intro
duction of PTSD in 1980, a psychiatrist would have conceptual
ised this fisherman’s problems, first, as normal bereavement over
lost friends who died in the incident, and second, as a phobic dis
order caused by the traumatic event. A third concern would have
addressed the development of situational depression as a conse
quence of adjustment issues and the fisherman’s inability to return
to sea. Now, in our post-DSM–III era, we can ask whether the
introduction of PTSD has furthered our understanding of this
patient’s reactions to a life-threatening event.

Criterion creep

It might be expected that ‘traumatologists’ would be cautious in
diagnosing a person as having PTSD upon realising that it lacks
a specific aetiology and is possibly not a distinct syndrome.
Despite that, enthusiasm for the PTSD diagnosis has not been
tempered, and the PTSD ‘model’ has been extended worldwide
to encompass an increasing array of events and human reactions
across diverse cultures. Individuals no longer have to directly
experience or witness a traumatic event to be thought to develop
PTSD. Instead, based on the DSM–IV, the diagnosis can be pro
vided to individuals who hear of misfortunes befalling others.
Peer-reviewed articles have even discussed the possibility of
developing PTSD from watching traumatic events on television.7

It has been suggested that rude comments heard in the workplace
can lead to PTSD because a victim might worry about future
boundary transgressions: the conceptual equivalent of pre
traumatic stress disorder.8 New diagnostic categories modeled
on PTSD have been proposed, including prolonged duress stress
disorder, post-traumatic grief disorder, post-traumatic relationship
syndrome, post-traumatic dental care anxiety, and post-traumatic
abortion syndrome. Most recently, a new disorder appeared in
the professional literature to diagnose individuals impaired by
insulting or humiliating events – post-traumatic embitterment
disorder. Even expected and understandable reactions after

Rosen et al

extreme events, such as anxiety and anger, are now referred to as
‘symptoms’. This expansion of the PTSD model, a phenomenon
referred to as ‘criterion creep’, highlights a critical shortcoming
of traumatology: the cross-cultural medicalisation of normal
human emotions.9 Labelling situation-based emotions and upset
ting thoughts as ‘symptoms’ is akin to saying that someone’s
cough in a smoky tavern is a symptom of respiratory disease. Such
illogical leaps increasingly inform our cultural narratives when we
discuss human reactions to stressful events, possibly giving rise to
iatrogenic misapprehensions and contributing to chronicity.

Not only has the PTSD model been expanded, but patients
who present with psychiatric problems after traumatic events
increasingly receive the diagnosis. Perhaps in this time of managed
care, physicians have come to believe that without a PTSD
diagnosis a patient’s reactions to traumatic stress will be denied
appropriate psychiatric attention, therapeutic intervention, and
proportional compensation. Pressure for a PTSD diagnosis also
may arise when patients are involved in personal injury claims.
Unlike depression or other psychiatric diagnoses that can be
caused by multiple stressors unrelated to a legal claim, a PTSD
diagnosis is incident-specific and clearly determines causation.
Unfortunately, what may be best for a lawsuit is not necessarily
best for the patient. By narrowing a physician’s analysis of
causation to a single event, a PTSD diagnosis may downplay or
even ignore crucial pathogenic features that are to be found in
the broader context of a patient’s personality, developmental
history, and situational context.10

Implications

In light of these research and clinical considerations, psychiatrists
should consider alternative perspectives and the full context of a
patient’s presentation when formulating their diagnosis. The diag
nosis of PTSD may be appropriate in some cases, but physicians
should not provide it reflexively in the aftermath of trauma. As
for the DSM–V, it is unclear how current problems can best be
resolved. In observing the issues that have followed PTSD since

1980, we are not dismissing the diagnosis, nor are we ignoring a
wealth of research findings spurred by the construct. Rather, we
are asserting that there are reasons for concern. Defining PTSD
criteria in DSM–V so that they reflect current findings, while
limiting the construct’s susceptibility to misuse, expansion and
reification, will be a difficult challenge.

Gerald M. Rosen, PhD, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Robert
L. Spitzer, MD, Columbia University, New York, USA; Paul R. McHugh, MD, Johns
Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Correspondence: Gerald M. Rosen, 117 East Louisa Street, PMB-229 Seattle
98102, Washington, USA. Email: grosen@u.washington.edu

First received 17 July 2007, final revision 24 August 2007, accepted 7 September 2007

References

1 Breslau N, Davis GC. Posttraumatic stress disorder: the stressor criterion.
J Nerv Ment Dis 1987; 175: 255–64.

2 Scott MJ, Stradling SG. Post-traumatic stress disorder without the trauma.
Brit J Clin Psychol 1994; 33: 71–4.

3 Bodkin JA, Pope HG, Detke MJ, Hudson JI. Is PTSD caused by traumatic

stress? J Anx Dis 2007; 21: 176–82.

4 Erwin BA, Heimberg RG, Marx BP, Franklin ME. Traumatic and socially
stressful events among persons with social anxiety disorder. J Anx Dis 2006;
20: 896–914.

5 Ozer EJ, Best SR, Lipsey TL, Weiss DS. Predictors of posttraumatic stress
disorder and symptoms in adults: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 2003; 129:
52–73.

6 Spitzer RL, First, MB, Wakefield JC. Saving PTSD from itself in DSM–V.

J Anx Dis 2007; 21: 233–41.

7 Simons D, Silveira WR. Post-traumatic stress disorder in children after

television programmes. BMJ 1994; 308: 389–90.

8 Rosen GM. Traumatic events, criterion creep, and the creation of

pretraumatic stress disorder. Sci Rev Ment Health Pract 2004; 3: 46–7.

9 Summerfield D. Cross-cultural Perspectives on the Medicalization of Human
Suffering. In Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Issues and Controversies (ed GM
Rosen): 233–44. John Wiley & Sons, 2004.

10 McHugh PR, Treisman G. PTSD: A problematic diagnostic construct. J Anx Dis
2007; 21: 211–22.

mailto:grosen@u.washington.edu

http:context.10

SOCW04 week 7 discussion #3 professor question

USW1_SOCW_6090_WK07_Rosen

USW1_SOCW_6090_WK07_vanderKolk

Learning Resources to be used as references to support your answer.

Note:

To access this week’s required library resources, please click on the link to the Course Readings List, found in the Course Materials section of your Syllabus.

Required Readings

Gehlert, S., & Browne, T. (Eds.). (2012). Handbook of health social work (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

1. Chapter 7, “Community and Health” (pp. 143–163)

Gehlert, S., & Browne, T. (Eds.). (2012). Handbook of health social work (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

1. Chapter 4, “Public Health and Social Work”

0. Section: “History of Public Health and Social Work” (pp. 65–67)

0. Section: “Common Values” (pp. 70–75)

Coren, E., Iredale, W., Rutter, D., & Bywaters, P. (2011). The contribution of social work and social interventions across the life course to the reduction of health inequalities: A new agenda for social work education? Social Work Education, 30(6), 594–609.

Note: Retrieved from Walden Library databases.

Errickson, S. P., Alvarez, M., Forquera, R., Whitehead, T. L., Fleg, A., … Schoenbach, V. J. (2011). What will health-care reform mean for minority health disparities? Public Health Reports, 126(2), 170–175. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3056029/

Nguyen, D. D., Ho, K. H., & Williams, J. H. (2011). Social determinants and health service use among racial and ethnic minorities: Findings from a community sample. Social Work in Health Care, 50(5), 390–405.

Note: Retrieved from Walden Library databases.

Robinson, L. M., Dauenhauer, J., Bishop, K. M., & Baxter, J. (2012). Growing health disparities for persons who are aging with intellectual and developmental disabilities: The social work linchpin. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 55(2), 175–190.

Note: Retrieved from Walden Library databases.

Optional Resources

Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). HHS action plan to reduce racial and ethnic health disparities. A nation free of disparities in health and health care. Retrieved from http://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/npa/files/Plans/HHS/HHS_Plan_complete

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Support your posts with specific references to the Learning Resources given in this work. Be sure to provide full APA citations for your references. Treat each work, file or answer as a separate work and each work or answer needs separate references.

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Work #1 professor question

Total views: 2 (Your views: 1)

Hello, students, the following website has information about healthcare disparities that you may find interesting. For example, did you know that where you live determines your health?

http://www.unnaturalcauses.org/

Dr. Harper

SOCW 90 week 7

Learning Resources to be used as references to support your answer.

Note: To access this week’s required library resources, please click on the link to the Course Readings List, found in the Course Materials section of your Syllabus.

Required Readings

Agaibi, C. E., & Wilson, J. P. (2005). Trauma, PTSD, and resilience: A review of the literature. Trauma Violence Abuse, 6, 195–216.

Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.

· “Trauma-and Stressor-Related Disorders” (pp. 265–290)

Pietrzak, R., Goldstein, M., Malley, J., Johnson, D., & Southwick, S. (2009). Subsyndromal posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with health and psychosocial difficulties in veterans of operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. Depression and Anxiety [serial online], 26(8), 739–744.

Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

Rosen, G. M., Spitzer, R. L., & McHugh, P. R. (2008). Problems with the post-traumatic stress disorder diagnosis and its future in DSM-V. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 192, 3–4.

Problems with the post-traumatic stress disorder diagnosis and its future in DSM-V by Rosen, G.M., Spitzer, R.L., & McHugh, P.R. in The British Journal of Psychiatry, 192/1. Copyright 2008 by the Royal Medico-Psychological Association. Reprinted by permission of the Royal College of Psychiatrists via the Copyright Clearance Center.

Van der Kolk, B. A. (2005). Developmental trauma disorder: Towards a rational diagnosis for chronically traumatized children. Retrieved from www. traumacenter.org

Van der Kolk, B.A. (2005). Developmental trauma disorder: Towards a rational diagnosis for children with complex trauma histories by Van der Kolk, B.A., in Psychiatric Annals, 35/5. Copyright 2005 by Slack Incorporated. Reprinted by permission of Slack Incorporated via the Copyright Clearance Center.

Work #2 Answer in APA format with 1 citations per paragraph treat each answer as a separate work or file and each work or file need separate references. At least 350 word each answer if you can.
Support your posts with specific references to the Learning Resources given in this work. Be sure to provide full APA citations for your references. Treat each work, file or answer as a separate work and each work or answer needs separate references.

Be sure to support your postings and responses with specific references to the resources and the current literature given in the work using appropriate APA format and style

Work #2 Responding at Multiple Levels

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Good evening!

When large scale disasters happen, social workers need to be engaged at multiple levels to address the individual family, community, and organizational infrastructure needs to deal with the aftermath. How do you think social workers can use their skills to make this type of response happen in the events you described?

Thanks!

Dr. Ivery

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Work #3

Catherine this is my posted discussion for SOCW 04 week7 from which the professors is making the question on. NOT A WORK READ ONLY so you can answer the professors question.

RE:

Discussion – Week 7

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Traumatic Event

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an incapacitating mental health disorder regularly connected with psychiatric comorbidity and lessened life quality, and basically trails a chronic, always lifelong, course. Provided the ubiquitous nature of intimidating or disastrous trauma, PTSD is changing to be more and more common (Agaibi, & Wilson, 2005). It might impact 10% of women and men 5% of some phase. Relying upon the nature and extent of the traumatic action, the commonness rates of PTSD in fatalities have been stated to approach 100%. The PTSD syndrome is an accumulation of various cognitive, interactive, and physiological instabilities characterized by three sign clusters, for example avoidance, intrusion, and arousal. From the introduction of PTSD into the diagnostic classificatory organizations in 1980, substantial research has been done on the effectiveness of cognitive interactive therapy (CBT) in its treatment. Presently, trauma-focused CBT is suggested for PTSD by numerous treatment strategies and proficient consensus panels. The determination of this appraisal is to assess the scholarships of CBT for PTSD following numerous types of trauma, and those connected to physical sicknesses in adults, children, and teenagers.

Some psychological matters that require to be addressed include; psychiatric illness and agony feedbacks. Experiencing a disaster may lead to alterations in the health-associated conducts and yield overall life variations (Agaibi, & Wilson, 2005). Substance application is one of the health-concerned conduct mainly thought to raise in the aftermath of a disaster. Cigarette smoking and alcohol application may raise persons with PTSD after any type of traumatic event.

The greater trauma literature may start to aid direct prevention and involvement efforts in reaction to terrorism events (Pietrzak, Goldstein, Malley, Johnson, & Southwick, 2009). Although, it might not be enough to depend on data gotten from research on other sorts of traumatic events for the reason of disasters, and mainly terrorism, differ in essential ways. Continued research inspecting the psychological concerns from a range of disaster and traumatic events will aid improve understanding of the influence and provide sign to target interventions.

The effectiveness of this intervention as stated in the article is that continued research inspecting the psychological concerns from a range of disaster and traumatic events will aid improve understanding of the influence and provide sign to target interventions (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The implications for social work in connection with traumatic events is that, disaster proceedings, can also yield unique positive consequences for the community. Since terrorism is normally led to a population or subpopulation, there is often an important growth of patriotism and vanity for the population following the incident.

References

Agaibi, C. E., & Wilson, J. P. (2005). Trauma, PTSD, and resilience: A review of the literature. Trauma Violence Abuse, 6, 195–216.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. “Trauma-and Stressor-Related Disorders” (pp. 265–290)

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Dr. Ivery,

This is part of my answer on the traumatic event.

Traumatic Event

In USA presently, it appears that we all have a touch of the post-traumatic stress malady as shown by our increasingly vitriolic political setting, where realism is repudiated and dramatics run riot. Resentment, we are informed that the natural response to trauma; in persons with PTSD, the anger is out of regulation. (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). By that measure, the millennial era has conveyed us 10 years of PTSD politics having no end in exhale.

From the Tea Party madness, the unwillingness of Republicans in Congress to vote for any piece of legislation drafted by Democrats (Pietrzak, Goldstein, Malley, Johnson, & Southwick, 2009). The misuse of the filibuster in the Senate to all but break the institution, and the outsized rage on the left toward the Obama administration for simply behaving as politicians do, our national politics have moved beyond the bounds of extreme partisanship into the realm of mental illness.

This breaking of the countrywide psyche was certain to happen; it’s been periods in the making (Tsai, El-Gabalawy, Sledge, Southwick, & Pietrzak, 2015). The American exceptionalism the view we are in some way better and more blessed than any other persons face the face of the earth by indent of our personal hard work, inventiveness, distinctive goodness and greater democracy was destined to fail as our country, like each other before it, found itself trapped in the relentless wheels of history.

Terror from the Skies

The American persons were actually traumatized by the actions of September 11, year 2001, when four profitable aircraft were seized by al Qaeda terrorists, effectively taking down the World Trade Center in the City of New York (Tsai, El-Gabalawy, Sledge, Southwick, & Pietrzak, 2015). The main symbol of America’s control of the global economy and leaving a huge hole in the Pentagon, the representation of America’s soldierly might. The fourth plane that collided in a Pennsylvania arena, was actually headed for the U.S. Capitol construction, the sign of America’s typical democracy.

People exceeding 300 were raided in the attacks. In the city of New York bodies fell from the sky as workforces in the Trade Center towers leaped to their demises in order to escape the flames. Any persons are exposed to such a formidable sight would appropriately be traumatized. Some of the psychosocial issues that needed to be addressed included treating people who were suffering (Pietrzak, Goldstein, Malley, Johnson, & Southwick, 2009). The effectiveness of the intervention enabled several persons to move with life after the trauma. There were several implications for social work in connection with traumatic even in the USA. In the concentration of a traumatized individual, the recreating of traumatic actions often takes place in regular flashbacks, keeping alive the horror and sense of helplessness instigated by the original occasion.

References

Tsai, J., El-Gabalawy, R., Sledge, W. H., Southwick, S. M., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2015). Post-traumatic growth among veterans in the USA: results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study. Psychological medicine, 45(1), 165-179.

Work #3 professors question

Answer in APA format with 1 citations per paragraph treat each answer as a separate work or file and each work or file need separate references. At least 350 word each answer if you can.
Support your posts with specific references to the Learning Resources given in this work. Be sure to provide full APA citations for your references. Treat each work, file or answer as a separate work and each work or answer needs separate references.

Be sure to support your postings and responses with specific references to the resources and the current literature given in the work using appropriate APA format and style

Hi Cheraldo,

Thank you for your overview of PTSD!

1.What is a specific traumatic event in and intervention focused on PTSD were applied?

2.What were the outcomes of the intervention?

Dr. Ivery

Work #4

Discussion – Week 7

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Discussion: Evidence-Based Interventions Used in National Traumatic Events

The DSM-5 task force added a section dedicated to trauma and stress. With an increased exposure to traumatic events, more individuals are exhibiting symptoms related to trauma exposure. Experiencing any of these events can result in an individual’s suffering from a trauma or stressor-related disorder.

For this Discussion, read the DSM-5 section on trauma and stressor-related disorders, in particular the articles on PTSD by Van der Kolk (2005) and Agaibi and Wilson (2005). Then search the literature for a study related to a national traumatic event and an evidence-based intervention used to treat those suffering from trauma and stressor-related issues associated with it.

Be sure to support your postings and responses with specific references to the resources and the current literature given in the work using appropriate APA format and style

Work #4 Evidence-Based Interventions Used in National Traumatic Events

0. A brief description of the event, including a summary of how it affected the individuals involved.

0. What are some psychosocial issues that needed to be addressed following this event?

0. Identify an intervention that was implemented to address one of the psychosocial issues.

0. Discuss the effectiveness of this intervention as stated in the article.

0. What are some of the implications for social work in connection with traumatic events?

Support your post with specific references to the resources. Be sure to provide full APA citations for your references.

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Bottom of Form

false

9153a79c-b23b-4

false

c27cda0e-63a5-4

5c8958f1-8050-4e

6c0f820b-e349-4e

d4fdca80-c93f-447

SOCW04 week 7 discussion #3 professor question

USW1_SOCW_6090_WK07_Rosen

USW1_SOCW_6090_WK07_vanderKolk

Learning Resources to be used as references to support your answer.

Note:

To access this week’s required library resources, please click on the link to the Course Readings List, found in the Course Materials section of your Syllabus.

Required Readings

Gehlert, S., & Browne, T. (Eds.). (2012). Handbook of health social work (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

1. Chapter 7, “Community and Health” (pp. 143–163)

Gehlert, S., & Browne, T. (Eds.). (2012). Handbook of health social work (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

· Chapter 4, “Public Health and Social Work”

· Section: “History of Public Health and Social Work” (pp. 65–67)

· Section: “Common Values” (pp. 70–75)

Note: Retrieved from Walden Library databases.

Optional Resources

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Be sure to support your postings and responses with specific references to the resources and the current literature given in the work using appropriate APA format and style

Work #1 professor question

Total views: 2 (Your views: 1)

Hello, students, the following website has information about healthcare disparities that you may find interesting. For example, did you know that where you live determines your health?

http://www.unnaturalcauses.org/

Dr. Harper

SOCW 90 week 7

Learning Resources to be used as references to support your answer.

Note: To access this week’s required library resources, please click on the link to the Course Readings List, found in the Course Materials section of your Syllabus.

Required Readings

Agaibi, C. E., & Wilson, J. P. (2005). Trauma, PTSD, and resilience: A review of the literature. Trauma Violence Abuse, 6, 195–216.

Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.

· “Trauma-and Stressor-Related Disorders” (pp. 265–290)

Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

Rosen, G. M., Spitzer, R. L., & McHugh, P. R. (2008). Problems with the post-traumatic stress disorder diagnosis and its future in DSM-V. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 192, 3–4.

Van der Kolk, B. A. (2005). Developmental trauma disorder: Towards a rational diagnosis for chronically traumatized children. Retrieved from www. traumacenter.org

Be sure to support your postings and responses with specific references to the resources and the current literature given in the work using appropriate APA format and style

Work #2 Responding at Multiple Levels

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Good evening!

Thanks!

Dr. Ivery

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Work #3

Catherine this is my posted discussion for SOCW 04 week7 from which the professors is making the question on. NOT A WORK READ ONLY so you can answer the professors question.

RE:

Discussion – Week 7

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Total views: 8 (Your views: 3)

Traumatic Event

References

Agaibi, C. E., & Wilson, J. P. (2005). Trauma, PTSD, and resilience: A review of the literature. Trauma Violence Abuse, 6, 195–216.

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Dr. Ivery,

This is part of my answer on the traumatic event.

Traumatic Event

Terror from the Skies

References

Work #3 professors question

Be sure to support your postings and responses with specific references to the resources and the current literature given in the work using appropriate APA format and style

Hi Cheraldo,

Thank you for your overview of PTSD!

1.What is a specific traumatic event in and intervention focused on PTSD were applied?

2.What were the outcomes of the intervention?

Dr. Ivery

Work #4

Discussion – Week 7

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Total views: 43 (Your views: 5)

Discussion: Evidence-Based Interventions Used in National Traumatic Events

Answer in APA format with 1 citations per paragraph treat each answer as a separate work or file and each work or file need separate references. At least 400 word each answer if you can.
Support your posts with specific references to the Learning Resources given in this work. Be sure to provide full APA citations for your references. Treat each work, file or answer as a separate work and each work or answer needs separate references.