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I NEED IT BACK IN 3 HOURS! ITD FINAL TEST!
Directions:
For questions 1-80, choose the best answer from the choices provide
d.
Each question is worth 1 point. You may mark your answers on this document and send it back to me, or record them on a separate sheet.
1. The label on a bottle of shampoo lists many ingredients, such as water, sodium laureth sulfate, lauramide DEA, sodium chloride, etc… From this information, shampoo is best classified as a(n),
a.
|_| substance.
b.
|_| element.
c.
|_| compound.
d.
|_| mixture.
2. Which of the following represents an element?
a.
|_| CO
b.
|_| He
c.
|_| HF
d.
|_| NO
3. The ability to recycle aluminum (glass or plastic) is ultimately an illustration of,
a.
|_| the Law of Conservation of Mass.
b.
|_| the Law of Definite Proportions.
c.
|_| the Ideal Gas Laws.
d.
|_| none
of the above.
4.
True/False – A molecule is a group of atoms that are chemically bonded together.
5. The most abundant component of air is,
a. |_| Oxygen
b. |_| Nitrogen
c. |_| Carbon dioxide
d. |_| Water vapor
e.
|_| Argon
6. In the periodic table the elements are organized,
a.
|_| always by increasing atomic number.
b.
|_| always by increasing atomic weight.
c.
|_| alphabetically by name.
d.
|_| by the number of electrons.
7. Refined white table sugar is usually derived from either sugar cane or sugar beets. Irrespective of the source of table sugar, after refining it always has the same composition of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Sugar is best classified as which one of the following?
a. |_| Element
b. |_| Compound
c. |_| Mixture
d. |_| State
8. This air pollutant is emitted from motor vehicles, has no color, taste, or smell, and can cause death.
a. |_| CO
b. |_| Ozone
c. |_| SO2
d. |_| NO2
e. |_| Particulate matter, PM
9. The electrons in the outer unfilled shell are called,
a. |_| core electrons.
b. |_| valence electrons.
c. |_| electronegativity.
d. |_| noble gases.
10. Avogadro’s number represents,
a. |_| one mole.
b. |_| the number of atoms in one mole of a substance.
c. |_| the number of atoms with the same mass, in grams, as the atomic mass of an element.
d. |_| 6.02 x 1023
e. |_| all of the above.
11. The element tin (Sn) occurs naturally as ten isotopes. With each of these isotopes,
a. |_| the number of protons is variable.
b. |_| the number of neutrons is variable.
c. |_| the number of electrons cannot vary.
d. |_| all of the above are true.
12. Relative to the size of the nucleus, the size of the area taken up by the electrons is,
a. |_| always much smaller.
b. |_| always much larger.
c. |_| essentially the same.
d. |_| positively charged.
13. Chlorofluorocarbons, CFCs,
a.
|_| are very stable molecules consisting of carbon, fluorine and chlorine.
b.
|_| have been commercially used as refrigerant gases.
c.
|_| can react with UV-C light to release chlorine free radicals.
d. |_| have been shown to destroy ozone in the troposphere.
e. |_| all of the above are true
14. Which of the following statements about the electromagnetic spectrum are TRUE?
a. |_| As the wavelength increases in the electromagnetic spectrum, the energy of the radiation also increases.
b. |_| All electromagnetic radiation is dangerous.
c. |_| Ultraviolet radiation (UV) is not part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
d. |_| Most of the dangerous UV radiation is screened out by oxygen and ozone in the troposphere.
e. |_| The entire electromagnetic spectrum is visible as different colors of light.
15. The number of neutrons in a Potassium, K-39, atom,
a. |_| is always 19
b. |_| is always 20
c. |_| is always 39
d. |_| variable
e. |_| cannot be determined
16.
If
X
can represent the chemical symbol of any element in the periodic table, then represents an isotope of,
a. |_| Calcium.
b. |_| Lead.
c. |_| Uranium.
d. |_| Niobium.
17. True/False – In a free radical all the electrons are paired.
18. A chemical bond where electrons are shared between 2 atoms is a(n),
a. |_| ionic bond
.
b. |_| covalent bond.
c. |_| intermolecular force.
d. |_| none of the above are correct.
19. Use the octet rule to determine the Lewis diagram for N2. What best describes the bonds between nitrogen molecules?
a. |_| ionic bond
b. |_| single covalent bond
c. |_| double covalent bond
d. |_| triple covalent bond
20. The number of protons in any Beryllium, Be, atom is,
a.
|_| 4
.
b.
|_| 5
.
c. |_| 9.
d. |_| cannot be determined as isotopes of Beryllium exist.
21. Carbon capture,
a. |_| requires separating CO2 from other atmospheric gases.
b. |_| involves storing carbon rather than releasing it into the atmosphere.
c. |_| is currently limited by cost factors.
d. |_| All of the above are true statements.
22. True/False – Methane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen molecules and oxygen molecules in the troposphere are all greenhouse gases.
23. The identity of an element is determined by the _________ in the atom.
a. |_| number of protons
b. |_| number of neutrons
c. |_| number of electrons
d. |_| mass number
e. |_| charge
24. How many grams are in a mole of octane, C8H18?
a. |_| 6.02 x 1023
b.
|_| 1
8g
c.
|_| 2
5g
d. |_| 114g
25. Elements in the same group have,
a.
|_| the same
atomic number.
b. |_| the same
number and configuration of neutrons.
c.
|_| the same number and configuration of all of their electrons.
d.
|_| the same number and configuration of valence electrons only.
26. The following reaction is important in the removal of sulfur dioxide, a major source of acid rain, from the smokestacks of coal burning power plants. When the equation below is balanced, the coefficient of calcium sulfate (CaSO4, commonly called gypsum) is:
CaO + SO2 + O2 CaSO4
a. |_| 1
b. |_| 2
c.
|_| 3
d. |_| 4
27. Reactions in a vehicle’s catalytic converter act to remove nitrogen oxide emissions in the following reaction. This reaction shows how nitrogen oxide is combined with carbon monoxide to produce harmless nitrogen gas and carbon dioxide. You will need to balance the equation. Once balanced, how many molecules of nitrogen oxide, NO, are removed for each molecule of nitrogen gas, N2, produced?
NO (g) + CO (g) N2 (g) + CO2 (g)
a. |_| 1
b. |_| 2
c. |_| 3
d. |_| 4
28. In this reaction (shown here unbalanced), what is or are the products?
NO (g) + CO (g) N2 (g) + CO2 (g)
a |_| NO only
b. |_| NO and CO
c. |_| N2 and CO2
d. |_| CO2 only
29. The most commonly used abrasive in toothpaste is calcium carbonate, CaCO3. What is the mass of a mole of calcium carbonate molecules?
a |_| 100 g
b. |_| 100 amu
c. |_| 68 g
d. |_| impossible to determine
30. Which component of the atmosphere is predicted to continue to rise in the foreseeable future due to human activity?
a. |_| argon
b. |_| carbon dioxide
c. |_| nitrogen
d. |_| oxygen
31. A protective layer of ozone is found in which layer of the atmosphere?
a. |_| mesosphere.
b. |_| stratosphere.
c.
|_| thermosphere.
d.
|_| troposphere.
32. True/False – The concentration of air pollutants is never higher indoors than outdoors.
33. A chloride ion, Cl-(charge of minus 1), has the same electron configuration as a(n),
a. |_| sodium atom.
b. |_| chlorine atom.
c. |_| neon atom.
d. |_| argon atom
34. A chloride ion, Cl-, is a(n),
a. |_| solvent.
b. |_| cation.
c. |_| anion.
d. |_| acqueous solution.
35. When magnesium reacts with chlorine, magnesium ions, Mg2+, and chloride ions, Cl-, are formed. In this reaction, chlorine atoms,
a.
|_| lose electrons.
b.
|_| gain electrons.
c.
|_| lose protons.
d.
|_| gain protons.
36. The measure of the attraction of an atom for electrons is called its,
a. |_| nonpolarity.
b. |_| electronegativity.
c. |_| valence.
d. |_| covalence.
37. Which is the correct Lewis electron dot structure of an atom of the element oxygen?
a. |_|
b.|_|
c. |_|
d. |_|
38. Group VIIIA, the noble gases, does not usually participate in chemical reactions because of,
a.
|_| the unique structure of their nuclei.
b.
|_| the special number of protons and neutrons.
c.
|_| the bonds that they form with other protons.
d.
|_| the number and arrangement of their electrons.
39. True/False – The volume of water increases as it freezes.
40. ppm and ppb are,
a. |_| toxic chemicals.
b. |_| chlorinated hydrocarbons.
c. |_| wastewater treatment strategies.
d. |_| concentration units.
41. Water’s unique properties, including its high heat capacity, high density, and ability to act as a solvent can be attributed to,
a. |_| its ionic bonding.
b. |_| the radioactive nature of hydrogen isotopes.
c. |_| the polarity of the molecule and the subsequent hydrogen bonding between molecules.
d. |_| all of the above
42. A charged atom is called a(n),
a.
|_| isotope.
b.
|_| radioactive nuclei.
c.
|_| cathode ray.
d.
|_| ion.
43. A solute that conducts electricity is called a(n),
a. |_| electrolyte.
b. |_| nonelectrolyte.
c. |_| solvent.
d. |_| electronegativity.
44. A water –soluble vitamin,
a. |_| is a non-polar compound.
b. |_| is a polar compound.
c. |_| cannot form an aqueous solution.
d. |_| accumulates in the fatty tissues of the body.
45. In what group of the periodic table would elements that form ions with a positive charge of 1, +1, be found?
a. |_| 1A, the Alkali Metals
b. |_| 2A, the Alkali Earth Metals
c.
|_| 7
A, the Halogens
d. |_| 8A, the Noble Gases
46. True/False – Desalination plants, where salt water is made potable, are found in various locations around the world.
47. Many of the ancient marble statues in Athens, Greece have become eroded during the last generation due to the action of H2SO4 as shown in the reaction below. In this reaction H2SO4 is acting as a(n),
CaCO3 (s) + H2SO4 (aq) CaSO4 (aq) + H20 + CO2 (g)
a.
|_| salt
b.
|_| acid
c.
|_| base
d.
|_| neutralizing agent
48. Which is NOT a characteristic of bases?
a.
|_| taste bitter
b.
|_| turn litmus blue
c.
|_| react with acids to form bases
d.
|_| feel slippery on the skin
49. Which substance has the highest pH?
a.
|_| hydrochloric acid
b.
|_| lemon juice
c.
|_| unpolluted rainwater
d.
|_| a concentrated solution of NaOH, sodium hydroxide
50. If the hydrogen ion concentration of a dilute solution of nitric acid is 0.00001M, what is the pH of that solution?
e. |_| 7
f.
|_| 14
g.
|_| 4
h.
|_| 5
51. Acids are,
i.
|_| neutron donors.
j.
|_| neutron acceptors.
k.
|_| proton donors.
l.
|_| proton acceptors.
52. Which of the following correctly shows what happens during the neutralization of magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2, a strong base, with hydrochloric acid, HCl, a strong acid?
a.
|_| Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl MgCl2 + 2H2O
b.
|_| Mg(OH) 2 + 2H2O MgCl2 + HCl
c.
|_| Mg(OH) 2 2HCl + MgCl2 + 2H2O
d.
|_| MgCl2 + H2O 2HCl + Ba(OH) 2
53 Alka-selzer, NaHCO3, is an efficient antacid because it is a(n),
a.
|_| acid.
b.
|_| base.
c.
|_| neutral.
d.
|_| salt.
54. Which of the following is the correct balanced equation of the ionization in water of NaOH, a strong base?
a.
|_| NaOH H+ + O- + Na+
b.
|_| NaOH H2O + Na+
c.
|_| NaOH Na+ + OH-
d.
|_| Na+ + OH- NaOH
55. A weak acid in water,
a. |_| produces no hydronium ions.
b. |_| produces only a relatively small fraction of the maximum number of possible hydronium ions.
c. |_| produces a relatively small fraction of the maximum number of possible hydroxide ions.
d. |_|produces 100% of the maximum number of possible hydronium ions.
56. Hydoxide ions are,
a.
|_| OH-
b.
|_| OH+
c.
|_| H3O+
d.
|_| H2O-
57. True/False – The majority of the average human’s exposure to radioactivity comes from medical diagnosis.
58. True/False – The United States currently has an adequate amount of permanent disposal sites for high-level radioactive waste, HLW.
59. A piece of cloth is dated using carbon-14. The cloth is determined to be 1400 years old. The half-life of C-14 is 5730 years. The C-14 radioactivity in the cloth will be ______ than the radioactivity in the new cloth.
a.
|_| greater
b. |_| the same
c.
|_| less than
d.
|_| the amount of radioactivity cannot be predicted
60. Ionizing radiation is,
a.
|_| radiation of sufficient energy to remove neutrons.
b.
|_| radiation of sufficient energy to remove protons.
c.
|_| radiation of sufficient energy to remove electrons.
d.
|_| none of the above.
61. Which of the following is NOT a common type of radiation?
a. |_| Alpha particle,
b. |_| Beta particle,
c. |_| Gamma ray,
d. |_| Neutron rays,
62. After 2 half-lives, what fraction of the original radioactive isotope remains in a sample?
a. |_| none
b.
|_| ½
c.
|_| ¼
d.
|_| 1/8
63. Nuclear fission is a process by which the nucleus of an atom,
a.
|_| splits into two or more fragments.
b.
|_| loses an electron with the release of a large amount of energy.
c.
|_| combines with another nucleus to produce a larger nucleus.
d.
|_| loses a cosmic ray with the release of a large amount of energy.
64. Which type of radioactivity has a negative charge?
a. |_| Alpha particle,
b. |_| Beta particle,
c. |_| Gamma ray,
d. |_| Visible light
65. True or False – Radiation is most lethal to rapidly reproducing cells, hence its use in fighting cancer.
66. An alpha particle is the same as a(n),
a. |_| helium-4 nucleus.
b. |_| hydrogen-2 nucleus.
c. |_| electron.
d. |_| proton.
67. True or False – Batteries produce a flow of electrons due to reduction/oxidation reactions.
68. True or False – Iron, Fe, is oxidized in the following reaction: Fe Fe2+ + 2e-
69. Which of the following statements are TRUE concerning common alkaline cells?
a. |_| The voltage from an AA alkaline cell is the same as the voltage from a D alkaline cell.
b. |_| An AA alkaline cell will sustain the flow of electrons for longer than a D alkaline cell.
c. |_| The voltage in AA and D alkaline cell batteries is variable.
d. |_| All of the above statements are true.
70. In reduction chemical reactions,
a. |_| an electron is gained.
b. |_| an electron is lost.
c. |_| an electron is either gained or lost.
d. |_| a proton is transferred.
71. Which of the following is the best definition of voltage?
a. |_| rate of electron flow
b. |_| site of oxidation in a galvanic cell
c. |_| source of electrons in a galvanic cell
d. |_| difference in electrochemical potential between two electrodes
72. An anode,
a. |_| is not where a reduction or oxidation reaction take place in a galvanic cell.
b. |_| is the source of electrons in a galvanic cell.
c. |_| is a measure of the rate of electron flow.
d. |_| is a measure of the difference in electrochemical potential between two electrodes.
73. Carbohydrates are polymers of,
a. |_| amino acids.
b. |_| saccharides such as glucose.
c. |_| cellulose.
d. |_| lipids.
74. Saturated fats have,
a. |_| only C-C single bonds.
b. |_| a large proportion of C=C double bonds.
c. |_| an odd number of carbon atoms.
d. |_| an even number of carbon atoms.
75. Amino acids that are not synthesized by the human body and must be obtained in food sources are called,
a. |_| nucleic acids.
b. |_| carboxylic acids.
c. |_| essential amino acids.
d. |_| vitamins.
76. Most dietary fats are,
a. |_| trans fats.
b. |_| cholesterol.
c. |_| triglycerides
d. |_| glycerol
77. True or False – Trans fats are a type of fat commonly found in plant and animal foods.
78. Fat soluble vitamins,
a. |_| are inorganic compounds that are required for proper nutrition.
b. |_| are less important than water soluble vitamins.
c. |_| can be taken in large doses as they are rapidly decomposed in the body and excreted daily.
d. |_| can be stored in the body in fatty tissue.
79. True or False – Someone who is obese cannot suffer from malnutrition.
80. Which of the following statements concerning lipids is FALSE.
a. |_| Fats, oils, steroids and waxes are all lipids.
b. |_| Lipids are nonpolar molecules and so are not soluble in water.
c. |_| Lipids have the highest calorie per mass value of the different types of foods.
d. |_| The lipid, triglyceride, consists of three amino acid structures and a glycerol.
Directions: For questions 81-88, answer each of the following questions in the text box or on a separate sheet of paper. Be sure to answer the entire question. Each is worth 4-6 points as noted.
81. (6pts) Choose ONE of the following air pollutants: VOCs, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, radon. Describe the pollutant. What are the natural and man-made sources of the pollutant? Describe how it is toxic to humans?
82. (6pts) What is the chemical formula for the oxygen molecule? What is the chemical formula for the ozone molecule? How is ozone naturally generated in the atmosphere? What are some effects of ozone in the air around you here in the troposphere? What is the beneficial action of ozone in the stratosphere?
83. (4pts) What a balanced equation for the combustion of propane, C3H8, in the presence of oxygen, O2, to yield carbon and water.
84. (6pts) Describe how the greenhouse effect naturally influences the earth’s temperature. Then, describe what is meant by the enhanced greenhouse effect. List two greenhouse gases.
85. (5pts) Define solubility. What types of molecules are soluble in water? What types of molecules are not soluble in water? Relate this to hydrogen bonding.
86. (6pts) Define and describe acid rain. Choose either sulfur or nitrogen oxides. How does this contribute to acid rain? What are the main sources of these emissions?
87. (6pts) Briefly describe how nuclear reactors produce electricity.
88. (6pts) Define and describe ONE of the following: galvanic cell, fuel cell, photovoltaic cell.
238
92
X
