Final

Title –

Do elderly individuals living in nursing homes expire more rapidly than elderly living at home with assistance?

Abstract need to be added

Final Draft

TitleSummaries
by Candi Jackson

Submission date: 21-Feb-2025 11:11PM (UTC-0600)
Submission ID: 2595306335

File name: 52930_Candi_Jackson_TitleSummaries_2894240_1380047849 x (22.12K)

Word count: 988

Character count: 6057

The first letter of each word should be capitalized.

Please make the suggested changes before including these in your Introduction/Literature Review. I enjoyed
reading this. Elderly care is very important to me, as is child care, the two most vulnerable age categories.

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16Paragraph indentation

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FINAL GRADE

8/10

TitleSummaries
GRADEMARK REPORT

GENERAL COMMENTS

PAGE 1

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Text Comment. The first letter of each word should be capitalized.

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Comment 3

After Northwestern State University, add:

PSYC 2430 Introduction to Experimental Methodology

Dr. Judy Drago

April 13, 2025

Text Comment. Please make the suggested changes before including these in your
Introduction/Literature Review. I enjoyed reading this. Elderly care is very important to me, as is
child care, the two most vulnerable age categories.

PAGE 2

Comment 4

Put this in italics.

Applied Economics, 54(16),

Also, in your final paper, you do not complete the reference citations in bold font.

Comment 5

Indent the first line of every paragraph by 5 spaces, 0.5 inch.

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Comment 6

At the end of this sentence, you need to clarify the importance of the loss of revenue because
you made an unexpected shift from discussing early death in nursing homes to finances. You
might want to say something like, “Though helping the elderly live longer is the goal, the current
operational policies seem to be decreasing revenue. Increased revenue should be a secondary
incentive to implement policies that promote life quality and longevity.

Or, if the study looked at the cost of services to each resident and is losing revenue because of
these costs, then you would address this issue differently, perhaps emphasizing the
implementation of more cost-effective treatment and housing policies.

Comment 7

When I was growing up, some individuals opened up their homes to two or three elderly and
took care of them. I’m not sure what this practice was called, but I remember visiting an elderly
woman in such a home.

Comment 8

Croatian Medical Journal, 50(2), 182-188. https://doi.org/10.3325/cmj.2009.50.182

Strikethrough.

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Indent the first line of each paragraph 5 spaces, 0.5 inch.

PAGE 3

Comment 10

residents’

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Comment 12

I think this an important comparison but it should be specific. The quality of of life after a stroke
is better treated in a nursing care home because of the stroke. For those that have not had a
stroke, longevity may be increase by remaining in one’s home, assuming the individual is
relatively healthy and active.

Comment 13

The journal title and the first number should be italicized.

Research on Aging, 40(1), 72-97.

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Comment 16

examined

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Indent the first line of each paragraph 5 spaces, 0.5 inch.

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Comment 18

uses should be used

Comment 19

found

Strikethrough.

PAGE 4

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Indent the first line of each paragraph 5 spaces, 0.5 inch.

Comment 21

Italicize the journal name and “22.”

Comment 22

Provide the sample number if noted in the article. Sample size is very important in statistical
analysis.

PAGE 5

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Indent the first line of each paragraph 5 spaces, 0.5 inch.

Introduction
by Candi Jackson

Submission date: 09-Mar-2025 05:29PM (UTC-0500)
Submission ID: 2609772503

File name: 52930_Candi_Jackson_Introduction_2894244_318357050 x (24.61K)

Word count: 1234

Character count: 7199

I truly hope you can do this study once you get into graduate school. Excellent work! See needed corrections… not
many.

Globally, the elderly population is rapidly increasing.

“to die quicker”

Excellent!

Good point!

objective

Insert “those” in between than and receiving.

For Question 1, start thinking about how you will obtain this data, from recruiting participants or a family
member or staff member if the individual is deceased. In fact, for this study, you will be dealing with an archive on
deceased elderly. You will have to be creative since the dead do not speak. For Question 2, you may want to make
this a longitudinal type study, at least three to five years. For Question 3, I will leave this to you. Current health
status upon entrance to a facility or upon the determination that an individual will need assisted living.

The first letter in the subtitle is
capitalized.

6 7

FINAL GRADE

20/20

Introduction
GRADEMARK REPORT

GENERAL COMMENTS

PAGE 1

Text Comment. I truly hope you can do this study once you get into graduate school.
Excellent work! See needed corrections… not many.

PAGE 2

Text Comment. Globally, the elderly population is rapidly increasing.

Strikethrough.

Text Comment. “to die quicker”

Text Comment. Excellent!

PAGE 3

Text Comment. Excellent!

PAGE 4

Text Comment. Good point!

PAGE 5

Text Comment. objective

Strikethrough.

Text Comment. Insert “those” in between than and receiving.

Strikethrough.

Text Comment. For Question 1, start thinking about how you will obtain this data, from
recruiting participants or a family member or staff member if the individual is deceased. In fact,
for this study, you will be dealing with an archive on deceased elderly. You will have to be
creative since the dead do not speak. For Question 2, you may want to make this a longitudinal
type study, at least three to five years. For Question 3, I will leave this to you. Current health
status upon entrance to a facility or upon the determination that an individual will need
assisted living.

PAGE 6

Text Comment. The first letter in the subtitle is capitalized.

Strikethrough.

Comment 6

1. The first letter of each word in the journal title is capitalized. The journal title should also be
in italicized, along with the first number after the journal title, 50 in this case. The normal format
would be: Croatian Medical Journal, 50(2) unless the 2 is an article number rather than an Issue
number. If an issue number, it should be in parenthesis and butted up against the volume
number.

Comment 7

Close the space between the period and the DOI address.

Strikethrough.

Comment 9

My guess is the 50 is the volume number, so it should be italicized like the journal title.

Comment 10

Remove the extra comma.

Comment 11

If this is the volume number, make it italicized.

Method

by Candi Jackson

Submission date: 23-Mar-2025 12:47PM (UTC-0500)
Submission ID: 2622602693

File name: 52930_Candi_Jackson_Method_2894252_585972320 x (16.09K)

Word count: 667

Character count: 4146

Method

Make this a level-2 heading, flushed left to margin.
Fifty

from inclusive

Flush this second-level heading to the left margin.

that assesses

With permission of the participant and facility managers, medical

Among other things, a “standardized” survey is a published survey that has ungone the rigors of reliability, validity, question content,

What does this mean? Are you saying, In the final briefing, at the end of the 12 months, the
summary findings will be shared with the participants and other relevant parties as permitted by
the participant or legal guardian’s written consent.

Section Heading Add Method, bold and centered, as your level-1 heading. Only the level one heading is centered in the
page. Instruments subsection 1. This is a second-level heading, so it should be flushed to the left margin. 2.. Among other
things, a “standardized” survey (even a demographic survey) is a published survey that has undergone the rigors of
reliability, validity, question content, testing etc. If you plan to construct a demographic survey, then you would call it a
researcher-generated demographic survey and not a “standardized” survey. Design In describing the final debriefing, the
statement “will be done through summary of findings and additional help.” What does this mean? Are you saying, In the
final briefing, at the end of the 12 months, the summary findings will be shared with the participants and other relevant
parties as permitted by the participant or legal guardian’s written consent.

FINAL GRADE

18/20

Method
GRADEMARK REPORT

GENERAL COMMENTS

Section Heading

Add Method, bold and centered, as your level-1
heading. Only the level one heading is centered in
the page.

Instruments subsection

1. This is a second-level heading, so it should be
flushed to the left margin.

2.. Among other things, a “standardized” survey
(even a demographic survey) is a published survey
that has undergone the rigors of reliability, validity,
question content, testing etc. If you plan to construct
a demographic survey, then you would call it a
researcher-generated demographic survey and not a
“standardized” survey.

Design

In describing the final debriefing, the statement “will
be done through summary of findings and
additional help.” What does this mean? Are you
saying, In the final briefing, at the end of the 12
months, the summary findings will be shared with
the participants and other relevant parties as
permitted by the participant or legal guardian’s
written consent.

PAGE 1

Text Comment. Method

Text Comment. Make this a level-2 heading, flushed left to margin.

Text Comment. Fifty

Strikethrough.

Text Comment. from

Text Comment. inclusive

Strikethrough.

Text Comment. Flush this second-level heading to the left margin.

Text Comment. that assesses

Strikethrough.

Text Comment. With permission of the participant and facility managers, medical

Comment 5

If this is a standardized survey, you should add the name of it and the author(s) and date. The
complete information should be on the Reference page.

Text Comment. Among other things, a “standardized” survey is a published survey that
has ungone the rigors of reliability, validity, question content, etc. If you plan to construct a
demographic survey, then you would call it a researcher-generated demographic survey and
not a “standardized” survey.

PAGE 2

Comment 6

no comment

Text Comment. What does this mean? Are you saying, In the final briefing, at the end of
the 12 months, the summary findings will be shared with the participants and other relevant
parties as permitted by the participant or legal guardian’s written consent.

PAGE 3

PAGE 4

Text Comment. Section Heading Add Method, bold and centered, as your level-1 heading.
Only the level one heading is centered in the page. Instruments subsection 1. This is a second-
level heading, so it should be flushed to the left margin. 2.. Among other things, a
“standardized” survey (even a demographic survey) is a published survey that has undergone
the rigors of reliability, validity, question content, testing etc. If you plan to construct a
demographic survey, then you would call it a researcher-generated demographic survey and
not a “standardized” survey. Design In describing the final debriefing, the statement “will be
done through summary of findings and additional help.” What does this mean? Are you saying,
In the final briefing, at the end of the 12 months, the summary findings will be shared with the

participants and other relevant parties as permitted by the participant or legal guardian’s
written consent.

The Effectiveness of Multi-Strain Probiotic Over a Probiotic with Five or Less Strains in Decreasing Major Depressive Disorder

Dr Judy Drago

Northwestern State University

PSYC 2430 Introduction to Experimental Methodology

Instructor

Due Date

Abstract

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) has been associated with disruptions in gut microbiota, wherein specific bacterial strains play a crucial role in mood regulation. Existing research has demonstrated a link between depressive symptoms and altered gut flora (Barandouzi et al., 2020); however, the comparative effectiveness of multi-strain probiotics versus those containing fewer strains remains understudied. This randomized controlled study proposes to evaluate whether a 20-strain probiotic yields greater reductions in depressive symptoms than a probiotic with five or fewer strains. A total of 150 adults, aged 18 to 65, diagnosed with MDD, will be randomly assigned to either the multi-strain or low-strain probiotic group. Depression severity will be measured at baseline, week 4, and week 8 using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). It is hypothesized that the multi-strain group will show a significantly larger decrease in BDI-II scores. This research aims to fill a gap in current knowledge by identifying optimal probiotic formulations for alleviating depressive symptoms, thus offering a non-pharmacological and potentially safer alternative for individuals who either cannot or prefer not to use antidepressant medication. Findings may have implications for clinical practice, policy development, and future research on the gut-brain axis.

Key Words: gut microbiota, depression, probiotics

NOTE: YOUR ABSTRACT SHOULD NOT BE LONGER THAN 250 WORDS. KEEP IT SHORT AND TO THE POINT.

The Effectiveness of Multi-Strain Probiotic Over a Probiotic with Five or Less Strains in Decreasing Major Depressive Disorder

Understanding the relationship between [Independent Variable – gut microbiota] and [Dependent Variable -depression] is crucial for those who suffer from depression but do not wish to take antidepressants or have other medical conditions that make the medication contraindicated for treating depression. Fortunately, prior research has explored and found a relationship between gut microbiota and depression. Individuals with depression exhibit distinct gut microbiota profiles compared to non-depressed individuals. Barandouzi et al. (2020) found that depressed individuals have a high amount of Actinobacteria and Fusobacteria phyla (proinflammatory species of bacteria) and a low rate of other important bacteria. Inflammation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract creates stress. Although the mechanism by which unhealthy gut bacteria impact mood is unclear, we do know that the gut connects directly with the brain via the gut-brain axis, a connection first reported in a study on mice. The brain-gut axis allows bidirectional communication between the gut and brain via neural, endocrine, and immune pathways (Mayer et al., 2014).

Previous studies have investigated various probiotics in relation to Major Depressive Disorder. What is missing in the literature is information on the effectiveness of different mixtures of probiotics that include multiple strains verses probiotics with five or fewer bacterium types.

Begin your literature review by discussing your first article summary [Summarize key findings from the article that are relevant to your hypothesis]

Carabotti et al. (2015) suggest the main mechanisms of the bidirectional brain-gut-microbiota axis is that gut-to-brain communication influences the production, release, and reuptake of neurotransmitters and neurotrophic factors (BDNF). Communication from the brain to the gut microbiota influences intestinal mucus production, motility and permeability, and immune function.

Insert your second article summary (Author, Year): [Summarize key findings relevant to your hypothesis]

In a randomized controlled exploratory trial, Wallace and Milev
( 2021) recruited 10 participants ( 7 females and 3 males, ages 18-65) via newspaper and website, from Kingston, Ontario. The one inclusive criterium was a diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). The purpose of the study was to examine the role of probiotics in decreasing symptoms of MDD and in improving sleep quality. Participants took a probiotic supplement containing Lactobacilus Helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175 3 x 109 (3 billion colony-forming units, CFU, of live bacterial cells) per dose, once a day for 8 weeks. Clinical symptoms of depression were measured using a battery of clinical scales and self-report questionnaires (CAN-BIND protocol). Baseline data was taken and then measured again at week 4 and week 8. Significant improvement was measured in week 4 and sustained at week 8. These findings supported other studies on probiotics for decreasing MDD. Due to the low participant rate, it is suggested that a much larger study be conducted.

Insert your third article summary (Author, Year): [Summarize key findings relevant to your hypothesis]

Our understanding of the effectiveness of probiotics is increasing with each additional study on the relationship between healthy gut microbiota and decreased depression in individuals suffering from depression (Ng, et al., 2018; Kazemi et al., 2019; Wallace and Milev, 2021; and Sikorska et al., 2023). However, there are some limitations in research on this topic. One limitation in research is the variability in probiotic strains and dosages (Wallace and Milev, 2021), i.e., researchers are studying many forms of gut microbiota to determine their effect on depression and other mood disorders, but studies to date tend to focus on one or two or three strains of bacteria, and this has created a gap in the literature regarding probiotics using multiple strains and higher dosages of probiotics. Is a 20-strain, probiotic more effective than a 2-strain probiotic in decreasing MDD, or is it one or two specific gut bacteria that is responsible for the decrease in depression? From an economic perspective, the higher the number of bacterial strains that exist in a probiotic solution, the greater the cost, which may hinder those with MDD from taking probiotics. However, the ability to identify the right combinations of probiotics seems more likely with multi-strain probiotics. Accordingly, this study will compare the effectiveness of probiotics with 20 strains of microbes with a probiotic with 5 or fewer strains. Therefore, this study will examine the relationship between two levels of probiotics (IV) and depression (DV]. The following hypotheses will be tested:

·
H1 (Alternative Hypothesis): Multispecies probiotic bacteria will be more effective in reducing depression than probiotics with 5 or fewer strains of bacteria.

·
H0 (Null Hypothesis): There will be no difference between the effects of multi-strain probiotics and probiotics with 5 or fewer strains in reducing depression.

Next, explain how your research will contribute to knowledge on your topic by filling a gap, confirming previous studies, or providing new insight. What, if any, implications your research will have on applications, policy, practices, or theoretical advancements?

This research will (1) contribute to the growing body of knowledge by confirming the effectiveness of probiotics in the treatment of depression and (2) help to close the gap on the most efficient probiotic combinations in the treatment of this disorder. The findings from this study may have implications for relevant applications for practice, and or theoretical advancements.

Method

Participants

A total of 150 participants, males, and females, ages 18-65, with a diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) will be recruited for this study. The Inclusive criteria is a confirmed diagnosis of MDD. The exclusion criteria include current use of antidepressant medication, diagnosis of other mental health disorders, use of probiotics in the past year, and any gastrointestinal disorders that might interfere with probiotic absorption.

Participants will be recruited by placing ads on social media platforms and flyers strategically placed in mental health clinics, hospital waiting areas, and other facilities as permitted by the facility. Once interest is generated in participating in the study and names are collected, a simple random sample will be chosen by pulling a name from a closed box with an opening just large enough to reach in and pull a name from the box. After each name is chosen, the box will be shaken to remix the names.

Design

This study will be a randomized controlled experimental design (see Table 6.1 Overview of Sampling Techniques) with a between-groups structure in which participants will be randomly assigned to one of the two treatment conditions. The independent variable (IV) is the type of probiotic supplement (multi-strain vs. single-strain probiotics) and the dependent variable (DV) is the severity of depression, as measured by a standardized depression assessment scale

Participants will be randomly assigned to one of two treatment levels:

· Multi-strain probiotic group (20 strains of probiotics)

· Low-strain probiotic group (5 or fewer strains of probiotics)

Operational Definitions These italicized level three headings help but are not required. They are added to help you see the parts of a good Method section.

· Independent Variable (IV): Defined as the number of bacterial strains in the probiotic supplement, operationalized as a multi-strain probiotic supplement (20 strains) versus a low-strain probiotic supplement (5 strains or fewer).

· Dependent Variable (DV): Measured using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), where higher scores indicate greater depressive symptomatology.

Instruments

To obtain a baseline and repeated assessments at weeks 4 and 8, the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) will be used the BDI-II is a 21-question self-report measure of the severity of depressive symptoms. Each question is scored from 0 – 3. Higher scores indicate a higher level of depression. The BDI-II has demonstrated strong reliability (Cronbach’s alpha[measures the internal consistency of the scale] ranged from 0.83 to 0.96 and test-retest reliability ranged from 0.73 to 0.96 (Wang and Gorenstein, 2013, p. 416). Convergent and divergent validity is positive, yielding a positive correlation with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (r=0.69) and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (r = .80, Gebrie, 2018).

Procedure

All procedures will be conducted in the order they appear in this proposal.

Informed Consent:
On the day of the study, the participants will receive an informed consent form detailing the study’s purpose, procedures, potential risks, confidentiality, and their right to withdraw from the study at any time. Participants will be required to sign the consent form before they are accepted for participation in the study.

Pre-Assessment:
Once the consent form is signed, each participant will complete the BDI-II to obtain a baseline assessment of depression

Randomization and Intervention:
Once the assessment is completed. Participants will be randomly assigned to either the multi-strain probiotic group (Group A) or the low-strain probiotic group (Group B). Both groups will take one probiotic capsule daily for 8 weeks. Depending upon the group assigned to, participants will receive an 8-week supply of the probiotic multi-strain or probiotic single-strain. They will also receive an 8-week tracking sheet where they will list the time they take the probiotic each day. They will also be informed not to double the probiotic dose if they forget to take it. They should simply place an “X” on their track sheet for the day they did not take the probiotic

Post-Assessment:
Depression severity and gut health will be reassessed in week 4 and week 8 using the same instrument. Participants will take the assessment online. An email reminder will be sent at the beginning of week 4 and 8 and midway through week 4 and 8.

Follow-Up :
One month after the study ends, patients will be contacted via email and provided an online link where they will complete an online survey that focuses on the sustained effects of the probiotics on depression. They will also be given a telephone number to contact the researcher with any questions they may have.

Debriefing:

Approximately two weeks after the Follow-Up, participants will receive a debriefing statement, via email, repeating the study’s purpose and providing the findings.

Data Analysis: ( The following information is just for your information. You are not expected to complete this part of the proposal)

Data will be analyzed using the Statistical Program for Social Sciences (SPSS). Descriptive statistics will summarize demographic information (age, sex) and baseline measure for depression assessed with the BDI-II.

· Hypothesis Testing: An independent samples t-test will be conducted to compare depression scores between the two groups at week 8.

· Repeated-Measures ANOVA will be used to assess changes in depression severity over time (baseline, week 4, and week 8).

· Effect Size: Cohen’s d will be calculated to determine the magnitude of the effect (Remember that the p-value tells you if a relationship is statistically significant. Well, the effect size, Cohen’s d, indicates how meaningful a difference or relationship is, i.e., a larger effect size would indicate a more substantial impact of probiotics on depression symptoms. A small effect size would indicate they are less substantial.impact).

Ethical approval will be obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at Northwestern State University before data collection begins. Participants will be assigned ID numbers to maintain anonymity, and data will be securely stored in an encrypted database.

References

Barandouzi, Z., Starkweather, A., Henderson, W., Gyamfi, A., & Cong, X. (2020). Altered

Composition of Gut Microbiota in Depression: A Systematic Review.
Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11.

https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00541

Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., & Brown, G.K. (1996). Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio,

TX: Psychological Corporation.

Carabotti, M., Scirocco, A., Maselli, M. A., & Severi, C. (2015). The gut-brain axis: interactions

between enteric microbiota, central and enteric nervous systems.
Annals of

gastroenterology,
28(2), 203–209.

Gebrie, M. H. (2018, July 5). An analysis of Beck Depression Inventory 2nd Edition

(BDI-II).
Global Journal of Endocrinological Metabolism.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328141909_An_Analysis_of_Beck_Depression_Inventory_2nd_Edition_BDI-II

Kazemi, A., Noorbala, A., Azam, K., Eskandari, M., & Djafarian, K. (2019). Effect of probiotic and

prebiotic vs placebo on psychological outcomes in patients with major depressive disorder: A

randomized clinical trial.
Clinical nutrition, 38 2, 522-528 .

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2018.04.010.

Mayer, E. A., Knight, R., Mazmanian, S.K., Cryan, J.F., & Tillisch K. (2014). Gut microbes and the

brain: Paradigm shift in neuroscience.
Journal of Neuroscience, 34(46), pp15490-15496.

Ng, Q., Peters, C., Ho, C., Lim, D., & Yeo, W. (2018). A meta-analysis of the use of probiotics to

alleviate depressive symptoms.
Journal of affective disorders, 228, 13-19.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.063

Sikorska, M., Antosik-Wójcińska, A., & Dominiak, M. (2023). Probiotics as a Tool for Regulating

Molecular Mechanisms in Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized

Clinical Trials.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24.

https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043081.

Wallace, C., & Milev, R. (2021). The Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Probiotics on Depression:

Clinical Results from an Open-Label Pilot Study.
Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12.

https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.618279

Wang, Y. P., & Gorenstein, C. (2013). Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression

Inventory-II: a comprehensive review.
Revista brasileira de psiquiatria (Sao Paulo,

Brazil : 1999),
35(4), 416–431. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2012-1048

Good evening, students,

Read this email very carefully. Some of you have reached out to me regarding a sample Abstract. Please see the attached paper that now includes the Abstract.

It is time to put your paper together. By now, you should have made the corrections on the following assignments: Title page, Intro/Lit Review, Method, and References. All you need to do is add your Abstract and put your paper together in the following order: Title Page, Abstract, Introduction/Literature Review, Method, Reference page. Make sure the Reference page is on its own page and that it is the last page
unless you constructed your own test to measure your dependent variable.

For Students Using Self-Constructed Assessments

If you construct your own assessment instrument, you must add an Appendix page after your Reference page. A complete (exact) copy of your self-constructed assessment should be on the Appendix page. If it is not, major points (up to15) will be deducted from your paper if the assessment is not attached. Do not “tell” me about the assessment. Attach it.

For Students Using Standardized Assessments

If you are using an existing, standardized assessment instrument(s), you do not need to add an Appendix. In your
Instrument subsection of your Method section, you must provide the correct title of the assessment, the author/date, a description of what the assessment measures, the appropriate age group for the assessment, sample questions, how it is scored, and reliability/validity data. A citation should be on your Reference page as well. If you do not provide the information above, you will lose up to fifteen points depending on how many items are missing.

Finally, make sure your paper is formatted similarly to the attached paper. Remove any redundant information, i.e., do not repeat yourself in what you write. Most important, make sure the corrections I suggested on each of your assignments are made. I will simply deduct the points from that section of the paper if it has not been corrected. I will not correct it a second time.

If you have any questions/concerns, now is the time to bring them to my attention. You have worked hard this semester, and I would like each of you to receive a good final course grade.

Last, I highly recommend that you do yourself a favor and complete a grammar/spelling check before turning in your paper. It never ceases to amaze me that students turn in a grammatically incorrect paper when they could have earned higher points/grades by performing a simple grammar/spelling test through Microsoft Word.

Sample Student Paper

paper title, 2.4, 2.27,
Table 2.1, Figure 2.4

parenthetical citation
of a work with two

authors, 8.17

parenthetical citation
of a work with one

author, 8.17

group author, 9.11

use of first person, 4.16

italics to highlight
a key term, 6.22

narrative citation in
parenthetical running

text, 8.11

repeated citation
needed, 8.1

student title page, 2.3

Sample Papers • 61

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62 • PAPER ELEMENTS AND FORMAT

Sample Student Paper (continued)

Level 1 heading, 2.27,
Table 2.3, Figure 2.5

Level 2 heading, 2.27,
Table 2.3, Figure 2.5

lettered list, 6.50

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“for more” citation, 8.11

secondary source
citation, 8.6

narrative citation
with the year in the

narrative, 8.11

short quotation, 8.25, 8.26

“et al.” citations for
works with three or
more authors, 8.17

Level 1 heading, 2.27,
Table 2.3, Figure 2.5

Level 2 heading, 2.27,
Table 2.3, Figure 2.5

repeated narrative citation with
the year omitted, 8.16

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long paraphrase, 8.24

time abbreviation, 6.28

64 • PAPER ELEMENTS AND FORMAT

Level 1 heading, 2.27,
Table 2.3, Figure 2.5

narrative citation, 8.11;
paraphrasing, 8.23

block quotation, 8.25, 8.27

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Sample Student Paper (continued)

“see also” citation, 8.12

Level 2 heading, 2.27,
Table 2.3, Figure 2.5

personal communication, 8.9

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66 • PAPER ELEMENTS AND FORMAT

journal article reference, 10.1

YouTube video
reference, 10.12

short URL, 9.36

book reference, 10.2

report reference, 10.4

blog post
reference, 10.1

conference presentation
reference, 10.5

edited book chapter
reference, 10.3

shortDOI, 9.36

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Sample Papers • 67

doctoral dissertation
reference, 10.6

shortDOI, 9.36

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APA Research Paper

Grading Rubric

PSYC2430

100 pts.

Name:

Course:

Title:

Formatting (throughout paper) __________ / 6

· One inch margin from all sides

· Half inch margin from the top of the page to running head

· Double Spaced

· Correct font and size

· Numbers

· Header:

· Page number

· Running head: Title in all upper case and 50 characters

Title Page __________ / 4

· Title 10 to 12 words and centered, bold

· Author first name, middle name initial and last name, centered

· Affiliation, centered

· Course and date, centered

Abstract __________ / 10

· Correct Heading: Abstract – Centered, Bold

· Block paragraph and on separate page

· Not exceed 250 words

· Content

Introduction __________ / 30

· Correct heading: Title – Centered, Bold

· Paragraph format

· Correct format of in-text citations

· Content outlined according to APA

· Grammar

· Overall Content

Methods __________ / 25

· Continue after Introduction if space permitted

· Correct heading: Method – Centered, Bold

· Correct subheadings: Participants: Left-justified – Bold, Materials or Apparatus: Left-justified – Bold, Procedure: Left-justified – Bold

· Description of participants

· Description of Material

· Correct citation

· Under procedure summarize each step in the execution of research

· Contents in paragraph format

References __________ / 25

· Correct heading: References – Centered, Bold

· On separate page

· Alphabetically order

· Hanging indent

· Author’s name in correct format

· Year in correct format

· Article name in correct format

· Journal name in correct format

· Volume number and page number in correct format

· Book title in correct format & Publisher name in correct format

· At least 4 credible sources

· At least half are journal articles

· Correct type of citation for source

Late Paper: Five points deduction for

each day

TOTAL __________ / 100

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