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Critical Thinking Discussion board post… no format .. check out the videos and post ” what can we learn” from the minds of www.ted.com/playlists/9/all_kinds_of_minds.html deep thinking.. half a page This week we are dealing with OTCs and psychotherapeutic drugs. Check out the videos, at least the first five, and discuss with each other the “provocative question” of what we can learn from those minds: www.ted.com/playlists/9/all_kinds_of_minds.html Again, try to make connections to what we are studying, make your first post by Friday and respond to at least two other classmates.
Eckhart Tolle: What is the purpose of mental illness?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0lagC4l7SO0
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“No drug can mend a broken heart,
fill an empty life, or teach parents
how to love their children.”
Preston, John in: ”Child and Clinical
Psychopharmacology.2006
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PSYCHOTROPICS
Antianxiety Drugs
Antidepressants
Antipsychotics
Antimanics
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ANXIETY DISORDERS
Panic disorder
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Social anxiety disorder
Specific phobias
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
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Antianxiety Drugs
History:
1830: Chloral Hydrate – induces sleep within 30 minutes (“Mickey Finn”)
1882:Paraldehyde – used to treat DTs
Bromide Salts – used for sleep and anxieties
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Barbiturates
1864 – Adolf von Baeyer synthesized malonic acid and urea – barbituric acid –
3000 compounds have been synthesized and 50 have been marketed
barbiturates have been recommended for 77 different disorders
( Reinisch & Sanders,1982)
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
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Benzodiazepines
Five primary effects:
a) hypnotic
b) anxiolytic
c) anti-seizure
d) muscle relaxant
e) amnestic
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rodrigoedipo.files.wordpress
Long-acting drugs
Valium,
Librium,
Dalmane,
Tranxene
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Intermediate-acting drugs:
Restoril
Ativan
Klonopin
ProSom
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Short-acting Benzodiazepines:
Versed
Xanax
Halcion
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When Santa Barbara County Sheriff’s deputies raided Michael Jackson’s Neverland Ranch in 2003, drug and drug-related paraphernalia was found in droves.
Below is the list of discovered items:
– A vial of powerful sedative, Versed
– Several IV bags containing “a milky white fluid, located in a small cardboard box on top of the bathtub.” Propofol and other anesthesias are milky white.
– A vial of Promethazine, an antihistamine with strong sedative effects
– A bottle of Alprazolam, a generic for Xanax
– A bottle of Percocet, a painkiller
– A syringe
– A vial containing Demerol
– Numerous loose pills outside bottles
– A bottle of Prednisone, a steroid
– Ery-tab, an antibiotic
– Filled prescriptions for Xanax
– Prescription for Alprazolam
– Oxygen tanks
– IV stands
Massive Drug Raid At Neverland Revealed…
http://perezhilton.com/2009-07-10-massive-drug-raid-at-neverland-revealed
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
When benzodiazepine drugs are in the vicinity of GABA receptors, the action of GABA is increased.
Facilitation of GABA produces a greater inhibition and a decreased activity level in the neurons involved.
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NONBENZODIAZEPINE
SEDATIVE-HYPNOTICS AND ANTIANXIETY DRUGS
Zolpidem (Ambien)
Buspirone (BuSpar)
Beta blockers (Tenormin, Lopressor, Inderal)
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Date Rape drugs
Rohypnol – flunitrazepam – long acting benzodiazepine – 10 times stronger than Valium
Known as “roofies”, “R2”, “Mexican Valium”
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Mass overdose of students blamed on date rape drug
“A dozen American students have been hospitalized after having their drinks spiked, possibly with the date-rape drug rohypnol, at a freshers party in Washington state.
Police discovered partygoers in various states of consciousness on Saturday night after they kicked down the door of a house in the small town of Roslyn, near Seattle, after reports of a possible overdose. “
http://www.thefirstpost.co.uk/69934,news-comment,news-politics
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Date Rape Drugs continued
GHB – gamma-hydroxybutyrate
a potent sedative depressant
a body building aid
used for sexual enhancement
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http://www.cesar.umd.edu/cesar/drugs/ghb.asp
Low doses:
Euphoria
Decreased inhibitions
High Doses:
Extensive muscle relaxation Disorientation
Sleepiness and lethargy
Confusion
Loss of coordination and balance Heart rate and respiration lower Impaired learning and memory Overdose:
Headache
Nausea and vomiting Hallucinations
Seizures
Amnesia
Respiratory depression
Loss of consciousness,
coma,
and possibly death
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Party drug GHB is addictive
Published on : 16 May 2010 – 5:30am | By Belinda van Steijn
“A growing number of young Dutch people are signing themselves into a drug clinic to kick their addiction to the party drug GHB (Gamma Hydroxybutyric acid). The drug, which was initially considered to be relatively innocent, has since been found to be extremely addictive.”
http://www.rnw.nl/english/article/party-drug-ghb-addictive
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Antidepressants
First Generation antidepressants
MAOIs – monoamine oxidase inhibitors
Nardil, Parnate
TCAs – tricyclic antidepressants
Elavil, Tofranil
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Antidepressants continued
Second Generation antidepressants
SSRIs – Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft
SNRIs – Effexor, Edronax
Third generation antidepressant–
Remeron, Serzone
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GENERATIONS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC MEDICATIONS
First-generation drugs (Thorazine, Prolixin, Haldol, Mellaril, Navane, Stelazine)
Second-generation drugs (Clozaril, Loxitane, Zyprexa, Risperdal, Geodon)
Third-generation drugs (Abilify)
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TYPICAL AND ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS
First-generation antipsychotic drugs are called typical antipsychotics because they can induce movement-control problems (Parkinson’s-like symptoms).
Second-generation and third-generation antipsychotics are called atypical antipsychotics because they do not induce this side effect.
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EVIDENCE FOR THE DOPAMINE HYPOTHESIS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Parkinson’s-like side effects when treated with first-generation antipsychotics indicate that dopamine levels have changed
Drugs that are most effective in treating schizophrenia are the ones that most effectively block dopamine
Overdose in an anti-Parkinson’s drug produces schizophrenic-like symptoms
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MEDICATIONS FOR MANIA
OR BIPOLAR DISORDER
Lithium carbonate
Valproate (Depakote)
Risperidone (Risperdal)
Ziprasidone (Geodon)
Combination of Zyprexa and Prozac (Symbyax)
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Psychotropics
(“moving closer to a normal state”)
trop – to turn toward
Drugs for treating schizophrenia and Mood Disorders
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THE BIOMEDICAL MODEL OF
MENTAL ILLNESS
Mental disorders are caused by abnormal biochemical processes in the brain.
Genetic evidence for the biomedical model
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SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Schizophrenic patients are “split off” or “broken off” from a firm sense of reality.
positive symptoms of schizophrenia:
delusional thinking,
hallucinations (usually auditory),
dulled emotions,
inappropriate verbal expressions,
odd body postures (catatonia).
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ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUG TREATMENT
First-generation antipsychotic drugs:
Thorazine, Haldol, Mellaril, Stelazine
Second-generation antipsychotic drugs:
Clozaril, Zyprexa, Risperdal
Third-generation antipsychotic drugs:
Abilify
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SIDE EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS
First-generation drugs: Parkinson-like symptoms, tardive dyskinesia
Clozaril: Agranulocytosis in 1-2 percent of patients
Zyprexa and Risperdal: Significant weight gain and development of diabetes, dementia among elderly patients
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ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS AND THE BRAIN
In general, antipsychotic drugs are altering the level of stimulation of dopamine-sensitive receptors in the brain.
Subtypes of dopamine-sensitive receptors are differentially affected by various antipsychotic drugs.
Third-generation antipsychotic drugs stabilize (modulate) the level of D2 receptors
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Psychiatrists, Children and Drug Industry’s Role
“When Anya Bailey developed an eating disorder after her 12th birthday, her mother took her to a psychiatrist at the University of Minnesota who prescribed a powerful antipsychotic drug called Risperdal.”
By GARDINER HARRIS, BENEDICT CAREY and JANET ROBERTS
Published: May 10, 2007
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“In 2006, the Food and Drug Administration received reports of at least 29 children dying and at least 165 more suffering serious side effects in which an antipsychotic was listed as the “primary suspect.” That was a substantial jump from 2000, when there were at least 10 deaths and 85 serious side effects among children linked to the drugs. Since reporting of bad drug effects is mostly voluntary, these numbers likely represent a fraction of the toll.”
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Dr. Derek H. Suite, a psychiatrist in the Bronx, says he sees many children on antipsychotic drugs who do not need them.
Poor Children Likelier to Get Antipsychotics
DUFF WILSON
Published: December 11, 2009
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ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUGS
First-generation antidepressant drugs:
MAO-inhibitors (Nardil, Parnate), tricyclic drugs (Tofranil, Elavil)
Second-generation antidepressant drugs:
SSRIs (Prozac, Celexa, Paxil, Zoloft)
Third-generation antidepressant drugs:
Cymbalta, Remeron, Effexor
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ANTIDEPRESSANTS AND NEUROTRANSMITTERS
MAO-inhibitors raise functioning levels of norepinephrine and serotonin.
SSRIs raise functioning levels of serotonin.
Third-generation antidepressants raise functioning levels of norepinephrine and serotonin.
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DRUGS FOR OTHER TYPES OF
MENTAL DISORDERS
Mania and bipolar disorders: Lithium, Depakote, Symbyax, Abilify
Autism: Risperdal
Mild depression: St. John’s wort
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ISSUES IN MENTAL HEALTH TREATMENT
Social effects of deinstitutionalization
Psychiatric drugs and civil liberties
Impact of health insurance coverage policy
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