Corporate Law discussion question ( sources of answers)

What advice would you provide to the promoter of a corporation when s/he is actively doing his/her job as promoter to prevent any personal liability

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Understanding Corporate Law
‫فهم قانون الشركات‬
Chapter 1
Introduction and Formation
‫المقدمة والتكوين‬
Introduction
Major Forms of Business organizations:
:‫األشكال الرئيسية لمنظمات األعمال‬




Sole proprietorship‫ملكية فردية‬
General Partnership ‫الشراكة العامة‬
Limited Partnership ‫شراكة محدودة‬
Corporation ‫سسة‬
َّ ‫مؤ‬
Introduction
Sources of Corporate Law
• ‫مصادر قانون الشركات‬
• There are law statutes that provide rules for how companies
are incorporated.
• .‫هناك لوائح قانونية توفر قواعد لكيفية تأسيس الشركات‬
• The statues dictate how:‫تملي التماثيل كيف‬
▪ To incorporate‫لدمج‬
▪ Deal with financing‫التعامل مع التمويل‬
▪ Legal capital rules‫قواعد رأس المال القانوني‬
▪ Establish the basic structure for the Board of Directors
‫وضع الهيكل األساسي لمجلس اإلدارة‬
▪ Shareholder power and rights‫سلطة وحقوق المساهمين‬
Introduction
Sources of Saudi Corporate Law‫مصادر نظام الشركات السعودي‬
• Saudi Companies Law issued by a royal decree in 1358 H /
1965 – abolished
• – ‫ م‬1965 / ‫ هـ‬1358 ‫قانون الشركات السعودي الصادر بأمر ملكي عام‬
‫ألغي‬
• Saudi Companies Law issued by a royal decree in 1437 H /
2015 – in force
• ‫ م ساري‬2015 / ‫ هـ‬1437 ‫نظام الشركات السعودي الصادر بأمر ملكي عام‬
‫المفعول‬
• Ministerial orders and decisions
‫األوامر والقرارات الوزارية‬
Introduction
• Sole proprietorship‫ملكية فردية‬
▪ An individual is the sole owner.
‫الفرد هو المالك الوحيد‬
▪ No formal requirements for the ownership and
management of the company.
‫ال توجد متطلبات رسمية لملكية وإدارة الشركة‬
▪ Owner is the principal and can employ people to work
for him/her.
‫المالك هو المدير ويمكن أن يوظف الناس للعمل لديه‬
▪ Owner is personally liable for the obligations of the
business.
‫المالك مسؤول بشكل شخصي عن التزامات العمل‬
Introduction
• Limited Partnerships‫شراكات محدودة‬
• General Partnership‫الشراكة العامة‬
▪ Business organization which
▪ Two or more owners of a
provides partnership-style tax
company‫اثنان أو أكثر من أصحاب الشركة‬
treatment and limited liability
▪ Formation requires no formal
for some of the owners as
action or written agreements.
limited partners.
‫التشكيل ال يتطلب أي إجراء رسمي أو اتفاقيات‬
‫تنظيم األعمال الذي يوفر معاملة ضريبية على‬
‫مكتوبة‬
‫غرار الشراكة ومسؤولية محدودة لبعض‬
▪ Advisable to have an agreement
among partners or shareholders to .‫المالكين كشركاء محدودين‬
protect the interests of the parties. ▪ Limited partnership must have
at least one general partner with
‫من المستحسن أن يكون هناك اتفاق بين الشركاء‬
unlimited liability.
‫أو المساهمين لحماية مصالح األطراف‬
▪ Partnership law is more protective ‫يجب أن يكون للشراكة المحدودة شريك عام‬
‫واحد على األقل بمسؤولية غير محدودة‬
of all owners than corporate law.
‫قانون الشراكة هو أكثر حماية لجميع المالكين من قانون‬
‫الشركات‬
Introduction
• Corporation‫سسة‬
َّ ‫مؤ‬
• Definition from the book‫تعريف من الكتاب‬
“A corporation is an artificial being, invisible, intangible, and existing only
in contemplation of law. Being a mere creature of law, it possesses only
those properties which the charter of its creation confers upon it, either
expressly, or as incidental to its very existence.”
‫ لكونه‬.‫ وموجود فقط في التفكير في القانون‬، ‫ غير ملموس‬، ‫ غير مرئي‬، ‫الشركة هي كائن مصطنع‬
‫ أو‬، ‫ إما صراحة‬، ‫ فإنه يمتلك فقط تلك الخصائص التي يمنحها ميثاق إنشائه‬، ‫مجرد مخلوق للقانون‬
‫عرضية لوجوده ذاته‬
• Separate legal entity‫منشأه قانونية مستقلة‬
• Owners are called shareholders‫يطلق على المالك المساهمين‬
• Board of directors (elected by the shareholders) oversees the
management of the company ‫يشرف مجلس اإلدارة (المنتخب من قبل‬
‫المساهمين) على إدارة الشركة‬
➢ Select officers run the company‫تحديد الضباط يديرون الشركة‬
Introduction
• To form a corporation, the founders of the corporation must
comply with a list of requirements.
.‫ يجب على مؤسسي الشركة االمتثال لقائمة المتطلبات‬، ‫لتكوين شركة‬
• These requirements are often instituted by the government.
‫غالبا ما يتم وضع هذه المتطلبات من قبل الحكومة‬
• Attorneys are often needed to navigate the paperwork.
‫غالبا ما تكون هناك حاجة إلى محامين للتنقل في األعمال الورقية‬
Introduction
Difference Between Partnerships and Corporations
‫الفرق بين الشراكات والشركات‬
• Partnership: Owners are personally liable
‫ يتحمل المالكون المسؤولية الشخصية‬:‫الشراكة‬
• Corporation‫سسة‬
َّ ‫مؤ‬
▪ Shareholders are insulated from the liabilities of the
corporation. Shareholders are protected from anyone going
after the company.
‫ المساهمون محميون من أي شخص يالحق‬.‫المساهمون معزولون عن التزامات الشركة‬
‫الشركة‬
▪ Conversely, the corporation is protected against attacks on its
shareholders.
‫ فإن الشركة محمية من الهجمات على مساهميها‬، ‫على العكس من ذلك‬
▪ The protection offered by the formation of a corporation is one
of the biggest advantages of forming a corporation.
‫الحماية التي يوفرها تكوين الشركة هي واحدة من أكبر مزايا تكوين الشركة‬
Introduction
Taxation‫تحصيل الضرائب‬
• The biggest difference in the forms of companies is the rate
at which the different types of companies are taxed.
‫يتمثل االختالف األكبر في أشكال الشركات في معدل فرض الضرائب على أنواع‬
‫الشركات المختلفة‬
• Corporations pay taxes as legal entities.
‫تدفع الشركات الضرائب ككيانات قانونية‬
Double Taxation‫ضريبة مضاعفة‬
• Corporations pay tax on the profits they receive and when
that profit is distributed to shareholders in the form of
dividends.
• ‫تدفع الشركات ضريبة على األرباح التي تحصل عليها وعندما يتم توزيع هذا‬
‫الربح على المساهمين في شكل أرباح‬
Introduction
Choice of Law‫اختيار القانون‬
• Every country has their own set of laws for incorporating
companies.
‫لكل دولة مجموعة قوانين خاصة بها لتأسيس الشركات‬
• Companies must follow these laws when forming and
incorporating the company.
‫يجب على الشركات اتباع هذه القوانين عند تكوين الشركة وتأسيسها‬
Incorporation & Formation‫التأسيس والتكوين‬
There are 3 elements for formation
‫ عناصر للتكوين‬3 ‫هناك‬
• People – Incorporators
‫ المؤسسون‬- ‫الناس‬
• Papers – Articles of Incorporation
‫ مواد التأسيس‬- ‫األوراق‬
• Act – Procedures of Formation
‫ إجراءات التكوين‬- ‫قانون‬
Introduction
Incorporation and Organization‫التأسيس والتنظيم‬
• When forming a corporation, one person must act as an
incorporator. (People)
)‫ (الناس‬.‫ يجب أن يعمل شخص واحد كمؤسس‬، ‫عند تكوين شركة‬
• The articles of incorporation are filed with a government
entity. (Act)
)‫ (يمثل‬.‫يتم تقديم عقد التأسيس إلى جهة حكومية‬
• Name of the corporation must be different from any other
corporation. (Papers)
)‫ (أوراق‬.‫يجب أن يكون اسم الشركة مختلفًا عن أي شركة أخرى‬
• Corporations must also use a denomination after the
corporation name such as Inc., Ltd., or Corp. (Papers)
• ‫ضا استخدام فئة ما بعد اسم الشركة مثل‬
ً ‫يجب على الشركات أي‬Inc. ،Ltd. ،
‫أو‬Corp. ()‫أوراق‬
Introduction
Incorporation and Organization‫التأسيس والتنظيم‬
Requirements of Incorporation: At least 1 human adult. Entities can not be
incorporators
‫مؤسسة‬
‫ ال يمكن للكيانات أن تكون‬.‫ شخص بالغ واحد على األقل‬:‫متطلبات التأسيس‬
ِّ
• Incorporator must: (Act))‫ (قانون‬:‫يجب على المؤسس‬
▪ Adopt a set of bylaws‫اعتماد مجموعة من اللوائح‬
▪ Hold the initial shareholders’ and directors’ meetings
‫عقد اجتماعات المساهمين والمديرين األولية‬
▪ Arrange for election of directors and officers
‫الترتيب النتخاب أعضاء مجلس اإلدارة والمسؤولين‬
▪ Open bank accounts for the corporation
‫فتح حسابات مصرفية للشركة‬
▪ Issue shares‫إصدار األسهم‬
▪ Conduct other important acts‫القيام بأعمال أخرى مهمة‬
Papers – Articles of Incorporation
‫ مواد التأسيس‬- ‫األوراق‬
Purpose of the Articles of Incorporation
‫الغرض من عقد التأسيس‬
▪ It is a contract between the corporation and shareholders
‫إنه عقد بين الشركة والمساهمين‬
▪ It is a contract between the corporation and the
Department of State (governmental agency)
)‫هو عقد بين المؤسسة ووزارة الخارجية (وكالة حكومية‬
▪ It is called Articles of Association under Saudi Law
‫ويسمى النظام األساسي بموجب القانون السعودي‬
Papers – Articles of Incorporation
Content of the Articles of Incorporation
‫محتوى مواد التأسيس‬
1. Names and Addresses‫األسماء والعناوين‬
• Name & Address of each incorporator and the corporation
‫اسم وعنوان كل مؤسس والمؤسسة‬
• Corporate Name must have a denomination after the corporation name.
E.g. “Inc. Ltd. Corp.”
‫ على سبيل المثال‬.‫يجب أن يحتوي اسم الشركة على فئة بعد اسم الشركة‬
2. Statement of Duration ‫بيان المدة‬
If the certificate contains no statement of duration → the corporation has
perpetual existence
‫ فإن الشركة لها وجود دائم‬، ‫إذا كانت الشهادة ال تحتوي على بيان المدة‬
Papers – Articles of Incorporation
Content of the Articles of Incorporation
3. Statement of Purpose‫بيان الغرض‬
• Purpose can be general or specific ‫يمكن أن يكون الغرض عاما أو محددا‬
• “General purpose”:‫هدف عام‬
▪ Certificate indicates that the corporation’s purpose is to “engage in all
lawful activity”
‫تشير الشهادة إلى أن غرض الشركة هو “االنخراط في جميع األنشطة المشروعة‬
• “Special purpose”:‫الغرض الخاص‬
▪ Certificate indicates that the corporation’s purpose is to “engage in a
specific purpose” e.g. to wash windows
‫تشير الشهادة إلى أن غرض الشركة هو “االنخراط في غرض محدد” على سبيل المثال لغسل‬
‫النوافذ‬
▪ If the certificate indicates a specific purpose then Corp engage an entirely
different kind of business → will result in ultra vires act
‫ فإن مشاركة الشركة في نوع مختلف تماما من األعمال‬، ‫إذا كانت الشهادة تشير إلى غرض محدد‬
‫سينتج عنها فعل متطرف‬
Introduction
Ultra Vires‫ألترا فيريس‬
• According to Pinto and Branson:‫بحسب بينتو وبرانسون‬
Ultra vires results when a corporation has acted beyond its
purpose (the object of the incorporation) or powers (the means
by which the corporation carries out the object). For example, a
corporation established for the purpose of washing windows
would have the power to enter contracts to wash windows.
‫ينتج‬Ultra vires )‫عندما تتصرف الشركة بما يتجاوز غرضها (هدف التأسيس‬
‫ الشركة‬، ‫ على سبيل المثال‬.)‫أو الصالحيات (الوسائل التي تنفذ بها الشركة الشيء‬
‫التي تم إنشاؤها لغرض غسل النوافذ سيكون لها القدرة على إبرام عقود لغسل‬
‫النوافذ‬
• Less significant now than in the past.
‫أقل أهمية اآلن مما كانت عليه في الماضي‬
• Companies can be incorporated with broad purposes and powers.
‫يمكن دمج الشركات ألغراض وصالحيات واسعة‬
Papers – Articles of Incorporation
Content of the Articles of Incorporation
‫محتوى مواد التأسيس‬
4. Capital Structure ‫هيكل رأس المال‬
• Statement describing the structure of the capital
‫بيان يصف هيكل رأس المال‬
• Should include::‫يجب ان يتضمن‬
• Type of stocks‫نوع المخزون‬
▪ Number of shares ‫عدد األسهم‬
▪ Distribution of shares on shareholders ‫توزيع األسهم على المساهمين‬
Acts – Procedures of Formation
Steps of Formation of Corporation
‫خطوات تكوين الشركة‬
Step One – by the Incorporators
‫ من قبل المؤسسين‬- ‫الخطوة األولى‬
• The Incorporators must signing the certificate of
incorporation and acknowledge it before a notary public by
each incorporator.
‫يجب على المؤسسين التوقيع على شهادة التأسيس واالعتراف بها أمام كاتب عدل‬
.‫من قبل كل مؤسس‬
• The Incorporators must delivery of the certificate to the
Department of State.
‫يجب على المؤسسين تسليم الشهادة إلى وزارة الخارجية‬
Acts – Procedures of Formation – ‫األعمال‬
‫إجراءات التكوين‬
Steps of Formation of Corporation
Step Tow – by the Department of State ‫من قبل وزارة الخارجية‬
• The Department of State will verify whether the certificate of
incorporation conforms to the law & filing fees are paid.
‫ستتحقق وزارة الخارجية مما إذا كانت شهادة التأسيس متوافقة مع القانون ودفع رسوم‬
‫اإليداع‬
• The Department files the certificate of incorporation.
‫تقدم الدائرة شهادة التأسيس‬
• The Department’s filing is conclusive evidence of VALID
formation
‫إن إيداع القسم هو دليل قاطع على تشكيل صالح‬
• At this point – we have a de jure corporation (“legal
corporation”)
Acts – Procedures of Formation
Steps of Formation of Corporation
Step Three – by the Incorporators
After filling the certificate and forming a de jure corporation the Incorporators
must hold an organizational meeting to:
‫ يجب على المؤسسين عقد اجتماع تنظيمي من أجل‬، ‫بعد ملء الشهادة وتشكيل شركة بحكم القانون‬
• Adopt any bylaws ‫اعتماد أي لوائح داخلية‬
• “Bylaws”: Is a legal document that defines a Corp purpose, how it
shall run it affairs, and the duties and responsibilities of people who
own and manage it
‫ وواجبات‬، ‫ وكيف ستدير شؤونها‬، ‫ هي وثيقة قانونية تحدد غرض الشركة‬:”‫”اللوائح الداخلية‬
‫ومسؤوليات األشخاص الذين يمتلكونها ويديرونها‬
• Elect the initial board of directors
‫انتخاب مجلس اإلدارة األولي‬
• At that point BOD takes over management
( ‫ يتولى مجلس اإلدارة‬، ‫عند هذه النقطة‬BOD) ‫اإلدارة‬
Chapter 2
Promoters’ Liability and Defective
Incorporation
Introduction
Issues of legal personality
• Questions the extent to which entities are separate from the
company
➢ These “entities” include:
❖ Shareholders
❖ Lenders
❖ Contractors
❖ Landlords
❖ Tort claimants
❖ Courts
Promotor’s Liability
Corporate personality
• People who act on behalf of a company to be formed or in
formation are usually referred to as the “promotors”
• “Promoter”:
➢ Someone who takes responsibility for the existence of the
business.
❖ Bring important parties together
❖ Raise capital
❖ Make arrangements for the business
❖ Enter into contracts
Promotor’s Liability
Promoter’s fiduciary duties
• Must be loyal to other promoters, the corporation being
formed, and investors in the corporation.
• May not profit, self deal or secretly profit from his/her
duties.
• Must act in the best interests of the company.
Promotor’s Liability
Promoters Issues
1. Promotors liability on pre incorporation contracts:
Unless the promoter follows a strict set of rules, the
promoter is liable for any goods and services supplied to the
new company.
Promotor’s Liability
Promoters Issues
2. Liability of the newly-formed corporation:
According to the text:
• “Once the corporation comes into existence, the initial board
of directors should review and take action with respect to each
contract made by the promoter on the corporation’s behalf.
• Otherwise, through mere inaction, the corporation may find
itself bound by contracts it later deems unsuitable or not in
accord with its business plan.”
Defective Incorporation
Defective incorporation
The Problem:
• Defective incorporation involves shareholders acting as though a
corporation has been formed when one has not.
Defective Incorporation
How does it happen?
1. Occurs at birth of the corporation
▪ when there has been an incomplete filing to incorporate the company.
❖Can result from a clerk not filing paperwork or the government
agency sending back the paperwork.
❖Can also arise when government agency returns articles of
incorporation for correction
2. Occurs at death of the corporation
▪ after incorporation when annual reports have not been filed or fees paid
Defective Incorporation
▪ In cases of defective incorporation, the shareholders believe
that the corporation has been duly formed (de jure corporation)
and start doing business in the corporate name.
▪ The result: shareholders, incorporators, or promotors could be
held personally liable on the corporate contracts. Why?
▪ Defenses to defective Incorporation:
1. De facto corporation
2. Corporation by estoppel
De Facto Corporation
De Facto corporation
According to the text, “the de facto corporation defense has three
elements:
1. There must be a law pursuant to which the contemplated
enterprise could have incorporated.
2. The defendants must prove a good faith or “colorable” attempt
to incorporate under that law.
3. The defendants must demonstrate actual use or exercise of the
corporate powers the participants believe themselves to have,
which in the usual case will involve doing business under a
corporate name.”
De Facto Corporation
Corporation by estoppel
• The text states “if an ersatz corporation is unable to establish the
three elements of the de facto corporation doctrine, the defense
could still inquire if the particular creditor dealt with the
participants as if they were acting on behalf of or as a
corporation.
• Persons who have dealt with a business as though it were a
corporation may not later protest when attempting to hold
shareholders individually liable on grounds that the corporation
had been defectively formed.”
Corporate Death
Corporate Death
• Defunct corporations may be reinstated by filing annual reports
and paying fees owed.
• Neither shareholders or their attorney can reinstate a company
after the two year period has elapsed.
• Shareholders are not held liable for the defunct corporation.

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