british literature romantic period

N A L E T I T I A B A R B A U L D I 3 9

And aye when she turn’d her round about

Aye taller he seem’d for to be

;

Until that the tops o’that gallant ship
Nae taller were than he

The clouds grew dark, and the wind grew loud

And the levino fill’d her e’e;

And waesome wail’d the snaw-white sprites
Upon the gurlieo sea.

He struck the tap-mast wi’ his hand,
The fore-mast wi’ his knee;

And he brake that gallant ship in twain,
And sank her in the sea.

lightning

ANNA LETITIA BARBAUL

1743-182

.,!, nna Barbauld, born Anna Letitia Aikin, received an unusual educafion from
t-\ her father, who was a minister and a teacher at the Warrington Academy i

Lancashire, the great educational center for the Nonconformist cJmmunity, whos

religion barred them from admission to the universities of Oxford and Cambridge.
During the eighteenth century Dissenting academies such as Warrington ha

developed a modern curriculum in the natural sciences, as well as in modern lan

–

guages and English literature. This progressive educational program deviated sig-
nificantly from the curriculum, scarcely altered since the sixteenth century, tha

rras supplied by the old universities. The benefits Barbauld received from her expo-
sure to an educational system that the Dissenters had designed with their sons in
mind are suggested by the astounding versatility of her literary career.

She made her literary debut in 1773 with Poems and Miscellaneous Pieces in Prose,
the latter cowritten with her brotherJohn. The books immediately established her as

leading author. Her marriage the next year to Rochemont Barbauld, a Dissenting min-
kter like her father, and their decision to set up a boys’ school together therefore
*ruck the critic Samuel Johnson as squandering this woman’s own unusual educa-
tbn: “Miss [Aikin] was an instance of early cultivation, but in what did it terminate?”
Thereafter, until Rochemont Barbauld’s increasing mental instability necessitated the
closing of their school, Barbauld divided her time between writing and teaching the
rlrunger boys. Because of the popularity of Barbauld’s Lessons for Children (1778-:79)
end llym.ns in Prose for Children (1781), William Hazlitt was recording a common
cxperience when he recalled that he read her books “before those of any othe

ilthor . . . , when I was learning to spell words of one syllable.” This writing for child
rnliences registered Barbauld’s Enlightenment faith in human potential.

Her fame continued to grow in the 1790s, and in 1797 the up-and-coming poet
Samuel Taylor Coleridge walked forty miles to meet her. During this decade Ba

beuld contributed poetry to her brother John’s Monthly Magazine, published her’fpistle to William Wilberforce” attacking British involvement in the slave trade,
end wrote pamphlets that opposed the war with France and campaigned for the
rcpeal of the Test Acts that had barred participation in the public life of the nation

4 O I A N N A L E T I T I A B A R B A U L D

to Nonconformists (those men who would not subscribe, as “tests” of their loyalty,

to the thirty-nine Articles of the Established Church). She accompanied this writ-

ing with
“iiting,

producing editions of William Collins’s poems {1797) and the

nJ'”li.t S”-rr”l Ri”h”.dsonls letters (1804).’Her fifty-volume compilationThe Brit-

ish Nouelists (1810) was the first ittrempt to estabJish a national canon in fiction apd

thereby do for the novel what Samrr.f Johnson’i Works of the English Poets (1779-

8l) had done for poetry, Its introduciorjr essay, “on the Origin and Progiess. of

Novel-Writing,” mikes a pioneering argument for the educational and artistic value

of the still disreputable genre,
Barbauld’s lasi malor workwas Eighteen Hundred and Eleyen (1812), a long poem

that despairs over the war with France (then in its seventeenttt y””9 and the cor-

ruption of English consumer society. (An excerpt fr om Eighteen Hund’red and’ Eleten

trr”y b” fo,r.rJin “Romantic Literature and Wartime,” in the supplementaf ebook.)

Criiics were unnerved, even disgusted, by the poem’s apocalyptic vision of a future

in which England, its pride humbled, would lie in ruins-the more so because of i

author’s g”rrl”r. The Tory critic John Wilson Croker thus warned Barbauld “t

desist from satire”: it was not up to a “lady-author” to sally forth from her knitting

and say how ,’the empire mighi. . . be saved.” After this lambasting, Barbauld fel

publiciy silent and p”ltirn”a no more. She did not stop writing, however: the col-

iection of her aunt’s Works that her niece Lucy Aikin brought out in 1825 after her

aunt’s death contained several previously unpublished pieces

‘

The Mouse’s Petitionl

Found in the trap where he kad been confined all nighi-by Dr. Priestley,

for the saki of making q(periments witlx dffirent kinds of air

“Parcere subjectis, et debellare ttnjln;’

Oh hear a Pensive Prisoner’s Prayer’
For libertY that sighs;
And never let thine heart be shut
Against the wretch’s cries’

s For here forlorn and sad I sit,
Within the wirY gate;
And tremble at th’ aPProaching morn,
Which brings imPending fate.

If e’er thy breast with freedom glow’d,
lo And spurn’d a tYrant’s chain,

Let not thy strong oPpressive force
A free-born mouse detain.

what we now call oxygen’ Tradition has it that
when Barbauld showed him the lines, Priestle-

set the mouse free. According to Barbauld’s mod-
ern editors, the poem was many times reprinted

and was a favorite to assign students for memo-
rizins. The Latin epigraph is trom The Aeneil
6.85J, “To spare the”hum-bled, and to tame in war

the proud.”

l. Addressed to the clergyman, polit ical theorist,
and scientist Joseph Priestley (1733-1804)’ who

at this time was thL most distinguished teacher at

the Nonconformist Protestant Warrington Acad-
emu where Barbauld’s father was also a member
of ihe faculty. The imagined speaker (the pet

t ioning mouse) is destined to participate in just

the soit of exDeriment that led Priestley’ a few
years lat6r, to the discovery of “phlogiston”-

Oh do not st
ThY hosPitah

rr Nor triumPh
A Prize so lit

The scatter’r
MY frugal rn
But if thine

20 That slendel

The cheer

Are blessinl
Let nature

‘t

The comm

25 The well-ta
To all coml
Casts roun
And feels f

If mind, as
30 A never d

Still shifts
In everY fc

Beware’ Ie
A brothe

35 And treml
Dislodge r

Or, if this
Be all’ of

Let PitY

40 That littl

So maY tl
With hea
And ever
Beneath

45 So, wher
Which n
MaY son
And brer

ca .1771

l. Lines 29-36PIaY on the
idea

earlY 1770s.

– 4 ,

€

i = = .

: ;

* + – c .
= :

1 : ,

: , , i 3 .

– E . , – ,
_ _ c : !

. = = – i

T = !=

= =

= = 1 , !-
s

E ‘

: J i – )
– = L

T – – i

a { L g

r i

l c –

= t

– –

r i
Y L

= t r
T :
a

–

. e ;

= E
=

: –

= =
J = t : =

f a i i E t; 5 i r . = = . .
s – y J i 7 . V
u 2 = 3 – ,

– =

3 l l € – i i

i ,

e + ;= 3r;’==7gig;=tz

– E i – : 7 ? = – ; =

ei ?j; i=:
^ . Y . – v : – L’ i l E E E; ; e

i lE T ii;;
> t z i l Z a l r ;

–

{

s
0)

I € d i A
{ ; q o l E s . ,

^ L – ^ \ –

d i H > i 9 c i . = – E i >
i 9 E . g ” J ‘ 2 H ! f i i ;h ; + f , E $ 5 E E #

: r

? Er 9g€=: ; :E#t
. E c { F : < : : F . : E € g ; ; f i F F i r * + a E ! i I r i F s E ; * : E H j + 5 1 + i

t *E E Ls iSb PH i ‘E
i . l ” E 5 g – e 7 E 3 ‘ i = € ;,S i HrSg€=*q lE :q c e € b E i € F g:E $ tE a+? ; i

4 . : , y + . r € . = E E €
f F l ! a s a 3 * 5

n a

L
L
t

–
:
A

. L

a)
d

a ^ ‘
. : >

E ” , 9 9 q r
: 2 . 3 * v

i ^ \ e n

o –

9 ;€ i I i i : ‘
3 = i i l – ) = .

! Y L : ;

= r – E : ‘ v = . –

: r i ! ‘ u = = V Z
– C : – : : 3 c >

‘ =

| ‘ r L = a – = t
l – 1 – c = – a f
I E t 9 – – E

; x

i s – c a c I

= –

– 6 . Y , o
c . r * # i :

– . = t r 5 > ( J ; ; : ‘
– ‘ ; F L q l L : ;

? ; z ? . E : : : :
= = 2 . _ – . . 2 E =
= i E 1 i = =

– –
E : Z : j = i €

r5—ZJr lGl l

‘ E e t
{

; € ,
,+

r r E> >” t R; : E . . H
i E + = i E r l = E E E r – ej E T * ” 8 + r f f – H ‘ E = € t T g ; ; : r p s = t ;

i E j e ; 5 : ; 3 $ ” – s iE * t iEs *T rE iE+ ; gs3 :c * i. i ;?Ttr t6,E iE ry i j g , i# ; j i t { 1 t ;++r j r s i ! : g3 > E F ; F s g g ; i E + i l € q = i H . t – E g g € l x s . E i E € f i . 3 : i E
ii[i +rtE:€*r i*iisgf i+ft iFtsgtErsss+=
ipgi€$;t g€Ej r*iETf i +i Htgi $iis;a: igi:C i ‘ F ‘ F ‘ i – ‘ : : | t r: s i * E d . . i b n r E = : E , € E I f 5 $ = . i € E n ! + { i j g x S gE j3€ -+g EE &+ H; 5 :5F f q .? s f *n33 i s e rE F rE i rp
3 + i E : € ! t + E € f i E * i ‘ € i + E g l T E € 3 ; i E H I B ‘ 4 € es;t j p : ; s r= j . i ; F 5or”EE 5 3.!= j lgi ; i i=r i f :3==:g J E ! E g E ;=: 5 ! i j + g ! i nu-; := i;j-= ij a=== :=;:

tr1

–

F –

o ‘ S

h ^
Y > \ ( !
5 c ! . – g

9 F E b- > – O ^ a

.E i :pS
. ^ A . = :
i i –

o X

9 ! ? 9 *
a y x ^ o\ v * * H
X e a

* x 9 t
; x – c

E q { – E ”
E – : ‘ (

l x – E o
v A z !

( J o H o

H :oeq
V H A V
> . i –

= E p E
o o – >
E b a ‘
F C E T > .
= * F _ c
> d . : e

+ E X _- r a t

r =

H F < F

. i S =
t i ” , _ . . sP ; : a l ; U: . 8 = – : – i . ; – , E – E ; :

+; ; : i ! * i= i ;+es
= il E;ri ii+g €lji? 5 F E f r ; € H – d t ; E r
r t , : u = i f € { ; t : F i l tj E * { s – ; 9 ; a l i u t r ? =- F . ! . ! : E i . 9 P H O . > ‘ t = 6s E g = x t e : € + ‘ J a = ; 3a f . 7 ‘ F g : E – ? 8 * E 9 e F a
i i : ; T s b = { : 9 ; : i € €: g : ; E : * $ + E q = s ” E p< ! s . , r : 6 I ] . 9 : { _ ; t g ?i E ! E t s ' 5 g j t T s E ! .= !e #nJE 53r i t 3EE

3 r ; = ! = q = = a l _ F – 9 = = ‘ ,- i : ; t ! = . < 3 = - , : . = ' " 7 = z ; = 4 u p = = ' s - - 7 = ; t T = t _ :* : i 5 < B I e i ' = * + 3 1 r + = I i 1 i ; : . ; i * ;cn=t = i= ;i€=iF*: i ; iE+:E;t t f =_ i ? ; _,n'f b i L6- C{ F F

I t i – i l ; F – : i 5 i E I . : r : i
i e ; ? ? i i i r ‘ ” 1 ! ; i t

c
. . . . ‘ ‘

F = D * j L = c g , = .

* –

; [ = l E : i ; E + ] : t ‘ : r
i ; i : – ? # + F t i q i ;
= g l q 3 l i i ; F * ? ‘

e , x { P . – 3- ^ : – – i –
^ t t

< o

= . > – < > z + O P = { { Q } # 5 = P !
– r : r r – ? – – z = . z

= . = = – . l l . 9 = 7 = i r = ‘ = = – : – i c a i < q ; ; ; ; .:==;';.\i-i*iii+i ifi;ig IEI E i i i: +=2,_== =:tr 7;T ?') =i i t_ i } t e i ? ' i i i i : "21 , t'=1 i-.?irE tsrLT:: e*il[ igiriei* n -- : - = . = : a e -E i qg rE ; r ; i ; c | i 3 l iC ' : f. =.=i i i i r : ; i i r t i€ i i i iFt ; isEs p' ,==:ir; i3it i iFi: iE EisiFia : i1 g. = - ; 7 ' = i _ ! 2? ' ' + i ; : . ? i r i ? t : 52+T= lZ F: 1 = .=i i i iF* i an ; i- i i r l t+?! Fr - 7 i== l f l"='+*

‘A r i , , F ?Z ?

1 i l }’ t

: i = = – =
– = = – = – 1 : 7 j = ? = – = =

; : 7 j : = = i :i; t: ; ee ia 1 it+e
i€ t i fuFr : g i l r i i
l € : : , # 3 – 1 0 i t = x – l
7 t = : i c = a i ” i = q ? €
q [ l q . a i l d – ] i = ” {

; – a – ” i = ” F t ‘ z ;
F – A :

t r 6 ‘ , o X
^ F

– a

H ?

u q

o
I :

a! lr
d | – . ]

f h
: ; Y
i

– 1

– l
^ r r lv
o 9 1 iz .

r-
: I

–

l i

‘T ::

, : i i l : ;;.=li i ; : i l : ‘ isrf: i .i : i ‘ , , : .= .1 :11= i l , t u : : : : ; : lt’!: ;i I ii;..ii;ilr; irrrii+i
=r’===i : i : -7i1+ti ;l i+* e i r, ; I +i,:: := –z=;1;: ilii ii; ?rl+f| .t,z i=liigtiis: i iileiill’ ,r,i

if iSili i i i i i =€lFE. li i.iii iiilliiii$li Fiiffiii. ;=,!* ;eFi:i iFiit i e; i€igFi

; = L t , 2 y , =
: y I ! . : ; :

E : : E E ] ;
+ i i – * e i !
F_ : – t – ; i i . ,
, – – – ” _ ‘ ” . i –
a ! = . ! i f * E’ e E = E ; 9 7 , – ,

e E e ; I i F r
” c1 y . ; – 9 iP .Q
3″q i i : ? 3?
. ^ d ” : F 5 . * r’ r . = i l ! * g €
> l = : F i o : :

– . = a o d q n J
^ 2 ^ . ^ , . 7 Y –

I P a + + ; s s’ E = T ? . 9 _ r
i q: t i3 c=r
f F F i E t : *

.f,

F T d E3 ; . r . i = E .9 { . . i oh E o t r ; ‘ 6 ;; = ‘ ; ‘ ; = ? E ; E U ; : !
c . E E t r . e U . G h – : t :

r y ; i f E ! E z t ; ; E i
t ? – r , i u j ; i i ; i & 2 – L
9 c f i E 9 . * j r – o a ; ; E . = i

i:-i;i5E 11+5 li
J ! a J J F Y – t r = c l – i ,

E 3 b E = E * : E F E i 3
7 e E 2 ? e ? F , l

= * E I –

o o

– = – : = c C 0 y i : . t Y =
c = t . = ) – : . . 2 ; . i _ . = :

= – . 2 = , 1 ? :
– + E 3 f

= . = . i ) 4 = = l > = 1 2 _
= = ‘ = = = – Z a = = = =
= ‘ = ‘ – ; : : = a –

–
1 t 2 7

: t = . = = = = – = – ; =
t = = = t ‘ : : – =

= ; ;

o o = i

z ? & 3 € ! : s
I e ; ! ‘ : ‘ i : i j “t r : o 3 – ” . ; i
>.-l^. tr .! o d ”

E i ‘ g h t = f s n ?
i l – i i , – ; i

6 –

T 9 : : ‘ 2 9 , 7
d – 1 c I c i

: A – a > =

*
– t

= – . c – ” – : – i

. r a = + . – = – =: –

– r

j – – : –

: : . : = – : : –

– k .
q)
q)
v)-

( h ; f
c t ‘ 8 E . 9

; ‘ r c t r n ! q
c . – : * c ; v
o . : F 9 . : F
– E : : E ^ ; g
E ? 6 f H ii
E ! X ; . 5

e d ; = @ !

G q ‘ – – . 1 E c
4 : X ; t r !

Y J 9 * d V

E E .E : : ^e
– F . F L i

A – Y – . i r

i 3 i ! * : E
r – . < : Y . = ! - a ! ! !

– c o – : ^ * E
\ J ! ; L O =

a ) a

J A t ‘ –

– t ! l ‘ : 5’ = { } = –

– =

,
: ^ : =

-9

z
e .’:i

o 0 ?
2

r v ;

L-
=
I

:
:

l
=

>’

–
J
L
L
e
t

–

– !
. ^

E X r
a d ;g ? 3
, , q

k s l
o . F . :
o A – E

A A

a , r 9 0 . .
– 9 3 i . e( h E i E
– o c s €
F E C E !

Y q :

– . ! : i 9
6 F +

8 – g d
C’7rc P

A O S- :
a t ‘

A v s
a

– i J

6 v

u . a
o

-i

i l .
‘=
hf, bL

b n X Y t ‘ . e 5 t oJ . . – –
r – i

q , ‘ i l ” i u * – r f i l E ‘ FL o – = _ > t r a . i i s ; E ” _

= a : E i . l i – : y r . : : j G – _ . c +z – L j E o ! ; t u a , / , a l . = ” u – . :
7 a c s r . + a y i : J a 9 * ; F, ; u P . } t x i ; E f ; i l B J f g
e * i E ; ; t i j F = h i : r e
, ) \ . / _ ? _ c o E o 0 b 0 = – t r = : * : — ” a = – * – C – . q J = t ; ” e i l; Y – – 3 c o -: € p : E : ; E = E S ; i + a ? ,

r , r E Y g ! ; ‘ ; ) – . c r ! t : , ;
= . > q { = . 9 = _ h o ; – – T . =\ – u _ : c – 5 ? = ; = . : : I S b l i –

5 L Y – = F g ‘ i y . = . = : > . = . = y =
d . 9 : + E F = 5 S i l E ; E r : jk _ . F a i – ; 7 : r : . s = ! d . i i ‘ I

t ; : F t r – ; = i € a : i = r ^
8 ! ! E e I 3 * T R = l ; j f
” . – r ! : – = c ^ – – ‘ –

– i J J . = = r

: ! Y F – , , – – – ‘ L – m r – .- r – = – – c a = – c – c
t-

: : : -1ri,i : ; i : =i-rl iil?z
: = i

j’
=,r::i =li; i ; iiilfi Z

l j.’== : -::iE;gE lif’iii’:: i ::7!1;*= Egii: Fiil ‘;
::: ::21!1i: f *:ggjif jii
. : : 1!=: ; i;ji1iilll i : ii
: ; : i j j ; ; i ; f i ; ‘??i ! !=* :: i ; : i +Ei{iiilii il i } i 93

#Hfff$ffff,$n
gi65*f$gF osarl;gn,
FFsiFigTiga$$j
sfiFflry gTffg+Tff ffffi
l€iiii fu,5:;ii
= : ; ? = . – – – : ; = = = : i

J =

.F;”-;; j si#n’i; i

= = t

t { e

C : X

! t e i ;

: f ‘ &
: ! . ! .

O – * +

) L –
: J . !
= 9 ;

– .

6 D
o ti-

o –

5 0

J =

t s i 5 .
c D +

= r; ^q r .
c o 9

E r g
+ ; q
6 ‘ e

– o =

a < 6

, a q Y
! o o

E ‘ a >
q , =

– x J l
d

= v

6 =

T i – 5
5 0 t
a – Z

, 6 – 1
I : F A
P : V

r.W S
– 5 1
‘ i r . X
E ‘ ; ‘ i i

(,
e

o
o

3 l :

: F

, == =
i ;

= –

, 5 F
F o –

? =
=-

| – 1 o

5 {
F 6

: –
X M
H i i
x *

@ – O

. 2 .
o a

H i –

{
c

€
o
o
I

€
I

3
o
!

{
a

o
o

o
I

o
E

:t-
e
c

€(b

6
–

r : f i ‘ !
” x + {= <

F t –

S o
q \

6 L r

r!<

‘ o

–
F
o
o –

c:’: .
; — –

f f i i ”
#ffu_=5

?#ffi

t
a
a
?

{
F

– as 3

f e

– r
– a

= =

3 t

: t

– 1

_ :
; +

_ ! t

= –
= <

= –

-,r 2

t 1

a
<

–
‘t
?
{
o
I
{
o

x::

F
3
a
E
–
a

=
a

a
I
6
t
:t
o
oq

a l l
E L

T 7
= –

= *

! . := )
: –

3 {

7) ta

< i

< * .

;

i o

6 L

< J

ni 6i

t
a
–
6
6
o

“s
!_

a
c

qa
–

€
a
€

o
o

T 3
= !

e =

O ^
c :

; =
€ –

€ F

v 6

A O

r t
G T

r =
F ‘ o

^ i .’ –

0 Q x

a =

r A

8 v i

– o

F ‘ e
6

i x

/ i o
i o

O E

q o

o < n P E A

5 ..ii

:
o
o
o

€
6

-_l

{

o
3

r
e

–
o

F
o

i;=i!FFT
– : e ? . 1 = I r –
E : i . e * e , F
+ + o R e > = –
; i ; F = ‘ E A
i g E r F S e
o i – 3 . o – – U r i ;
F _ A \ * F
3 – r I r O r ^ : ^

F g ; i r * ?
i + i 1 5 p t
3 : E – E ‘ ; € ;
o H i t D
– = P i 6 – v

. . h ” ; . r o x 3
p a r r F . Y ” _ B

i{ e E’i”J u
E f 1 + 3 n €
: : = ‘ I o E – ‘r E i l n ; g *
x ” . = ‘^ l : ‘

p u o
^ ” 1 5 i i 5 – *

l i r F i F :
d . 6 ” c e F f i
a o N = 6 i *
6 i ‘ ] f , ^ I / !q Q ! i ” E . E *
P E c L r n – L

E – 3 . 8 [ E l E
a i s 8 – E ; I
O O ^ ! D =
o o E I C + ‘ ! o
T i 6 0 D a D i

*F ‘e +? +;g
i i rs€ r l i+
3 LFFH ilI 3:
ilEEglr3i+
ln q a + :.! x o *.oa

: . i + $ ; a i

{ i

+ E – i i ! : E : r
i B * i + i l 1 H I
F i – E F o d l 3 H ‘
5 ‘ r . i F P : e . t T

I + E E } F F F . 6
;: l it i F ; r:

;ei$itE ii
i 3 A i s F L E – r

iEg i $I gFF
r ‘ i : { g i i 5

EF* ie${r

: , !

g; gi5iiFsigig F”s:;
€ iiFru=iiif $iiifgiir=;iiiF$iFif rFflig$;jFiF r$*ssF #niii:liigSif iiiiiF i F ; F rr Ft stf i5FsF*$iFii is is’€ $ iisii:; ir.’;ri ii; ! iE Fi F ;lli+s.;+i Fif E116FqFfifiFgfiuiiiiir;r; i i iiiiiiiiiii ;iiilFi f5 ffffi; is sF$F n$ *irf I i= – : . : = a , – =g q F i l i = € – = = =s; ascFr€: i€5 iFiri’i F$f+gisrisf a i+iisifiii$5 iiii;Ttu’ffi’+$ffiftffi:tffi$#i
I FH $€3f sSfff#ffsjfr#ffii fflffiffl#?fi#fi i#; i;fi f gsff $i i$ iiff – ii il+Tl+1T:i ff

7
?
z
?

F
o
co
o
a

z ‘

I
o

il c TrJ’
iE $s
4 3,, i ‘ a- – _ :
V 7 ‘ 4 =’ r E j
1 a = F
; 4 ‘ _ . :

: = – –

– – X –
< : - =

a : – J =

5 ^ – ^
a t ‘ =
+ r = –

= . – = =
t = 8 , =

= a a =
I ^ – – –
Y . : <= - = " '= = = -: - - - 7 . ' ; = I

: : = := = : =
. – –
= $ n 2
o – e 3 ‘
{ t – : =
– + I –

t 5

: . =

= ;

– a
= < 7 ' =

= ‘ ‘

a e ‘

o . <

t – t l

= A f
a – =
= 7 n: – . ^
i > : :
+ – :

– J – <

– ; =
r 1 (

J . Z – .

+ a < x < -' - o -

o : – +

3 – =

, – <

V . a 6
O – +

6 o
0a

liaiii?iF=H
rr+FtFt: +=i i i=?i
iiigii[iFEf ili 1i
a: E +i fg ii+*i tFi
6eiFaieiFiiAfEi
lir€+E€aqffiil??
I iigaEltfiliT iH F
iii ;icilint?r$+
;9 1 *i*i=-i i ic: i tl i
t # =d-L? taa i i=?a .?

E =
S ‘ r i
.- -j =.
: ‘ o : .

o R –
+ x I

J @ o

\ ) F –

? ;- a ‘

– =
T q ; E

‘o- B’
+ !

r X

< r' !

o –

‘ : i – . – . r . : . : . : . . –

;

E :

– {

a ! !

= =
– – i, =

– =

u l

:-
‘!

; l

W . c t r
; J ; i g i p s f = F [ – F g * € F + e s i ]

eigfiF$iFs g$Fs 3 s=$ $i rsF
i i,:F,+rFgg$i{iFf flE f$FgF
+Fr F rY s- ‘F$ f l ;F F;^g!F55 :g i
f * i 8 r i i s i i i t f€* :+Fe ‘ ; -E i s= E F F ; s F q ; s d n t E s s f T F i F F 5
ig 3 i$ $i $fiiis s g riip$f s =
{‘Ff ;$ i:frtF$flis*e;gi i.si l f r tggrHsF*{5F i f , f i *s5
F $ ;F FH[*1 , :89 i f , ; S+; i5 i :
F 6 i l ” l fFgg=Ff f i f gF iF* i i3F ; F H i F F ; f : g i ; F E i ; S -F 5 q r € r * ; ” * i g t ” J i l = = : € s ‘e Fe $5 Fg I ; = r = r r _= ! l = ig A g . f ; p : = : = o . = – 1 e ; . :

c , P a : : – 9 : – : ; : – = ; : : -= = a – = Z = : 1 – = : ; i = :

– p

= – – = : : : = = : – = ‘3 i” tE ;E ig : Ejgd*

z
!l fJ
F X

= !
+ 0 Q

6 ( \

€ 3
* i r -_
3 v X
C O ” il l – o

O 6

– to e x – /
D Y a -r x .
2 i F r Z
E N A \
F ^ !

x ‘ r –
. i 5 E
i ! ^ i

6 p
F E !
v F ) b

A)
X ‘ + t Dt c = ‘
f r ^ = ‘
x 6 v J .
a – 6 Ao x

E ‘

P : D ^
v – E

i F ! ‘
i5 **+’ * : : ” E i 5
‘r. ̂ – :
< x :

5 X’,s
i ! . +

, 6
r ” i ‘

5 E
+ r
D ! ;

! 5

d q

‘ o – ‘ ^

: ‘ +

, 6

‘ o

i 5 – – P +
– . 5 > t r ,
! – ! Y

; FFs’ ‘
D H X i

” 5 . r :
e ‘ x : !, ; ^ . t !

: * f

€ 6

6 6
Fqe I
P = F
a + I

D i

r – ! :

! < v

! – ” ; :
i * E ‘ :r Y . :
i ! ” t s ;
I F !

rB” S
g: r ,h
: ; : – r
6 = ?

o @ + ,

i Fg
) o a
‘

? ‘ F

r ! y

1 3 6
i r 3 . ,

= . ” , 1

o F –

: { v

o – * *
F ; D

! O
–

; : .*
i i – 3 ,

6 i a

s . F i
6 r Y

6 – c= : ;
a F I

r X D
) 3 0

o – i – l
, F ; !

! o

3 9 E

E 3 ‘ i t

l s . F :

i = 0 a

F Y

a ) 6 ,

: t ;
= D * :
g ; –

‘ :
! = . o

: A
i L , ;
i o o

5 d’ ‘ g l

– . i :

H : E

3 Y O

l i

! o
a !

6 X

: – |
: i ;

i ; J

: ‘ +

h E

:’E i

+ ; ;
; c – ;

o i

) x t

d t ;

n t s l- c :

i . s 3
I ; J

r ‘

3 ” :
t

6:
j

‘ * o

5 =

i d I

F F ‘ ,

(
E

! ! i

€fiif*cslc.i;
: ‘ i t f * r i ; ; i ; g ;
6 F3==**A*-q3 ; ‘ se*j iiii=’ l95 F{F

iE1;i-t; f ui:rscF
;i+;€ :; g ,’ig:if
i i : i : ! : = ^ i i = i 5
Fr -F_< ^ - - : t ; i . i 6&s - F o * - ; 1 : " f . ' i E ? = . ' ?

Fg {t$;iEiaf;j

E
{
a
a
a
*
F
{

,’! =

= t –
; e
= t –

–
A :

o a =

q –

=. ii

o t !

r ! &
r t
x 4′ q ,

7 ?

o
o
o
–
o

: i G

f r

O 4

o E

–
oe
–

lpF’
p: i l
= –
3 r
i e

5 =
^ v
e

f ( 1

r B

‘ , F d

i ,

P E

o
q

0a ;r
? 6

{
e

q
0a
E
o
o

–
e
I

a!r.t

{
6

= 2
= 1

9 r –
t e @ )

o
F P

f X n i
o : . t

0 – z
o X e
v E . 7
^ a H

x x s t D
6 A b

Ev + 0 )
o . Z
0 ) -p 9 *
^ J

=’ lD
“: ‘x S v v

. < a = ' < ^ E : t f r

or.t
o

t
;
T

€
n
€
o

{
o

€
o

{

r
o

r
!G

=
F

o
F
d

–
n

–
I

3 =

o X

x o
v =
X F

l D <

= . q

Fij ?

‘li r
E – t
b o
R n

i – o
5 t r
o i

G a
< 5

E . <

A d
@ O

! – o

{
@

6 i
! D <

F ; i

< o = q

. =
r.t

=
–
o

o
–
o
{
o
o
o
oa
q

4
=.
J

oa
6
o
q
o
Ro

= l ! = B –

: ; J E # E ‘
a ‘ ; 9 . – X r

; , . ‘ – E ? +
P A * ‘ ; ; ‘
6 = X O J J

; s’ : ;€ t
e i s E e a

f , ‘ ‘ o – !

F Hq l ” ; H

x la i lF
q ! 6 -= t ”
L q 3 : E
– O = – ;

a l [ i 6
o l 6 ; A
o ‘ ” o o o

T fl*fr
H : ‘ i 3 P
6 F : 6 . 5

! o = o F

i . a T P e
; : 8 ; ;

; q x ‘= –
i ‘ 2 o o

; – e 3 *
9 . : – ;
i o ? q
o – ‘ – ;

6 * ^ i – .
– O – o
I ^ , o ?
+ ; : :

; 6 – – . r
; = < o ; i t r d ' i -

E >
–:
= J

< i

O ! r
o o

ti- ii

o
0a

rrr
o
{

o
o
-9

o ‘

o
o
(D
n

{
lD

–

-l

@
@

:–
;

–

E t t-.1 x-
{ o
H a >

z \

? q €;”€
l e s r = s i i i5 r F=’F=’ Tla ; E ‘ E i ‘ i e l l l
* ; d d I : 1 1 p i :’ 7 a a * A = = i 6
; – : o – ( h Y z 6 0 s
– a – ? l = e 3 zc l = u : F = F a s f
i u e + 8 – 1 f r E i f
; : E : = i o A s ‘ S
P . : ; S r ‘ – + . ; ; E * e –
O – + @ = – : – j { { –

a i i * = 6 j 2 : :
3 o c € ” i I :

i R
/D l -= Z ‘ : Y =_ i’ o o – f ; ; 3 F l

l r l L ‘ l

t
X ‘ w J

i I g
? -r d
> =
z L!)

; =q i ;
I

71=-1i{2 +[IF’ 1 ; : : = 5 . i E = f S,=i11=11
li

: : l – = ; r i ; – F t
== = 1== i l i l i *
= = : = – : i i : : : i :
l : – : – – 1 – j R V

i,= l: ; == ; -*=’
t . = : ; : i – : ;
1: i :1 : – : t i 1

= : = i 1 j = =
– = 1 : – : – : – ? ‘ =
= : – – – – ? 7 =

1 = = : – 2 ‘ = ‘ – –
a : : = : a = =
: = x = : –

‘

_ = = = – = ̂ . = .
? = = ” = i a – =
, , – : a : – – : a
a – – = t

{ : I
– : = ‘

– =

: i : = j = : – ;
: ; : – = i ‘ a: – : : = – : :
: – : : = : – ‘
‘ – l = i . – – i Z
: – – : – – , :- E : – = = : = =
: : : : = — – – : – ‘ – = ;
– = ; : i . , i 1 =

gEEE EPif F;ff5 Ff;r
a € g E g S 5 ,

‘ ‘ i F –
; i . = :+ i i L r 3 i ; 1 { ; g E r E – s

€;r : r ig i gr {E l ix }
! g : E { i l = : i ; * i E s ; :
a a a E g ; € g 5 * € I i * x :ri +F ;; r? EEi= iE ri I. o B F * ‘ i i * t q f = t _ E S

i r ” r
9
3
A

1
_

d =

;==== ?-= ‘ .aEi f ;= :==F=Fl= i=: i = = = = = , : – i ; ; ; – – i i l t ? e { : Fi – = r : i i = A ; = A I r = n * . i l i i r : . ‘= = = = ? . = l i f l A – I f i i – i s t l ; i F f: – i = – = . 4 < : - l = ' 9 . : a i + e 3 a € n . 7 = = , ; - 1 ' = i = E F e - e 1 G ; i l E i l 1 T € i : - = - = a r : r l e B - [ ! F ? f l F F ; i : . ; i F , ?- ' = : ; 5 ; - * ' n i l 3 = t = * & " - + ?i l r E = a i g

o ‘
I

O ) ) : r
– = – _ – z
_ . – –
^ : : : 1

– – – ‘ – –
i : : : i

i : i r :
=

– : = –
a : = =

< - F F + H !

– – . ( r d ” # d ‘ * . n – _ _ F S f p g O

t i i =F; f lFF FF.*[r lFi noF[5a$F tiEf r 3i ‘rf, i f, i i iFXXgf ,FFSg l l i+ r i f i 5 = ia r
== * ;5 ;1e== i * s r r FR”3 l i iF,;; +i irE -eg i ; Igg’ i i =+s s
L?F’ ‘sFgF i l r i rE I rsr i l f i +aF “-

._: .
**F_aFFFFIFF
: –

‘ u ‘ j+ ; – r j

o ‘ :

+ ;

6′ -.

; f r
a ‘ + > C / r > : -= = . – = = s t r S > ”
: : 6 _ 6 d _ < E + : € + , E q s . 3 ; F : i - = q ' * 3 . ; 5 c o P 3 r = i . r j d = : 5 7 = = . = F : r \ : = : o - ;

: F : + ! H i F y
i 5 ‘ = : s = g + Q – i
I = – – = ” ; T : 4 5
– 7 3 = =

‘ ‘ . l i – q : , o
: – – a = – ; ‘ = 6 –
r 3 5 – i ; – : ; ; . ! .
. ! – l 4 = – i T ) – – s 6
: – = – = 4 4 – = –

; l l = = i = . = € ; ;
: l 1 3 r – : a f f I ; :

a –

| = t . i : = 3 = = +
F ; : E : c l A : 3 c u
i g X o – : = = ‘ r r os : s e g f . t r S € . < D ' o

–
6 +
, . 4

a
a
(a

iiSF etes gFw
– – i = – ; – , – = – t
= = = = = – = = : E = – =-

a – = = – = = = = =-=a? = ! :1 = == ===:=- r–€ = a==”=-:: P ! s ‘ 6 1 3 3
E i = ;H r : 1 i r= i l

r r E i l x e 5 $ 7 = ? !
l iFt i$gi =r ie
F ? D , i E r . F o ; ; – _

l E – = = Oi l r ? = 3 – ? s n 5 e d =
I + F B * B t ” – ? * € ; l
; i + ; 3 F € : f : t’ E Q g L B ; : B’ ‘ ‘ – +

s e i l
F t – F

= – f * ; r f f = = = 3 3 t =
. D o – o – ; t D – t o – L a D i : . a = L =

lE -g e_ ;E I i . u? 2 – E i€ :
: € 3 : P : B ‘ = e ‘ , + = q 8 r €
: i : = E B _ : i i – = F = n F i
H t B $ t L ; 1 1 r ‘ r 5 ; l r – ie ” , P a – a * i . n 3 [ i E € e i i l
i a t – i ; ; ; a i i Y : ; i e t
F i ‘ 1 f f r + e 5 : i € F – + ; 3
b – q o b ; . – ; r r = ; E l * : – ‘ = t a
€ e i l i – q 1 6 i = T = = € * 6 ;6 ; q S F a : € i f r ; H ; ; ; E ‘
Ff l c 3 ; : s ; ; r ; ;+ -E : *’ + = ) t _ o E ‘ ‘ E = i g n – : – E ” r -, f ,n ‘g [68 +f l i €€-6
r – ‘ ‘ g l t [ i l
a X l D X = ‘

O –

E r ! 6 –

e
G
a

F
,=
–

a
a

a
E
t
:

–
F

F r I
i G C ‘

! – a

– : -= – -. = –

L r i: ‘ – :- i . = :
^ – a =

– = –
? = ‘

– Q !

; = B
# o a
Y a ‘

F-p
o

v
– – )
E a –
o J

x @
– F

o l
o l .
r . A

6 P

4 A

Q @

x t s .

o o

x a
o ,
r 6

@ e
< H

a
p_

{
@

‘ r 3

B – E * f l i [ [ F i +
F S i f 5 F H F l } = y F P ; : r i d b b – . : F H i

* – < H E f r - f i * R !eeFi ks*f FiiF FFiF $igF ig$fl ii€,=giE €iI.3 $if,r iSe.l Fr;s F iFFi Ffli5 crflr $Fss 5u re s g*if, $;ii €;+f, Fig^i l g$i frFlr iF*F s: gefi i i i :se3 il n is* Fi i flf sI Fitrf $ rri; irgis i * = F n i . q ' 3 F n $ " F d i ; F I g r ; iF s i " F ; ; ; i n ? g g i f s ? i !

= : o j;iii
3
I

* – i = ‘
. o i J >
3 € i s
?x x A -l r..a Ft

I a r ; * = * ‘ F f
H x i . E 5 ‘ : ; H
P s ” S i . S d t o
; ! – ‘= 5- F +;
: i i E i L3 r
Y i d ; – i . c – : o

E g [ r F $ E {

;fF$ F3gE
i i i i FE ; : Sr e ; – 5 E ; t f

– (D 5 1,.Y.aiiF :: F
s ! . , : T d ; ‘ f c
f – F { i € ; 6 A
f 3 p F S & 8 F
i . ; i 6 < 9 p * 5 - 3 f : ! E c r i l ' +F 5 *r f i Fr" E a s'g , f ; - < - rT i { s B H ' H ' 1 g fD ..j:

1 3 H
< g F ^ 6

k : d
F s

7
|l-
O
.!
rL
t

–
o
a

: o

c|
{
c!

: a

. [ .

{
a

c
a

–
a

{

0-
B

|:’ o
D

{

*.-n
= t ‘ !
= = !e F l
g * :

r < r :

c P E ‘
c l 3
G O

; F
6 E r

F _
a J
7 c
n F :

= 6 –
O c
( n = –
1 #
-d-c

. ! ;

< t !

9 P i
F

I
!o
6

f
GI

.:(n

a
o
o

T Z
i : t

= ? t
r i o
o qD-

l c n

: r o a
o

o
qq

E
o
o

e: Ea
E = g €
F * 2 = -gF i i
?E

: ; F 3
nEgg
i lg i i
; aF I; + r X .
*5 e i ‘6
g E B g’ o O

5 o
r q F g

o-a

>-P:
a:

q 6 ; –
n i #x ; . =
F [ ;
o a X 6 ‘
q u : r
L D F o
o { g

c S e

< o

! D J

“* deE ?=E*?ri =g’=f* < ) = a ' F : F f F * e d - ^ t a + a ' 5 9 ; ; . s q ' F 9 * I l R E q s = + 7 g 5 F ; F F + T c . H L # F * g ' + : Lr 3F *fli; f; Lei i l ; F r c ? [ t i HE I r= ? * * [ + # ; i s 3 F

t r –
6 € . 1 E ‘ ; 6 & – –

; ; * Z a F i f
F t 8 r d F r E
4 3 ‘ g ; ‘
; E e q 5

. ^ * r ^ – – 4 – –

! ‘a- X-€ rFg r
i { F i i a ‘ ‘ E 9 ‘ ^ < F i \ < 6 _ r O , - ( t ( u

E E E E ; [ i a t
t ‘ – r E F = X E F ‘
i g H s + H *
: = ‘ = ‘ < ' F i F- *L ii *

: : – gP

c {

D ^
{ !.{

€
Y

d –

%
7

v!
a

o
6

=’
A
s

{
@{

: > i : 1
Y 3 ! = l
.v , :=
€ i_: ir

a = – – |q i = = l
€ : – = E i
. = € f : ir= E=

: l

I E= :,’i
= i : l ” j= : r ; l

! = – – – r
r i t : :
: – : i r i

* E t : , i 1
=ii=T;:
:=Tt*i I

– – = r
– = t – t –

s i
E . “H +*i Et iEffi igg? i,e-, liii Zzi,i ??ii $B:: tiii tggE tsTt €tir grii L1zis IH*-“E stSE !ggl f E?s tg i ‘ i i ia igE* “=,”e:i 1eti t*gt i; ic t l*i EHIH :HEi i++i i-el:5 sE jE t ;Sg SZEE E$$ EE?g Zge2 n#nt t r< . 'S E S E 5 ' o e a ' 2

I.-@
t-

.:
d

. . 9
– 9

;i >.
L-L

9 o 6 . c
5 – a . :
O E :
l – 6 : ‘ ‘ i .

A P g F
L

v ) r c 3 ,- a
) ? :

‘ l i ^ c
‘ r

– J – –

i = = i = i
– = – – – v –
= = s = >_ _ : t _ 3

3 = = ? –

= : t = :
i : = t a

5 f 9
4 u i f q bg a , E – g – s r ! €
! i a r q r g E += E i ry E -,9 E ^ iE F E E h ^ ‘ i s E > . e r df r ‘ E f i d p I t s ; E x E x g
E i E d i l f ^ 3 i = S E € € u I to { i f , i t r ; : F – j o i E ! ia e , r r – 3 r , E , g : 8 . . 8 E € E E i = ” e i
2 E s i i : : _ q i 5 i G c E E i € E a j ; E- i i . : : * J : _
t ;Er i * t ** rs ?E; iE e i r l+
H € e s f X f g E g E E : ; € : : 3 ; :

– !

t H € € g E * = E e = f i . i i x = i = – ? ‘ = z ‘ v- g = = f = J : f f : a 2 2 < z = 3 = = '

‘ =
u

o
z

?
i

oir L
. G

d o E
o d e

v d

l q
– l

o –
.i i\

o . .

bo -‘A
t –

^ Yv E

– O
; – F
t – H

ai
lU q)

– E ̂r €
: – 9 , U =
3 BET- u ‘ 1
> 9 9 a
.g,U.i:

“-q t^ H-E
; F ‘ 6 . F ^

U A F F V J
I

r =

2
=)
J

,
N

D-
t

r-
d

s
r-

€ ‘ E g .
E g j : #T o-

> . – – i : ” ? t E * E E i E ?
f g i f i : * 1 a i ; s f ; l FJ *EHJ rF€r f i ITT ?i ryE
F i{ti i i l?i;E$f itEi

t ; E ; E : l – t E i i f p : F g. r ‘ : ; ‘ E 5 . : e ! * * t 5 f T : &
: ; = = * = : = = = i : 7 i :

H r i g
o . o o r

. i E x H t . . E
i H ” : * * – , e ; H , ” ZE o l i . r – f ; E g u ; a r – ;
E 3 g f ; E = E J E

– 3 P H H
– g i 3 . s s j : * , ; : t #’ + j (e c o a \ . , r i ; g .? i g Co r d s . : i 9 + I T i 3 s S ;T E E T . q E E d E E r – r E
c ; t i t & ; f i + € + i
o 3 E A g b 3 0 E – V E E €

E – q ? ‘ – c o = – 6 = H ” o i ; . EF l i – E : 3 F E ; l E . g . e
5 g : E

< - o 4 t r z c , < j : i i

€ E
E f

= :
L – .

; i E
3 c g
> . 0 –
; s e
3 3 = E E
: ; – ; : i= 9 = = – t s
– r – t E –
E-== !_E

3 – 4 l i –

a .

F i l

{ i

E C

? J

E 6

. 2
2 *

t r J i ;

– r =

! – j

– . – o
q o 3

i T r
6 ? 3
; : 6

i ; q

i ; t
! -3 s
i : + E

4 6-‘=
– . E
0 ? ‘ = q

E * =

” i t E

N . t
F q )

‘ . E + ?
€ E ‘ E t a
F B E F ” s
* F f i ; H

s g g e s a E to – i : i – c,4u + EE f . I j :r . € ; . F E – t ‘ ; E ‘ =
! > : =

‘ ‘
– c > . E ‘C ! =

ia+ ri t i+; E e: ie;
t F j ‘ r h f a + : = ‘ s l n l s – t. P H * 3 9 = F E P 9 9 . E 9 F :
d 6 ( ) B : 8 0 d o F a B d 3 6

@
I
N
I
N
o

a*
tri’b

Ft
O q

o) 30

cli (,

9″ -s
H N

. n s

A $o x
c, fr)

rFr ; FFs= i
l l i ; g , { q 5 ‘ E =
g a l ; P o u a o e
# [ 1 . A g < - g - * F - : r a F F - i 5 - p S x + + i i - l = X ; 3 6 : r { - - q f; X 9 F r y r F { - = ; ; * € x * € { I , E * q ; € ; ; E = + ^ € : r * - E 5 6 : r 5 ' : : i 6 6 o s B * 1 F P F = .6 r | i a o T d ' A a 6 i i , - o g B c ; {a a ? 7 T . v t f i o o :i, l R E e { E o I F ; F 9 9 A € E d P - ' - -

‘ F l

. I F O

–
*

{

t 9 .
t

< > – l >
\ 4 + i
9 A A ^
v ^ . * < - H i - v

5 ! ; + O

rE +H
. = o i + ‘ “e * X –
or 6 . { o r
+ H F =

3 F H : r
< i ; ' o ! J I ni o-E- A o . : o : , 5 - - T E - o r E s H r = 5 r J i = . x o 6 ' - ' - o

I F E . s
F f ‘ t r o

3. : 5 ‘
9o- s

. E ” 0 a

> * > ” i ? – l > < F - 4 \

A ! A A A P
i i + \ ‘ – f D

X , * : P P { I
E E 6 5 i d – { X +
I ! ‘ a f a v ‘ a ^

{ d E 5 E g X :
i m f i 5 t s s E ‘ F ‘
e ; s l q : * 3
g E ; ; 8 P E +
a – o – ‘ ; – q – g , o a ‘ Z
5 € – o i – i ‘ d . !

m ‘ i e f L ; ‘ : = A

5 l f f t F r [ [ h
* [ : F F 5 I
6 & f 5 ‘ – F 6
! . = ‘ a 3 i $
q )

o F i < c L

. P 6 ‘ i . ;- o a x –

: w
= a i

: {

; – o F r + = o
4 – = n ‘ i a 5 6 : Ej I i – = – – . b — a ; ‘ o ‘ ” : ! q I j= t = t r J i x . s . : , 6
1-== =- 3 : . 1+ t t
– = : – = v 5 F P 5 ‘
= = i = ‘ 8 5 – ; ; ^ –
i : = 3 3 9 : 1 F

Q r – ^ O

i = r = € = ” ‘ 6z :
t

?=Ff 3Ir ; f= ig f35f r5€E
;F:i i €g#B riit +i[i [$H$ F’ : s L H E ; .

f = $ r : 3 F t i l r G 3 g eF g 6 t ‘

€ – i ? € 9 = r Q € r . 5
= = = = – – = I : r – t a: € = ; B 1 1 i = P r E _
r i l I l F i f i g ‘ = f , F
= + ! + i l : + $ H i B ‘ f r –
= : f E _ i t s l j a g q s f _ l
= ‘ . ; d o – p – 4 o -= = ; E 5 S + H ” e i l * = r
T i ; r y ; l a I t * ; q t s
i= 3t f i* A .; ;FF E-
i 5 E I B – i ‘ ‘ ” n ‘ r
i F-d- ‘ t ‘ ” $
t r 3 ‘ r E
e . J a

–

-t

;{
+

:–
;

–
7-

-_I

I
N

o
ft

F { F . 5 9 9 F { V € r {
$ g F ‘ q r # ? E g i t ig i T # l s B F l r l rd t E E 6 i l l s – E E =
F t ) : . – r ( u i l A – ) P

. i P c 5 d [ 6 ; . . + 5 =
– – – : O – @ $ – – ‘ u r D 5

f l $ F i l s E r l l s sp L ; d t s + r : E R t :
. ; i e g r E ” S * l t € i l
E q F S 5 x l = f f ; s i
; o * c r – id Fr ‘ s t r -s j i
E 3 ‘ ” H ‘ + ‘ ” q E ‘ ;
5 l D + o ! o ‘ v = i: t r E : ‘ g g

F ‘;f

‘{

. ! %

‘{
FI
oa

;

B
t
;

– * :

} P F J } P P >
= ; o g 1 1 9 f
5 q A – ‘ a R t D 3

i r F6 f f t r f : =q B i H & ; 3 * :
J F V : _

: E P ; F ; s f t d
E i : : : F 5 X – Eg 3 r [ f l s i 9 3
; : E g F 3 R 6 E – I! : . : F = E I { – ‘ j i
: . – g ; e i S E ‘ dg E i $ B ” H F i i I
8 . 6 – R F – I
i f i ;

: s z
A

:
o
;

{
\o
+ u

€ P P € € P { +
– = . x : t : t 6 3 – –
9 6 ; q q r o 9
o l r i t O O 5 O !
r A ( l – – O a a P

€ 5x t ‘ H ‘ *E p

f * i f g i a E >i i ‘ = : F 6 F * ‘ ; =
SEEE FAIE r; ‘ n + 6 ; . X * < ? s . ; 5 3 P I I q E bFi+ i EE3 ' 3o ! D X - < o - ! t x - - q - z F . O O . : "

. 9 E . 5 ‘ i . 2 ? q
? r F x g F !

: g r ? 6
6

= = = 7 7 = = L F c e E
= = = ; = E j + ; – E B =

i7.:=7 i+it nl i i
? = ‘ : 1 € 5 i l 8 L B I i
= = t l X f l l 9 f ; [ ‘ – r
= : – 1 = e o s r f l 9 f ji ; i e p * ‘ s 1 t ; a : : .d = . e i 6 – * . # 5 + F + i -= ; = = ‘ 6 ; . 6 r . 6 ; . r =z – ? – ; q 5 E i l ‘ g [ ? F= – { E E y l r i L ; = . P d -; i i – i f ; I F E E F s ‘ i* ; ? g ‘ ” – t o L a 5
*=z e . ? ‘3
; – = E –
+ 5 ‘ * ‘ : ; n i
3 : i

:
a

!’

{
+

\r
c
+

:-
=

–
7
m

r e > r _ n = – i – T T < > z –

t;si i i !e t l i i l
= = a n + : = e l + E l

iFFt fll tF ri+*
ii 3: ts** iE [i r
: 1g l i {u ‘ }a fL J= .ux n H

FF
+

+ r ‘ 5
99 \3 o-

F c n
d a

a q

F c i :

u S
– x
– –
3 i

:
L

* = = == = – – =- ! , _

T r c 3
– c u
a = 9 i
r O

r l

i . * F o –
* + – r

9 ! 6
! D J r + J

0 a r t D . : .
d t t v Y
6 * A I
: : ^ i ‘ v 6’ * 3 E ‘ .
f , F – ^ . i
^ @ \ / A

x – l
> ^ 1 : T
> i 5 X 0 ;
P l – –

: r +
R’ r’D c

. f i o ) z

t z
o
l o >
t *

O O
i

o
-t

{
x @

Figt l*-l i i i=f Frit Fiit F+i:=cE i i + rT r i r l f a=FP i f l f l i FF i t #3n i { r ry*s gFf I }F1: i : j -F rarx Fi + f f l F i E l E : i ; r i €ii[+ *ilFi €lri *r+g [f+r flg; i
is+fr 3 E +*f, aF; tifri .FE f’ – q ‘ X . j – p n jw ” I * ‘ – S aa ^
D 6̂ i l

{
+

E I – . – :
6 – : := : – – :

= i : = +
: = : ; – –

= : : a
i i : i

i = ‘ a
=

: : – :: – =
: t – E
!

– .

– = = 7

t ; = = ‘

i = E t

: : it t i : i i;=i’t E t E+ ; ; E siE gi€’iii”i:’i
i ;i il lii iiti! E3iillEi3li iE lsiiii il
l1tii€l531lzziisli:iffis1fiztlz
# g; i iit ; : ! ; € c q ii r* iI :€ig:iEi i ilztl=:jiz=zi=11i,=!1!?i+ziiz=.11:1:rlTt1:zzl
– – , – : : = ; ‘ ,

: = = 1 1 = , : : , : .
= . = = ‘

_ t
t a , ‘ , ‘

: – _ := –
= i ; i :

: :
= 2

: : ; = t 1 : i = :” 2 Y 9y : = – 1 ? ! v . – , = –
> . = = R – L . 6 . 4 –

‘ t r i r ; = : r . t r :
! c g ? . , = – o = j – y A
7 – . ! ‘ = c o t l – –

! . : r j. +. ;.- l ; E-e t a++ . = = : = = { : = . = =
: = = ; : E j j 2 = :

! J = – = = ; . 4

^ 5 E z t i 2 r . 2 : ?- : = = – – = = :
o – i 3 i ” : : ; =

X ;
–

– . ; a
6 i E i i ” ; . : j
– J . ? . ; e i . 1 .” i i r – – = + : ! :

– J – ^ ” : 3o G l a y = ; -r c c i = ? – ; : :
: = ; . : : = 7 z ‘ t i

i A r – : = ‘ = -‘ l t a – o = : . = a :-
= . . – . a d : 9 t’ t . y ‘ , 3 > * l iT ; A t = = . = ; :

E = f ; ; i i i il , o o – i . Y r :
” -‘ 3 3 : ; ! Q l i . i

= ” = E = . ! . = : i i. = i – 7 o 2 – . i – . = , –
– : – t = = l l – < Z . , - = . = . i < i a - : : - 3

‘ = j 7 =
E . : j :

F E = f J i : J i = j
€ i + = J * ; ! i ,

I
r r l

,.)<

i
o t r

( E w c !
( ) o o e i

P : . ; E : * . !
t r = . = – q o !

< t ! > F c / D D

=
.=

: Q

€ 0 ”
! q )

o ‘ .

Q ;

cJ .v

b o 5
+ Y

c d ^

: = . .
a C Z

. E o i
– { d

: – –
: a –

i l r . :

O P :

_ . i E
i – @
c Y c

.a X j

. i E ;x x A
Y – V

– v ‘ X I
= – . F

> \ . I

: i A

r J v C J

; – e F
– , *

– G C

=
d
E

G
-q

< >.
U

o t- :

= ‘ r :

a E
b o r

c ^ e

E t r

q . ) d

a – d

7 i .
5 o ?

l \ J
r n

6 *

ct) ,
– €
F 😡 :
Y H

u . :

_o” P
^ X

;

O
E
J

I
!

.€

,€
F

!
!
r l

: h t r

6 i :

o J ^

e !

t r o )
! : –

L t

* –

3 –

_ E

– !

R Y

a =

– =
* l t
– L –

> . c
> . =

* :
o ^

O –

q i

” € d

– > –

– Q )

6 =

) J v

O F

! o 0

> i i

i
=

D
h 0 .
‘ q 8

d;
q

CJ +j

xn AJ

8 &
I X

U lrr

-:-

Z
dd

Fq+r

J
r l
!
r =

u . ; *
– ! i –

t = = ,= – . :
^., 2 -l
7 : e ‘

! ! :
c ( E t s
> . – ( J

p O i

o = 4

i f c

3 – o

i; .: a.

x > *

– : ‘ i

; 9 f
7 ta -C,-

d : . –

s q E
! L :
H ‘ = r

!
‘t
–
a
I
J
J

r )

‘J

I
U
J
!

r r

!
I
r
!

‘4

!
5

X
r r l

a
!
a

: – –

: > ,
– – J

= a

t – !
^ :

. Y I

T TJ,

: –
a <

: –

: – – t- –

= / . :
– – –
_ : 2

> !

– a
=
=
a
:
:

=
=

(t)
Z

l R

– f
d . 6
t r I f t –

o r O r O h ( n O \ O

F
o
o
r
-t
C
z

8-d ? d ‘
o r D c L X
– . o _ j . D
– – 3 l ‘
l T l { @ U
i t \ ‘ o r j
E ‘ J ‘ + o

9 € 6 X
= l l D – ‘
Q g Q q 6 –

, P = 6

9 T 5 d
! i a +
B ; L /

o a ‘ # s
F 5 = ?
, 2 q ^ +
: : l _ d d 6 .- = ‘ o X –
t l D i 6 n

Q l o o
i o o 5

o-‘< E <

F : F 6 ‘ 1’ ‘ ; , a ^
t q 5 +
* \ – o o
= 5 X o
D . ! a i .

E . d E – g

i . p E . r
– a – -: . :
l : ‘ ;
‘ ‘ ‘ : 1

r i

x t r

i x
€ 6

o F i

> F
o a x

3 P

o l D

X ‘ q

\ . r =

% >

.: 6-
5′ ‘rt

‘ : . . –
r =

o
ts

F
I
=
o
o
{
6
N
o
i
:

T
o

I
I

I
o
B
F

:
:
;

A ‘

t t . –
6 +
E . 6
D D @

9 \ <

E X

t- di

R . B
^ < 6 Fij

; J J

E 6
\ < o

l o

: r
: F

Q z

1 *
a -_ :
A ?

–
I
A ‘
–

oa
I

o
e

*
o ‘

a v ^
o i

5 . < o q-a

‘ i o

o o
– o

n 6 ‘

D O

J O

! + 6

? {

. < o

– a
3 i

€ q –

o s )

O 6
o

8 – t r
– ‘ =

D H

r # .

f 7 –
O o

I q ‘

6 –

a
=
=

-_l

@
00

6
o
e

o
X
o

5
a

?
L

6
I
5
d
I
I
F
=
:
P
o
oa
o
:

“l

€

:=
:

d
d
I
{
o
6
o

o
c

d
=
o
€

t-t

?
E
{
– .
5
o

I
o

o
a

j
=

O D

.: =.

o ‘ i

: 0 q
< o

: l
o o

; . F

^:
/b

, x

o F
q =

c i o

o Li.

x , ;

5 E ‘

, =
– <- : - L

‘i di lD’

i d – \ < o , F E

: i ! D- – – 2
7

6- o. o-

. i I o
( , Z ‘ i 5

6 ‘ : s =

l i – J –
: 0 o o

+- 9 ,

J , ; – :

P X *
! – = ‘

6 d 9
0 q : J – ‘

– ‘ : t
– T =

; : .

?
G
*
o

3
o

A ‘
n

o
o

::
=

o
T
o
o
oq
o
0q
a

^ :
a g a
! . @

o ! D
< J

3 {

0a ^*

6 i :

t +
F 6 ‘

< v o <

, I D

4 J :

i ^

a F

– 6

{ 9
1 . >

^ ;

: –
f r :

Fl :l

o o

s 3 .
$ > r

t D : a
^ E

O 6

O-ori

F –

f ; o –
^. ca: s

F d $

! s

O -‘+i

D 1: ‘: -:,= –
= i; –
= t

O < l

6 O

x )
{ 6

F *

5 8
a i ( !
O E

– :< E

o o

h”6

i5.l-

o
:
=:-

o
o
o

0
o

0a
o

o
0a
o
a
:

o q 3 5 ‘
i & x
: – : l x
@ 5 ;

E : q #

: = . t

.: =-FO

F t r 6

; j ‘ o

8 – E s
Y q – =) a F

o o I

d @ +
x . + 1

* ; k

cra ii D

u^q = =’

. < O +

i s ‘ .
a – . –

t = ;
– – =

o
o
e

E
?

€-

o
n

o
€
5
a
€
I
o
E
o
o
o

2
=

o
rl
x
o
o
6
ai
o
v
f

P [ €
t o 6

I n f
6 6 +

O q I X ‘

) . ! = x
6 . r .
O H D

o R X
e ‘ i . T
: . 4 5
i D r – : –

9 – E :
o – 6
o a a

tr Crl !D
< F D Q .

r F 5

9 . ^ A
F D h+ { i

J – Y .
r D 6 p
= ^ , i d
; l ^

? – a^ : :- : : .

= : :
. – z

o
I
o ‘
I
0a
6-
{
rc

6 – T
F o

:i di

3 c o

N i

: F ‘ e

J 5
? a ‘

a 5 –

i J –

= ? .

= < i r i < a - '

e
3

-1.

–
o

itr

a
a
o
;

‘t
a

a –
5 <

1 <

x i ‘

= v

1 ‘ –

r : –

: :l:

= J r

= ,
t – — =

= ;

; L

a r
– 1

– –
a –
r =

. ” :
= t

E
I
D
tr
t
6
I
I
o

;
5
o

a
3
3

:!!

=
o
I
-l
6
b

E
5

t
I
I
o
{
o
t
o
oa
o
I
o
J
=
€
t
X

o
€

rg
E :

a = ”

@ <

p o

9 o o
– q

r o

😮 4

2 r n
o a =
€ i $

L – –

0a
o
o

Z
€
6

E
F
o
?
r
o
o
o
o
6

a
I
o
F
{

r-
z

{
-l
T
–

T
–
;

= =
= – = i 7 = – < = i = .7ii '= 51fi - i i i l ; l i g3;; o' = 7 = , ; ; = l ; + ; F q E E g a x r : 3 i ,' = L : B e o p p F 5 . " a + f # 1 A : = 3 a : = 7 € n g g 3 l = H i l i = : r F F ;= = i i [ g i € 5 5 t 8 " i g i l l _ { A + + $ i- : ; i = . ' o F : - i J - , , - B i - = o r " ' T E - + ; i l ' d ' r -! i = = i s F r g F i $ i i + F $ f l E I 9 5 3 : ; Fi i , - i 3 ; ? E F * ; € F i l ; - ; a E : ; f r ! " ' Hi - : = a = S ; n - € $ t F i . i 5 9 - < - $ a p -t =

– F e g
; l t t b ‘ = g b t g: i g s ” ” g – F
I

. { 6 ‘
o

@
I.-

‘ B – h , !
s $ P

– p

n s : : r s . \ $
I E t t S $ , t

{ r i i – r $ E
! ? ! E : t a
F i S i – T
o 0 s – ; s – s

: r :
e a

; t u
6 0
N E

+ g
a _ :

E o {
– i @
, – a c
r : o o
f,oi -r

9 9

h0 00
L A . L
A A A

: 9 ‘ ; 9
R – – – q

, ? ! ‘ l a g ‘ i i {U
?. ‘E

E E E i e S q g g gF l I 9 1 T u 9 * : *
E + ‘ a + F i – l , ” o : ;

r v – v- . r 6 d e 6 r o o 6 I E

i v v i v v – ) – )

– = / = /- \ – \ = 2 – i
a 2 : : ‘ + :’ t ‘ t : t

-q)
d
q)

; x

s 6
t r ! r

3 – l

:
a)
a ! . i- E Ei o o ^ o . a o – _ . 9 ? , I

=. i 1 l Sj tE hig ; , t * t r -er F.-s# –
:=: i t fETi : 3Ee’ fF; i+ is€r *”s.9€
iii; ?lEiii EE;SE; BrEI3i s€ii
i:a= ilis!i ri;:jE :++Ejj t;i;: = = i E i € : : ‘ , : i + E F ! 3
= i i a i 3 ! : = =

– i j = t = = , i =
z = 3 5 = = : ; 5 = c i ; = 3 i =

{ = g : g

o
o
i o
!

u
. = i
E I

s F
9 .–

, s 3 o ^
P ‘ – 9

S f .,.F -eQ ‘ r E E i E _ t ‘i € ” ” – $ E + i
H e F , ^ , . H r ” ‘ 5 8 i * F . . . i , , # g

! , $ I g g g * l ; ; 5 . $ e t E E € : g
E s E * I E = , F E F = j E 3 ! $ E i f ; ! E: t t E E g € + E r e E ; F t E + E i s t fr s l i tF . * f i fg t+r S*S*$E Ek, F ” g i H i l d – t u € s H iA i ” F J I E Ts [Er”;” fi i3t- EiEr;r i i

$ + : E f 6 f i t F ! i l # i + ;s- r i j r iAF .3 ;JF g Ef r
o h o

L’\
@
D-

f C
= t

=- :=E r – i = ;€ = = 3 = t l – i = – o j E i g
: t i +

: i l i i { , q
I d F : F i i

: * :E ;3 ;S } t g IE*E ;e ; E s = ! i : ; i i ; E : i s fE iF- : iFJ Hi = j < i . 6 i v " P & f i + 5 ; 3 - - F - : : O c s E

– : ” i q i . Y
– ! g – . o

v a 6 – w F v

E i € t E i j E ; E
; € = i f F = * ? f
z f E s F n ; f n €

$ s b.s s .sc
! J s s

– s e R
– s H . i

e s €
; t
\ sp , o

.!P p

a
s

o o \ – – s. s + i E s
E E d S S
i s : i
i \ h u

B F = = S

w B

o . .

‘ ^ E
€ g { F u . E E u f

g g

E E * 5 i s ‘ i : , b . – i E : – E d . d r e l * u n i i €
sgS,ir , i j i ! { , iE rEt” iE g t $*+i +f rgE q l gi iFt s i E’ l?=+ : t # E * = d su=r^tiIE{sfcfi:* ii*f +;t€*ii*+ii€EE!E HEi eE € i

iIiEiiiiiitiEIi gii{ {i{iiiiiitsiiiEt i+liii l
E=E€:f ZZE::C ai: *a= a=;==a=1=:1=2,=;= zi=u= i= ir r i -= –

== i= : ; =7E-= =- : : t= i – i :=E= i===-= ‘ i * :E€ i
– – r = = – 3 4 e ‘ J

< : r : < i - < : - - - -

: f
E O
= E 3 s /
: ? n 3
: ( ; ‘o) – x
5 = ‘ ; ! 5 e d
= i E = 2 3 c- = – s J i s U
: ( s – E o > 3

: i i ; : E i
r 3 t I – w – =

f ; ; = E E €
E O E g e I ;
– : i € : . P i +
i 1 € € 3 = =
c . j J z t cZ

f r ; j a l =
= = = : = i l

= i . = 3 i ;
g

i ” . . B
@ g =

a o i
c i

– o €

i t r ^ o

ii tj;
€ : N

i . =
< E ^ F

-Er

P r
x :

€ e

E . a’ = >
6 *

o –

*”-?

– r
F
6
f

L a – a J ! E l * 9 t r I o oj E i 3 i F * E ; i E q ; r
j tt ry; ri 3f r€TE*
E = i ! b E I g e g * H ; U :

r ; ; E i : ; b f i l i T :
f . i . g J – . a : 9 F E E € – 5

t b* U;= I 8 – : ; : ! E ; E
? p – 5 u i E u : H ‘ i . l € =
a i a n E o I E * f , # + ! H o
E ; ; i j = = F . – i = { . 5 ̂
. i . g , l o ” : E . b j = e # F E
! . . x e – o i i ; , – L s , E i l j
: . u e : E i e a ! ^ F f ; E r €

E;j i f E i ; $E i i :* !
7 ‘ i< l= t : i j * f i 8 : E

:r*: tjiE *;s+i n
@
@
i-

3 ;

x J
9 :

o i )

€ ‘E

. E ;o

* f ;
‘ i , : 3 U . 6

i i Z f ; E ‘ * * J i u . ”
I – = 2 q , t r r a i f , t r a t r Y

1 ‘ j o T E – E ‘ ” $ e * . : ; j $
E = F B f . T – s . – e ‘ s j i a aq d ; E h c X E s ? r E
d I E E S t L j ! = r F 3 .a E = F ; * E l v 6 2 2 ‘- o . X i T H ; 9 . ” € E ; ?
E e ‘ H tr 3.:-o = c i! r ‘)E : +atE, ; . -E;Ei

: – F = o – o o . ; l 9 i . =6 : € E = i E f 2 t f
; r c s I . = ‘ n I a r E F

E € i d E € X F f E

. r . d 6

a E ‘ – a . i H l
: i i s { E . , j g #E i : € :
F = = € ” o l t € e : C ii E = 3 : 5 E u X ; = s , f F F = ‘ . ii 5 ; E s E i . ; * s ; r 3 E s : o . : E *g= i i ‘ E$t i;” E r. E n” ii : ‘n”* = ‘ = = : * r ! + E E g t ; I f
i i : = E : : = E E : = ‘ r ‘ r i !

! ; = t s ; ” ! i EE f rE j i j E
i ‘ ; = # o E – * ” ; – E ” E ”

= g R

S O N G ‘ F O R A ‘ T H A T

Lay the proud UsurPers low!

TViants lall in everY foe!
Liberty’s in everY blow!

Let us Do-or Die!!!

, , t

A N D A ‘ T H A T I I 8 I

dth all my strengiL

A Red, Red Rose’

O mv Luve’s like a red, red rose,

That’s newlY sPrung in June;
O my Luve’s like the melodie

That’s sweetlY PlaYed in tune’

As fair art thou, mY bonie lass,

So deep in luve am l;

And I wifl love thee still, mY Dear,

Till a’ the seas gang drY’

Till a’ the seas gang drY, mY Dear’

And the rocki melt wi’ the sun:

O I will love thee still, mY Dear,

While the sands o’ life shall run’

And fare thee weel, mY onlY Luve!

And fare thee weel, a whilel

And I will come again, mY Luve,

Tho’ it were ten thousand mile!

t794,1815.

t796

Lady Macintosh’s Reel, that Burns had drawn on

for previous songs. ̂
2. A.o”..” cloth of undYed wool’

tht.
had

Song: For a’ that and a’ thatl

Is there, for honest PovertY
That hangs his head, and a’ that;

The coward-sl-ave, we Pass him bY,

We dare be Poor for a’ that!

For a’ that, and a’that,
Our toils obscure, and a’that,

The rank is but the guinea’s stampro inscription on
a coin

– -ftt”
tvt””‘t the goi’d” for a’ that’

gold

What though on hamelY fare we.dine,

Wear f,odden greY,2 and a’ th-at’

Gie fools their silks, and knaves their wine’

A Man’s a Man for a’that’

For a’that, and a’that,

l- Like many of Burns’s lyrics, this one incorpo-

-,* iL-“.1t from several current ballads’
i.-ihit .o.g -“. set to a dance tune, known as

,dfrr!.

‘runlor\ slql ul llasul rolol Jtll a3s
‘J8€rur sllll lnoqe

u o u p L u r o l u r r r o u f , o c
‘ r q B l l l \ \ q d a s o f i g ‘ t q q l o o g a z l o o t g

r l s

o l t s € r l u o l € s l u a s a r d a r
‘ 7 g g 1 ‘ a 8 e J l l u e t u o H a L [ 1 J o

;;;,;r”r eqr s€ 8ul^ras ,'{11ensn.eleP
aqJ, ‘(,,relJv Pue

{rn1ue3 r{lartuamJ, aqr’, Pallll
^t.lttql:-v^-:olroN sI{]

Jo aunlo-\ aLIl
LIlp\ ‘{‘t”1″‘tltt”t 1o s8ursolo

pue s8ur’

-uado aqt qlr’\\ 6ulPlruio’ ‘” p”tu*lcleouoc-ro
(suaanb

Suru8rar-Euol o’t\l roJ Paueu
tiB”:

l’Ti1-t].JIA”
Put?

,,ueqtaq€213,, “q, “ntq
a’\\ legl “t)

tqtl::l-:: ‘1o suSrar

. q 1 k t l ” r ‘ i ” q r 1 ” a r e s q r o d a
r J L I l o r s o t { l

– b u l l l o , l l r P
, ” r r ” p . r n o q e q l

( u o l l u a l u o o d g ‘ s J u r l a u r l l J r a q l u l

]n;””r ,lritopqrt'” PuP’ suellorstq
{i::Il reqr serJ

rauto arll Io Aue ,,.?{r ‘{1rt'”‘”1JIP Palccrcruap “{13ur
-11″‘, ,.t 1, p.,*

‘irnr.1q .{rere1r1 qsl:}lrg tfilt’-l'”‘

,a.rro ,{,re se asJaArP pull xalduor-
su lst?Jl le sl

‘ 1 r J l r o q s a q t r e { , ( q q 8 n o q r
‘ p o r ‘ r a d r r l u P u r o H a L I

lucrupr[Jr?d uI 1.]V
tulolag aql 1o al3r:ssu4

A l r l l r l l l l M I o
L I O r s s J ‘ ) J V

1 1 a B r o a i l J o
L I o l s s J J r V

JlJllsslltrN oolJ’)lJcl

a u c s t – t t i l c l t r r t l r L l I l ) J l u l J J P
t l J J ( l

s p q o q r $
‘ 1 1 1 a 3 j m 1 ; r o . l ] L r r i t J r s e s l r u

‘ . ” 1 t r 1 1 . 1 , i o r u i : . 1 ‘ a i 3 r o t ‘ r 1 1 – I ‘ r u ; r l i r 1 1 a q 1 ‘
: 0 2 – t I l J I

(‘rrllrl

: z € l l I
: 0 € 8 l
:Ozu t
: 6 1 8 1

s r r : a A r t s – , { 1 u c ‘ r t l ‘ 1 – r o P r r l r u t
s a l P U I l s J A \

l q l ‘ r r r c l u r l ; r q l l n o q l i n o r q l P J t l s r l o q l r

ir:r,rru 1s) Par!\t)lIno “nt”t “””L,lrjllfi

l r p . ) l l : . ) 1 . ) P u . . l 1 o t l l : 1
: s l x l – l ( ) l ‘ 1 ( l l u ‘ l

p r u * , , r ‘ u t ‘ t 1 t ” 1 ” 1 : f o l J l ) l J ‘ ) l ( l s
) ( l ( t t l

. ” p u r r , , , r r , t 1 . 1 o u i l t l l g : f 6 f 6 L l – ‘ a ‘ ) u u t : l’
l r u i r * , , J r u o r l l u a q l

s t r l . ! – P u r r l ; . u ?

i D l l r – r J r x J I A X s r n o ‘ l l l u r y
: g 1 r 1 1 – 9 1 A 1 t t 1

u o e l l r l s p U o q l ; o B u r u r l o 1 s
J t l . l P t l l r A l l l A l

,-,, iirr”.,”‘; srlt?ls?
eql .p Alcluasse

;t1l

u l t n s u t i , r t l t l t t l l l l l o \ ‘ ) u
: h u l l – ‘ r ‘ ) t l l r J l

u , ‘ p , , , r r J r t u o ‘ r 1 o r l t : 1 1 p t t t : i r
t : t t . t l t t l ‘ r ‘ r 1 1

s e ^ u l q u l J l ) u r J , i r L l l . l 0 t t o l l r l ( ) q v
J L l l

3ur1rq.13 :o1 illlr’rog Jtl] lo llrJttttlsllqPlsg

: l 0 u l

: ! l 8 l 6 3 – l

: l s – l

ze8l-s8/l
poued fllueuod eql

T H E R O M A N T I C P E R I O D

t h i s p a t t e r n , s t r o n g l y a s s o c i a t e d a s i t i s w i t h a s i g n a l p o l i t i c a l e v e n t , t h e f i r s t
major reform of the British Parliament. A diverse range of dates have been
i d e n t i f i e d a s m a r k i n g o f f t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e R o m a n t i c p e r i o d , b u r , a l m o s t
alwavs, each of these, too, is associated with an event ofiremendous politi-
cal and social impacf. As some schiilars tell it, the nerv era begail in 1776,
t h e y e a r A m e r i c a n s d e c l a r e d t h e i r i n d e p e n d e n c e ; o t h e r s s i r f g l e o u t 1 7 g 3 ,
when shattering military defeat at the hands of those Ame.ica.rs dealt a
blow to the credibilitv of Britain’s ruling elites; and many settle on 17g9, the
year that launched democratic revolution in France, ushered in decades of
fierce political unrest in Britain in its turn, and laid the ground for a war
b e t w e e n t h e B r i t i s h a n d F r e n c h E m p i r e s a n d t h e i r a l l i e s t h a t w o u l d e n v e l o p
an entire generation and take almost the whole of the globe as its theater.

Although politics has often provided a frame*ork for the Romantic
p e r i o d , a s s u c h a r r a n g e m e n t s f o r p e r i o d i z a t i o n s u g g e s t , t h e f a s c i n a t i o n a n d
p r o v o c a t i o n t h a t t h i s m o m e n t o f c u l t u r a l w a t e r s h e d p r e s e n t s f o r s t u d e n t s o f
I i t e r a r y h i s t o r y h a v e e q u a l l y t o d o w i t h a n o t h e r p e c u l i a r i t y i n i t s c o n s t r u c –
tion: the Romantic is also the sole period that is named afier a literary form,
t h e _ r o m a n c e . A g r e a t s c h o l a r l y a c h i e v e m e n t o f t h e l a t e r e i g h t e e n t h c e n t u r y
had been the recovcry from obscurity of the medicval ,o*-rn””., pre’iously
i g n o r e d b y l i t e r a r y h i s t o r i a n s m o r e c o n c c r n c d w i t h c l a s s i c a l i n f l u e n c e s , a n d
t h e R o m a n t i c p e r i o d w i t n e s s e d a r c – e v a l u a t i o n o f t h o s e w i l c l v e r s e – t a l e s o f
aclventure, chivalry, and love. Exactly the traits-their barbarous cleviations
f r o m p r o b a b i l i t y a n d r a t i o n a l i t y , t h e i r u n a b a s h e d f i c t i o n a l i t y , t h e f a n t a s i e s
t h e y i n d u c e d i n t h e i r r g 2 d c v 5 – 1 h 2 t o n c c j u s t i f i e d m e d i e v a i r o m : r n c e s ‘ f a l l
into oblivion were seen anew, as commentators movecl from lauding the
room fbr idealization :rnd visionary imagination that romance hacl afforclecl
prem

About a hundred years ago, the cambridge rlistory of Englisk Literature
segmented the era that this volume of the l,Jorton Anthology covers into two
p a r t s , t i d i l y d i v v y i n g o f f t h e ” P e r i o d o f t h e F r e n c h R e v o l u t i o n ” ( 1 7 g 9 – l g l 5 )
f r o m a s u b s e q u e n t p e r i o d o f ” R ‘ m a n c e R e v i v a l ” t h a t f i l l e d i n t h e v e a r s
b e t w e e n t h e d e f e a t o f N a p o l e o n i c F r a n c e a n d t h e a s c e n t o f e u e e n V i c i o r i a .
T h e m e s s i e r o p t i o n o f t r e a t i n g t h e e r a a s a s i n g l e e n t i t y e q u i p s u s b e t t e r t o
c l o j u s t i c e t o i t s c o m p l e r m u l t i p l i c i t v . I n r e f r a i n i n g f r o m t h e a t t e m p t t o d i s –
e n t a n g l e r o m a n c e f r o m h i s t o r ‘ a n d l i t e r a r y f r o m p o l i t i c a l c h a n g e , w e c a n
b , e t t e r s e e h o n t h i s p e r i o d , i n c o n f r o n t i n g t h e i r e n t a n g l e m e n t , – o r i g i n a t e d
t h e q u e s t i o n s a b o u t t h e r e l a t i o n s o f a r t a n d a c t i v i s m , a e s t h e t i c s a n d p o l i –
t i c s , t h a t t r o u b l e u s : r i l l , \ \ – e c a n b e t t e r s e e , t o o , h o w t h e n o t i o n s o f p o e t i c

pelero,\pe o9r- (26-I6LI) uory {o s+431g
tl”ll”d setuoqJ-

‘(06-r : ‘url’r!u’ rr

uottwota1 aql uo suogcada1 stq uI lJelles’elrng PunuPf
lsL’:fr ‘-il11!trr

-oi”g ,q;p”g1rrn[ tOef t) uap11 [o s143N
aqt {o -uolrbrlPul1

V s.UF— rJ lltuqllh

dre141 ‘ubrlnlo^ag eql ‘(q palelnulls Surlutql l€lcos [eJIPer
ali: ‘-:’:illr]rrln1lru

syooq luet{odtur earql’BIllB sleclPer pue
spraQII qs118u3 tu:– “rurrnrrrluulr

,,’rr”,’rnqr.r” pa{o^e
‘a11lrsefl aql Jo Sulurotl 111ff:^1″J.\-‘f .’:-3P;

{lr

Jo’uollerelreC “qr
^q Palreu

‘uo1ln1onag qJuerC eql Jo Pollao “‘
-:: ilrrrrrll”

‘r”rrrtq’i leuollrPerl 5o uorssarder
aqr {q papul’i ”:’ ”mrryri

8ur1nr aql IIJIL{,Ir o1 ,ntdo1o”p1 ‘(r-euorlnlonar
palrodur tuor’J elr’::—:r$ rrrrmrrrrilrr

“qi’or
rn”tqt luelsuoJ aql Jo Pue

‘uorssardap pu€ uoll€Uul Jo i; : r’,l,lrr

-o”” 3o
‘re,lr

3o
‘uo1ln1o,raua1unoJ Jo-l1IeH uaql

‘eluerg u:t: ; lr!’l{ltluul

u r – u o l l n l o l ” r 5 o l * t l t t o ” e u r ‘ a ‘ r o q e P a u o l l u e r l l s e ‘ P a I I n J J c l ; : * r ‘ ; i i r l i l l l
puv’uolleu IelrlsnPur uraPou

e o1 ‘dcercolsrre Eutploqpuel:*: -: rltlurlltl1,l

-ueJuoJ uaeq P€q ramod Pu€
qllee’ry\ araq’lt

“(larcos
lernllnJll?; ” ‘rrrrllttlllllllllllllll

e uorJ a3ueqt;o i””p,o aqr
Euicua’adxa se’tt puelSug

‘satull :s;1″” lrrrrrlrilri’lrl*liltl’

N O I I f , V ] d C I N V N O I I N I O A ] U

, . ‘ l u a s a l d a q l
s e s e t u l l q c n s u r , { 1 u o S u r l s r x a 3 o a l q e d e : : ‘ –

= ; ‘ n d

urepour Jo arnleerr ”
,i,, ‘€z8l.tl P””l”ldT:l

f,lllrr auo
‘8ut1ro:;’-: : rrll {nr

p”.rrt”1
“q1

‘luatuel aruos pue freluauruoJ qJnru PalJerlle-‘\lc l:
– -rilllllullllilill1

ur uees rala uollJnPord ‘{rera1r15o a8e
rgrlord lsour aql se’&\ slql 1r *-” “1’lut11a

aroru’lJ€J aql Pue-(sr”^””nii
aptu eql 1o ‘(Soloaserqd lurer:

ir*l ;mil fi1

1r Surcnpo”rd ,,raitateod,,
aql Pu€ ,,arn1er’a1r1

aleuaJ” A{au € Jo au’l'( *::r’r{i’iNt|||lrtrql

.,o
“”,r”‘r”ra’s.ronrrdsooc “q1

‘t”^ ll 1eq.^ porred 3u111cxa slql ‘Fr )’irffilr

srelrr/r{ uauro,{ Jo lro.&\ aql reql ldacce
01 JarP€er osle ere e’\\ -‘r-l )iii$fl;l

se IIe.u se pepl^lp
suorlerrdse l€lros Pue crlaod

esoq’tr t1lBl:*]” **

.ror.rr1r3 aql ssarls 01 ralPeer are^a’ry\'(puocas
aql ul sleex Pue’\;’

r’* ‘rtrrllllllllfil

pw ;r”orr”r”ua8 lsrg aql ul a8prralo3
pue ‘qlro’ttsprolA

‘avE’- rrrrrrflllllllrr;

io; ,rro pa13u1s Peq llleqi
slaod aleu xrs ar{l Jo s8urlrr’tt

aql uor: : – ::i1rillrlrrrrrrrril1ll![]

,i.c tustltlueuroH paltrun e Jo slunoJJe pedoJa’tap
”{rntuar r{iellL: -“‘ r!’ ’11i

-rir,l ptlqr
“ql

8tF.p ‘(11e1cedsa
‘tusrollrro rellrea searar{‘ry\ PUY ::”:

}’r rllrrrr itrl

11 .r”q, itogale” ,.,o,c”dett
eJo(u € ‘arn1era111 Jrlueuog Jo slrlj :

p’ llllllllrrrr

o”r”o’*.,., la8 ,trou lle-seJueuror IeJIro]sIq Pue
‘slelou Jlqlo’, “ilaP dfr1′

lr”n8t1″n”r1 ‘asord ui’pue
((,(uolllled s,esnolN” s{Plneqreg

“ltY’
‘ .iilr!,urqil”

s(erelC uqo[) ;1aslr ‘1L”d”i”qlet
lnq uolrellPau s’ra4eads u€li:-‘- ” llllltrlrrllr

lou saop ernreu qrrq^
,,t t*”bd ‘(,,surelunog aqt 5o ‘ftreg” s’uc tr’*:–

‘|lrfil$llllll[illlllr

i”pt x.ri”5 paglsra^'(s,uordg 5o surroJ
allro e.I) saler qsqrnl

‘su:r’:?l-‘i111r lfim

p.i” rpqlnq i8,tot 1t1.,o1lroqv
‘PIro,*

Iernleu eql Jo
serniPal j -‘ ‘ii’rifi,

ulrl\ sJalunocua .sJaod iq p”‘”at”t
suaod cr’r’11 a’rrlcadsorlu’ –

-;{rry,”

; l ; ” * ; ; ; – t . ” e c e
‘ p a p u e d * ” l ” ‘ . , o ‘ p a p u e d x a s e q d r q s ; e 1 o q 3 5

– – : – ‘ r ‘ ‘ ‘ r r r r

r l

te.todural uotutuoJ e ur Eurtedrclt’red aq
ol seir[esua{l PaleIIJa

‘” – ‘ dlrrp

i ; ; ; ; ; ”
‘ ; ; ; s l q l 3 u ! q s t n 3 u l l s l P t u s ! J l l r e l r e e q l p u e

s e r 3 r e u a ‘ ‘ r – – : : n u o r q

SurzruSooar,iqaraql
‘sluauqslldtuorre ,.(reralll lo a8uer,r11il-:j :l:

il im’

o1
‘un8aq

asIMaIII aA€I{ e'{\
‘tr’n+s.4l a?pr1ql+rn3 plo eql Jo s\PF

rir ririnirlltps
‘arnlnil

1ec1rr1od .rrau ; l’;l:rlllilffi

IIa,e{ s€ pallelue ualJo uolllPerl
freralrl lsol e Jo draaocar

slql ui lfr’:lr lfii,lfll

li, o, i.t”i”rd
“qr

io uollelar aql ;o uorldaruorer
aql ‘{\oq Prj; i :[ir’]ljii**!4{ilrl

-fiJ ;; “r.,rr”rd
Jql t”ptttt pa8ro; asl^{1]ll ara’tr ‘(1r1euollrs tr:”

”uururrr,,ns:h

‘lul8eierlxa s,aJu€tuor Jo uollellllq€qar
aql uI PaAIoAUI eJa’\\ lF –

utLL rlrln;n

c I N . O l l ” l n c o x l N l

t i t – ; r , –

, r { 1 f l 4 , : I

Nlllill|; rll'”-

,llillllf l’ .’

rllililrri: | -‘

iilllllllllll;l?,-,, ltr

ili ftiln – i73

qwti;;inrLi:i’

illlltriliriiiiiil]l| I

,rfrlllllffi

.’ifriflM[ ‘r-

llllllllli1|l,i|l,nili” ‘.

llllllnmft r,,!.- ‘1

ilmiltt*,”,. 1 ‘

|illltt ill lT | !.f

, i l l i ! ] i l i l u : i r l .

,Illllfi|llll]lii -i.-!

,
I ll

llllllll lrirr+r’ I t!

llllfllld’ -‘r]1

llllllllilrfl
qft rl

Llilpllllll,Ilrr i.,lf

,rulilgi ?. T

lillflll ‘;’nl
,x{t*tltutit’ tL- ‘ ‘

{lllllillll l
-lllf”‘ ‘,1

lfi *illllrltrr’-”

lltlllllil ,,,,-r

‘lllfiillllllltrflr “d.tl

rtulllllll iilllllli,il, :

‘fiulllllllllxll!,*.Tl

,l{lllllli;lluii,rtL

,lln ffuliiili{lFf,l

Jillillm
Llllilrili:l

ffilllllllll||llrlljli1r|r’
i n

lilirllrl’lflll ;lllxl

:,,.1

:
l

l
r l

lFrl

Jlll

fi’l

” t

Lllllldrill ll

lll]llllfll .il,i

5 T H E R O M A N T I C P E R I O D

f o r E n g l a n d a d e m o c r a t i c r e p u b l i c t h a t ‘ r ‘ a s t o b e a c h i e v e d , i f l e s s e r p r e s –
s u r e s f a i l e d , b y p o p u l a r r e v o l u t i o n . M o r e i m p o r t a n t a s a n i n f l u e n c e o n
\Vordsrvorth and Percy Shelley was Godwin’s Enquiry Concermimg Political
Ju’stice (1793), which foretold dn ine’itable but peaceful evolution of societv
t o a f i n a l s t a g e i n w h i c h p r o p e r t y r v o u l d b e e q u a l l y d i s t r i b u t e d a n d g o . u e r n –
ment ll’ould wither away. But English sympathizers dropped off as the
R e v o l u t i o n f o l l o w e d i t s i n c r e a s i n g l y g r i m c o u r s e : t h e a c c e s s i o n t o p o w e r b y
J a c o b i n e x t r e m i s t s , i n t e n t o n p u r i f v i n g t h e i r n e r v r e p u b l i c b y p u r g i n g i t o f
i t s e n e m i e s ; t h e ” S e p t e m b e r M a s s a c r e s ” o f t h e i m p r i s o n e d n o b i l i t y i n 1 7 9 2 ,
f o l l o w e d b 1 , t h e e x e c u t i o n o f t h e k i n g a n d q u e e n ; t h e n e w F r e n c h R e p u b l i c , s
i n v a s i o n o f t h e R h i n e l a n d a n d t h e N e t h e r l a n d s , w h i c h b r o u g h t E n s l a n d
i n t o t h e r , r a r a g a i n s t F r a n c e : t h e g u i l l o t i n i n g o F t h o u s a n d s i n i h e R e i g n o f
T e r r o r u n d e r R o b e s p i e r r e ; a n d , a f t e r t h e e x e c u t i o n i n t h e i r t u r n o f t h e m e n
v v h o h a d d i r e c t e d t h e T e r r o r , t h e e m e r g e n c e o f N a p o l e o n , f i r s t a s d i c t a t o r
then as emperor of France. As Wordsworth wrote in The Prelucle,

b e c o m e C ) p p r e s s o r s i n t h e i r t u r n ,
F r e n c h m e n h a d c h a n g e d a w a r o f s e l f ‘ – d e f e n c e
F o r o n c o f C o n q u e s t , l o s i n g s i g h t o f a l l
W h i c h t h e y h a d s t r u g g l e c l f o r . . . . ( 1 1 . 2 0 6 – 0 9 )

N a p o l e o n , t h e b r i l l i a n t t a c t i c i a n w h o s e r i s e t h r o u g h t h e r a n k s o f t h e a r m v
h a d s e e m e d t o e p i t . m i z e t h e e g a l i t a r i a n p r i n c i P l e s o f t h e R e r o l u t i o n , h a i
become an arch-aggressor, a despot, and would-be for-rnder of a new imperial
d y n a s t y . B y 1 8 0 0 l i b e r a l s f b u n c l t h e y h a d n o s i d e t h e v c o u l d w h o l e h ” o i t ” d l y
e s p o u s e . N : r p o l e o n ‘ s d e r f e a t a t W a t e r l o o i n l 8 1 5 p r o v e c l t o b e t h e t r i u m p h ,
n o t o f p r o g r e s s a n d r e f o r m , b u t o f r e z r c t i r – r n a r y d e s p o t i s m s t h r o u g h o u t c o n t i –
n e n t a l E u r o p e . I n t h i s y e a r , a c c o r d i n g l y , t h e d e b a r t e s a b o u t t h e l e g i t i m a c y o f
t h c r u l i n g c l a s s a n d a b o u t p a t r i c i a n c l e g e n e r a c y t h a t I ‘ r g u r e s s u c h , i , G o c l w i n ,
P a i n e , a n d W o l l s t o n e c r a r f t h a d l a u n c h e d i n t h c e a r l y 1 7 9 0 s r e t u r n e d w i t h
a v e n g e a n c e .

F r o m s t a r t t o f i n i s h , t l – r i s v y a s a p e r i o c l o f h a r s h , r e p r e s s i v e m e a s u r e s . p u b –
I i c m e c t i r – r g s ‘ r , e r e p r o h i b i t e d i n 1 7 9 5 , t h e r i g h t o f h a b e a s c o r p u s ( t h e l e g a l
p r i r – r c i p l e p r o t e c t i n g i n c l i v i d u a l s f r o r . n a r b i t r a r y i m p r i s o n m c n t ) w a s s u s p e n d e d
f b r t h e f i r s t t i m c i n . v e r a h u n d r e d y c a r s , a n d a c l v ‘ c a t e s o f e v e n m o d c r a t e
p o l i t i c a l c h a n g e w e r e c h a r g e d w i t h t r e a s o n . E f f o r t s d u r i ‘ g t h c s e u , a r y e a r s
t o r e p e a l t h e l a r v s t h a t b a r r e d P r o t e s t a n t s r a , ‘ h o d i c l n o t c o n f o r m t o t h c A n g l i –
c a n C h u r c h f r o m t h e u n i v c r s i t i e s a n d g o v e r n m e n t c a m e t o n o t h i n g : i n t h e
n e l v c l i m a t e o f c o u n t e r r e v o l u t i o n a r y a l a r m , i t w a s e a s y t o p o r t r a y e v e n a
s l i g h t a b r i d g e m e n t o f t h e p r i v i l e g e s o f t h e e s t a b l i s h e d c h u r c h a s a m e a s u r e
t h : r t , v a l i d a t i n g t h e J a c o b i n s ‘ c a r l p a i g n s t o d e – C h r i s t i a n i z e F r a n c e , u , o u l d
a i d t h e e n e m v c a u s e . A n o t h e r e a r l v c a s u : r l t y o f t h i s c o u n t e r r e v o l u t i o n u , a s
t h e m o v e m e n t t o a b o l i s h t h e s l a v e t r a d e , a c a u s e s u p p o r t e d i n i t i a l l y b y a
w i d e c r o s s – s e c t i o n o f E n g l i s h s o c i c t y . I n t h e 1 7 8 0 s a n d 1 7 9 0 s n u m e r o u s
w r i t e r s , b o t h w h i t e ( A n n a L e t i t i a B a r b a u l d , C o l e r i d g e , a n d F l a n n a h M o r e )
a n d b l a c k ( O t t o b a h C u g o a n o a n d O l a u d a h E q u i a n o ) , a t t a c k e d t h e g r e e d o f
t h e o w n e r s o f t h e w e s t l n d i a n s u g a r p l a n t a t i o n s a n d d e t a i l e d t h e h o r r o r s o f
t h e t r a f f i c i n A f r i c a n f l e s h t h a t p r o v i d e d t h e m w i t h t h e i r l a b o r p o w e r . B u t
t h e b l o o d s h e d t h a t a c c o m p a n i e d p o l i t i c a l c h a n g e i n F r a n c e s t r e n g t h e n e d
the hand of apologists for slaverl’, by making anv manner of reform seem the
p r e l u d e t o v i o l e n t i n s u r r e c r i o n . P a r l i a m e n t r e j e c t e d a b i l l a b o l i s h i n g t h e t r a d e
i n 1 7 9 1 , a n d s i \ t e e n \ e a r s – m a r k e d b y s l a v e r e b e l l i o n s a n d b y t h e p l a n t e r s ‘
b r u t a l r e p r i s a l s – t l a p s e d b e f o r e i t p a s s e d a n e w v e r s i o n o f t h e b i l l .

I h e f r u s t r a t i o n o f t h e
.rger story ofhou’a reac{
. mobilized the nation’s
– , n o m i c a n d s o c i a l c h a r
‘ s c h a n g e s i n p o l i t i c a l
r g l a n d – m a n u f a c t u r i n t
: m a n d a v o i c e i n g o v e r n

31.6111isn”-1he shift in
, r i e r – d r i v e n m a c h i n e r \

lhteenth centurY r”‘itl.r

:rd u,as given immenst

: : q r n e i n 1 7 6 5 . I n t h e s u
‘ . p r i m a r y s o u r c e o f p l

r r g t h a t d y n a m i c o f e r t

. i l d e v e l o p m e n t t h a t r i e

. u l a b o r i n g p o p u l a t i o r r

: r o s e p o p u l a t i o n i n c r c . .

, n ‘ r m u n i t i e s t h e d e s t r u

– c e l e r a t i o n o f t h e p r o c .
‘ . f a c t , ” c o m m o n s ” t h a t
‘ rr-rmr-rnities) and incor;

r e l o s u r c w a s b v a n d l – ‘

– – r l t u r e r e q u i r e d t o f e e c t
‘ . . I a n d l h a t t h e r ‘ r c a l t t ‘

r e v i n l a c t i n c o r P o r a t e d

. s t r u c t i v e , b r e a k i r – r g , –
‘ – j q r a t e d t o t h e i n d u s t r .

: . r r v a t i o n w a g e s a n c l t : – r

, : . r d s c a p e o f F , n g l a n d b t

r , e n r u r a l a r e a s s u b d i r i

. : r d s t o n e w a l l s , u ‘ i t l . r t l – .

. 1 \ t a r e a s o f c h e a P h ‘ b u .

, r i o n w a s i n c r e a s i n g l r : r

l ‘ t o N a t i o n s ” – 1 h g 1 l i

\ o a t t e m P t l l ‘ a s I n a d .

. t h e n e w , s i n c e e t ‘ e n l –

. r : s c z – f a i r e . T h i s t l – r e ‘ o l
j \ c f i o r z s i n 1 7 7 6 , h o l d ,

‘ ‘ : e o p e r a t i o n o f e c o n o i –
. : r i c t n o n i n t e r f e r e n c e . ,

: ‘ . r e r e s t s . O n t h e o n e ] –
. – . \ l ‘ a y f o r t h e l o n g – P o ,
‘ . e s t I n d i e s ; b Y 1 8 3 – 3 . r
– – i t t h e i r u n f r e e l a b o r

– , r i e s e v i d e n t l y h a d b e

. r o r i n g c l a s s a t h o m e .
– – , c t i t s e c u r e d r v e r e i n

: : c i p l i n e a n d i n s o r d l c l

i-.r’re male and f’emaic
– : > s e d t o h e a v Y c o a l – s l

, d k n e e s , r e a d l i k e s c e
. l l . t h e n a t i o n ‘ s w o r k

.irar aql te sdoorl pazlllqoluep .,(q pa8relua s€,4\ arroJ>lro,r{ s,u(:r’::
ur re.r\ ar{l Jo pue aql qll A

‘owatul s,atue6l ruorJ sauars a{ll pF:- -.,, r’,,, rmr
spueq rraqt uo 8ur1.tte.rc ,{q paSSerp ,(eqr reqr saBpals-1eoc .rr’.’- **nr
-ret{ ara.r\ a8e ;o s.rea.( a^U uele ro ual Jo uerpp{J elerual pu. , ‘ * ,u,lry1gr
‘ s a u l t u

I e o J a l { l u o s l r o d a r , s r o l e 8 r l s a n u l ‘ s u o r l r p u o J p l p r o s u r ; – – : . . . . 1 1 l 1 l u 3 r i i

qsreq rapun Iro,4\ Jo srnoq 3uo1 pue sa8e,tr alenbapeur ara.!\ D:-

– – ;,+ ril .n1j
-uoJJo

{.,ruopaa{,, aqlpue alreJ-zassrelJo sllnsJJ Jrll’Juror{ tE .r=’ .:rlrLiluL,,J/til

ar{t Jo {lrrofeu leer8 el{l roJ lng

‘alqerrlolur egroJaq peq .(1lur:, * ;lrnrnr
-oquo

lerJos pue JrurouoJe A\eu eq1 ro3 paluasardar Joqel aai: –
*

“.: ;irilr;,ir rt1
.{lewoue aqt (.{ra^€ls pepua flpug tueruellred uaq.u ‘ggg1 ici s.:,-
eqt Jo uorlelndod a,te1s aql 3o uorledrru€rua pauodlsod-8uol :L’: -. ilnl*, qr
a,ted padlaq a,req tq8rur Suqurql err€J-zassrel ‘pueq auo aqr : ” {ililrluill
a l e , r r r d r r a q l ‘ p e r a l l a S u n ‘ a n s t n d o l a l d o a d e ^ e e l p u € o J u a r J – i r : : – i , r ; . f r 1 1 f l f l f r 1
go r(cr1od e uleluleur Plnoqs luetuura.to8 eql fs^tel JlurouoJa JLr ,

– :::,,,iirilr1Lr ilryil
aql .{q,(luo paJnsua eq ueJ areJla.lt leraua8 Jql r€qr splorl

‘g__: , :rl,’ rnunlurgrlrffr
L f t p a , 1 4 a y 1 s . r { l r u r s r u e p v u r t n o l r s , , ‘ r u o l e l a 1 , , 3 o , { . r o a q r < r ' - - 1 . -

– r ” 1 1 6 t .
go fqdosollqd aqr or pellnuruor are,&\ sreurroJer lereqll ua.\e r I –

. i , , ir Li ,ul111tfufrl

P l r o / ! \ J r r u o u o r e P I o i l l t r u o J J u l q s s J r l l a l e 1 n 8 e . r ( ) 1 r p e u r s p \ ‘ : : – . – { r r
‘Jood eql pue r.lJrr aql

(roqel
pue lelrdec Jo sesselJ ol\l aqt- i *

. nr ,,,,rrllllli.
eql palleJ relel lleerslc unuefuag ]Br{.{{ olur pazrrelod,{18urse;:

– – “i n ilmiitir,
-ndod aql ‘epq,mueatr41 ‘sluetueual tunls Pue sasnoq lllnq.ildpJj

– . ‘ ,1;,,arrrrr rlnil
ralo elorus 3o 11ed e Surlsec serlrJ eql Jo sarJolJBJ aql qlr \\

‘sr ‘ il-ilnlrr rpn
sa8paq .,(q pasolcua splag Jo preoqJelrer{J e olur papr^rpqns s?r–r i,*d ilnl
olraqllq aql-aJuereadde urapou sll uo o{el o1 ue8eq puel;ul ” d;rlr’1lilmil|ft
aq1 ‘flrreqc qsrJed tuog urelqo p1noc.{aql alllrl eqt pup sr:= r inrillr,,rmil
uo Surlsrsqns ‘sreroqel tureJ se paureruer ro sumol l€rrlsnput : -: :,,rlulruryl
r a r { l r a o q , { l s s e l J s s o l p u e l e S u r l e a r c ‘ s a 8 e 1 1 r , r d n S u r y e r : , , u r r , , f f t r
.{11ercos sB,{ arnsolJua 1ng ‘(se1e1sa elenrrd rreql olur pale:odr, – – . r.r LLL .rq1ti
eJnsolJua Jo slJe ,{reluauerped q8no.rqr parrnbce dr1t1ea.n tr-: -: – : Liiuilil ql

Jo aruos q8noqtle) uorlelndod Sur,tror8 s,uorleu eql paal ot rrr:
-:.,.r, drilnl1f,il1rml

-rr8e
3o spoqlau luerJgJa erou aql rog,{.ressaceu aBrel pue i’1 .” .r,,.;-,rfinullnrr;1l

‘s8urploq pau,&\o flale,rrrd ‘ra8rel olur tuaql Sullerodrorul pu= re 1 -:,r1i111111111!011
alrlue JoJ aJuelsrsqns Jo su€elu aql papr,rord peq leql ,,sui-* * iiriinfiu rrl
‘f11ensn) spuelalse,nt pue spleu uado Sursolcua ;o ssacord aq: : -i

‘,,,i ,{niilllfli&ul
eql .{q paruedurooce se,,lt,,{rlsnpur auoq Jo uorlJnJlsap a*: ir-;…:,,nilrilillllurrurr

lernllncrr8e u1
‘srea.{ fUU ,rl e^S Jo rolJeJ e dq pasea:rur Lr r’:;

-,1 ,. rrimrfl$l
‘ra1saqcuetr41 se r{Jns su,{{ol Ilrtu Surl,uerds ur pesseru uorleln d ,i I – .,r rutrrrrrl *rg
y’a8e urapou eql Jo {rerulleq aql se.,{;rtuap1 IIIIs a^\ teqt l*:”*:r ilnnilrrrnr r1rilr
-r8olouqcal pue uorsuedxe JlurouoJa Sutleralaoce-rela Jo JrLj: – .: irr uu inmrr
-ur8aq ‘sassacold Surrnlcesnueu Jo slJos 11e ro3 re,.rod Jo etjr'”: *.i:iLL *.rri q1
se Jale.{r pue pur.&{ peceldar tueals sapeJap Surpaacons aqt uJ – -_ -,1 ,ullllm*ru
ueals aql palcaSrad 11e7q sauef uaq,,n snladur asualuLur ‘ : “- rirr]lili tffi
‘salllxol Surssacord JoJ seurllJelu uI sluauroloJdtur qlr.rr,.i:::-.’ -.ri..i;;;;rrurilgill
-PIur aql ur un8aq Pel{-roqel pueq aceldar o1 ,{raurqrF’– -,: ;.,,1 .uruuHl

JO uorlue^ur eql woJJ petlnsar leql SuunlJeJnuetu ur ulrls Ii:- –
-illillililruuriill

IerrlsnPul,, eql
‘qrlea,et Jraql ol aleuorlrodo.rd luauura.rob u’ .- rnlililurfilt|lilul5ltl

o1 Suruur8aq ala.&\-leJnllncrrEe ueql rel{ler 8utrn1:re1r-;.’r.- “:nuLLLlq111l1;rilrf,[
eprsur sasselJ ,{rau ‘8urql euo JoC ‘sluaue8uerre lecrtrloci – .r.*r;-,p’rrrrlti,i fu
-puodsarror roJ peau aleradsap e Eutlearc ararrt sa8ueqo Iprt{,t :!-; nilruilil1111o11,
ueq,{r aurl ,{ra,t eql se,&\ srql la ‘JeA\ JoJ seJJnosal s,uorlpu :.–: : : ii rirffitilililrrrur il
elrq,r\ruroJalSosadoqpaJUIJJesluetuura,roS,{reuorloear€ r,.L- – -,1 ,,,p ,ilriltfrri
aql ur raldeqJ Jrleruelqua ue sr asneJ lsruolllloqe aql Jo u,- :.-

^,.-,, iirrlrL.

\ o t t f , n c r o x l _ N l

&,ii,;J

.ililllllrfill

l|lll ;

iltii,Iill luii

llflfln[

iltr ,l

llt, )

;,Jlllli

illilil 1

ild

{lliltiltt

lllll ll’nl

‘,q,,ll-{

‘l :r,t

,lilil],..1

m l

,il{illl.,,,l

liii ‘iiillli:r l

illlrfllliii,fi

” i t 1 1 1 – i

l , : l , i

: l n l

: lL-[

llil:1…1

ilru,,,,*:(

‘itllll’
l

.11
‘-‘

l i , , ; I *

i i l

r – r ‘ i J

I l ”

* ‘ . . ;

–*. l l

, ; l

8 T H E R O M A N T I C P E R I O D

moment when demand for manufactured goods. until now augmented bv

the needs of the military, fell dramatically. The result u’as an unemployment

crisis that Dersisted throush the 1820s. Since the

were preve;ted by law from unionizing, their only recourses were Petitions

‘

proteit meetings, and riots, to which the ruling class responded with even

rno.” ,”p.”rrive measures. The introduction of neu’ machinery into the rnjlls

resulted in further loss ofjobs, provoking sporadic attempts by the displaced

workers to destroy the machines. After one such outbreak of “Luddite”

machine-breaking, the House of Lords-despite Byron’s eloquent Protest-
passed a bill (f 8l j) making death the penalty for destroying the_frames used

ior *.a.,ing in the stocking industry. In 1819 hundreds of thousands of

workers organized meetings to demand parliamentary reform. In August of

that year, u h.tg” but orderly assembly at St. Peter’s Fields, Manchester, was

charged by sater-wielding troops, who killed nine and injured hundreds

more; this was the notorious “Peterloo Massacre,” so named with sardonic

reference to the Battle of Waterloo.
Suffering was largely confined to the poor, hou,ever, while the landed

classes ani industriulittr pr.rrp”red. So did many merchants, who pro{ited

from thc new markets opened up as the British Empire expanded aggres-

sively, compensating with victories against the French for the traumatic

loss of America in iZS:. England’s merchants profited, too, thanks to the

marketing successes that, over time, converted once-exotic imports from

these colonies into everyday fare for the English. ln the eighteenth century

tea and sugar had becn transformed in this way, and in the nineteenth cen-

tury other commodities followed suit: thc Indian muslin, fbr instance, that

*u, th” fabric of choice for gentlemen’s cravats and fashionable ladies’

gowns, and the laudanum (Indian opium clissolved in alcohol) that so many

ailing writers of the period appear to have found irresistible. The West Encl

of London and new ieaside resorts like Brighton became in the early nine-

teenth century consumers’ paradises, sites where West Indian planters ancl

nabobs (a Hindi word that enterecl English as a name for thosc who owecl

their fortunes to lndian gain) could be glimpsed displaying their purchas-

ing power in a manner that made them moralists’ f’avorite examples of nou-

,re-a., riche vulgarity. The word shop\ting czrme into English us:rge in this

era. Luxurv villas sprang up in London, and thc prince regent, rvho in 1820

became G”o.g” IV, buill himself palaces and pleasurc domes, retrezrts from

his not very onerous public responsibilities.
But even, or especially, in private life at home, the prosperous could not

escape being touched by the great events of this period. French revolution-

ary irinciples were feared by English conservatives almost as
much lor their

chalenge-to the
,,proper” ordering of the relations between men and women

as for th”ir
“hull”ng”

tu traditional political arrangements. Yet the

account of what it meant to be English that developed in reaction to this

challenge-an account emphasizing the special virtues of the English

,”r-r.” o? home and familr’-u’as in its way equally revolutionary’ In an

unprecedented u,a-v, the nar that the English waged almost without inter-

miision between I793 and 1815 had a “home front.” The menaced sanctuary

of the domestic fireside became the symbol of what the nation’s military

might was safeguarding. \\rhat popularity the monarchy held on to during

thii turbulent period riis thus a function not of the two King Georges’ tra-

ditional exercise of a monarch’s sovereign powers but instead of the public-

. t a i l o r e d t o s u i t t h i s r r
‘ r c s t i t ‘ b l i s s w i t h i n a

: . r e d a s u , e l l u n d e r t h e r :

: r o f t h e h o m e , t h i s P l t ,
r o f o u r c o u n t r v u ‘ i t h , I

\ n c l t h a t a l t c r a t i o n b o t l –
, o p p o r t u n i t i e s . A s i r r
‘ i o c i r l e r e p r o v i c l c d o l r l ‘ ,
. t – r u a l b e h a v i o r , a n c l i , ‘ ‘

‘ : h i s p e r i o d u ‘ o m c n b t ‘ . –

. r a z i n e a r t i c l c s t h a t i r ”
‘ ( n c e s b e t w e e n t h e s t ‘ .
‘ ‘ L l ‘ e n c c s . I h e 1 s l r , r t r l t l

. r s c k c ‘ e p i n g , a n d n o t h : r

, t e l ” s o f f e m a l e c l o n r e ‘ t
‘ , t i n c l u s t r i a l i s t s i r n p o . r .

. , ‘ p i r r a t l o r i t ‘ r r l b r 1 ‘ r ‘ ‘ ‘ .

r , , r i t l b r g c d h c t r t c t t t t
i t l e r r t i t 1 o l ‘ t h c I ) , r l r . .

– t i n t : t t t . t o c l l r i r r l . \ \

; l i s h r r r r t i o n i t l i ( l ( n l i 1 .
‘ , , ‘ . I l r c r l r t r t l l , t l t , –

– l r t r r t ‘ l l l l e t r t ; r n t f t * t ‘

L r \ i r n ( l s o f r , r o t l l t ‘ t t i t t
‘ , l c t ‘ l i n g s r , l p i t r t l r , i

r , o t t l < l I r t ' t t t r n t ' t l t , '

! l t . ‘ n t ‘ r r i t l t ‘ : r t h ; r t . ‘ ‘

: . r ‘ \ \ : r s r r o t s i l t l P l r i l l .
, , r s t e \ t ( ‘ l l l l l l l c t l r ‘
t r r l r l i t r r l i o t t – I t r , r r ‘

r , ‘ s l t r t k i n l l s ” – t ‘ , i t t ,
. ‘ . r e h i l t ‘ t ‘ s c e n .

‘ f
h i s l l . , –

. l t u , , n t t ‘ n r r r i t t ‘ r t
‘

–
– . 1 l i t c r a r . v r e l l t t t t t t i o r l ‘
‘ , . t o r t v o i t l s t t g l l t ‘ s t i r ‘ –

‘

i , , r r ‘ s ” r r l ‘ [ i ‘ t t i ( ) n i r l ( ‘ \ \
‘ I l r o s t ‘ t l i n t o ” s t t t t l i ‘ ‘

– . . \ \ r r l l s t o n e c r a f t , r i h , ,

. – , r c a l p r o p o s i l l a b o t r t q . :
‘ : c c l L t c a t i o n u / o m e l l I l r

. ( t ‘ \ \ 0 l l l e n \ A r i t e r s t ( l l ‘ :

‘ , : n s c h ‘ e s a g a i n s t i t .
, ) r ‘ r h i n t h c V i c t o r i i r r r

r r I

_ r t \ f i l l l v e n ( ) t l g n s t l l r l l

e c s s n ‘ o u l c l n o t b e t r ,
‘ r r ‘ t e c n t h c c n t u r v t h c I l

r . . r : d i s t i n t t I r o t t t r r ‘
‘ \ \ ‘ i l l i a m P i t t ( r v h o r i o

r a b i l l { i r r p t r r l i a n r e r r

: r r i n g i n t o s t r a t e g i c i l l

. R r i t i s h e l e c t o r a l s v s t t

orkers had no vote and

were preve;ted by law from unionizing, their only recourses were Petitions’
proteit meetings, and riots, to which the ruling class responded with even
rno.” ,”p.”rrive measures. The introduction of neu’ machinery into the rnjlls
resulted in further loss ofjobs, provoking sporadic attempts by the displaced
workers to destroy the machines. After one such outbreak of “Luddite”
machine-breaking, the House of Lords-despite Byron’s eloquent Protest-
passed a bill (f 8l j) making death the penalty for destroying the_frames used
ior *.a.,ing in the stocking industry. In 1819 hundreds of thousands of
workers organized meetings to demand parliamentary reform. In August of
that year, u h.tg” but orderly assembly at St. Peter’s Fields, Manchester, was
charged by sater-wielding troops, who killed nine and injured hundreds
more; this was the notorious “Peterloo Massacre,” so named with sardonic
reference to the Battle of Waterloo.
Suffering was largely confined to the poor, hou,ever, while the landed
classes ani industriulittr pr.rrp”red. So did many merchants, who pro{ited
from thc new markets opened up as the British Empire expanded aggres-
sively, compensating with victories against the French for the traumatic
loss of America in iZS:. England’s merchants profited, too, thanks to the
marketing successes that, over time, converted once-exotic imports from
these colonies into everyday fare for the English. ln the eighteenth century
tea and sugar had becn transformed in this way, and in the nineteenth cen-
tury other commodities followed suit: thc Indian muslin, fbr instance, that
*u, th” fabric of choice for gentlemen’s cravats and fashionable ladies’
gowns, and the laudanum (Indian opium clissolved in alcohol) that so many
ailing writers of the period appear to have found irresistible. The West Encl
of London and new ieaside resorts like Brighton became in the early nine-
teenth century consumers’ paradises, sites where West Indian planters ancl
nabobs (a Hindi word that enterecl English as a name for thosc who owecl
their fortunes to lndian gain) could be glimpsed displaying their purchas-
ing power in a manner that made them moralists’ f’avorite examples of nou-
,re-a., riche vulgarity. The word shop\ting czrme into English us:rge in this
era. Luxurv villas sprang up in London, and thc prince regent, rvho in 1820
became G”o.g” IV, buill himself palaces and pleasurc domes, retrezrts from
his not very onerous public responsibilities.
But even, or especially, in private life at home, the prosperous could not
escape being touched by the great events of this period. French revolution-
ary irinciples were feared by English conservatives almost as
much lor their
chalenge-to the
,,proper” ordering of the relations between men and women
as for th”ir
“hull”ng”
tu traditional political arrangements. Yet the
account of what it meant to be English that developed in reaction to this
challenge-an account emphasizing the special virtues of the English
,”r-r.” o? home and familr’-u’as in its way equally revolutionary’ In an
unprecedented u,a-v, the nar that the English waged almost without inter-
miision between I793 and 1815 had a “home front.” The menaced sanctuary
of the domestic fireside became the symbol of what the nation’s military
might was safeguarding. \\rhat popularity the monarchy held on to during
thii turbulent period riis thus a function not of the two King Georges’ tra-
ditional exercise of a monarch’s sovereign powers but instead of the public-
. t a i l o r e d t o s u i t t h i s r r
‘ r c s t i t ‘ b l i s s w i t h i n a
: . r e d a s u , e l l u n d e r t h e r :
: r o f t h e h o m e , t h i s P l t ,
r o f o u r c o u n t r v u ‘ i t h , I
\ n c l t h a t a l t c r a t i o n b o t l –
, o p p o r t u n i t i e s . A s i r r
‘ i o c i r l e r e p r o v i c l c d o l r l ‘ ,
. t – r u a l b e h a v i o r , a n c l i , ‘ ‘
‘ : h i s p e r i o d u ‘ o m c n b t ‘ . –
. r a z i n e a r t i c l c s t h a t i r ”
‘ ( n c e s b e t w e e n t h e s t ‘ .
‘ ‘ L l ‘ e n c c s . I h e 1 s l r , r t r l t l
. r s c k c ‘ e p i n g , a n d n o t h : r
, t e l ” s o f f e m a l e c l o n r e ‘ t
‘ , t i n c l u s t r i a l i s t s i r n p o . r .
. , ‘ p i r r a t l o r i t ‘ r r l b r 1 ‘ r ‘ ‘ ‘ .
r , , r i t l b r g c d h c t r t c t t t t
i t l e r r t i t 1 o l ‘ t h c I ) , r l r . .
– t i n t : t t t . t o c l l r i r r l . \ \
; l i s h r r r r t i o n i t l i ( l ( n l i 1 .
‘ , , ‘ . I l r c r l r t r t l l , t l t , –
– l r t r r t ‘ l l l l e t r t ; r n t f t * t ‘
L r \ i r n ( l s o f r , r o t l l t ‘ t t i t t
‘ , l c t ‘ l i n g s r , l p i t r t l r , i
r , o t t l < l I r t ' t t t r n t ' t l t , ' ! l t . ' n t ' r r i t l t ' : r t h ; r t . ' ' : . r ' \ \ : r s r r o t s i l t l P l r i l l . , , r s t e \ t ( ' l l l l l l l c t l r ' t r r l r l i t r r l i o t t - I t r , r r ' r , ' s l t r t k i n l l s " - t ' , i t t , . ' . r e h i l t ' t ' s c e n . ' f h i s l l . , - . l t u , , n t t ' n r r r i t t ' r t ' - - . 1 l i t c r a r . v r e l l t t t t t t i o r l ' ' , . t o r t v o i t l s t t g l l t ' s t i r ' - ' i , , r r ' s " r r l ' [ i ' t t i ( ) n i r l ( ' \ \ ' I l r o s t ' t l i n t o " s t t t t l i ' ' - . . \ \ r r l l s t o n e c r a f t , r i h , , . - , r c a l p r o p o s i l l a b o t r t q . : ' : c c l L t c a t i o n u / o m e l l I l r . ( t ' \ \ 0 l l l e n \ A r i t e r s t ( l l ' : ' , : n s c h ' e s a g a i n s t i t . , ) r ' r h i n t h c V i c t o r i i r r r r r I _ r t \ f i l l l v e n ( ) t l g n s t l l r l l e c s s n ' o u l c l n o t b e t r , ' r r ' t e c n t h c c n t u r v t h c I l r . . r : d i s t i n t t I r o t t t r r ' ' \ \ ' i l l i a m P i t t ( r v h o r i o r a b i l l { i r r p t r r l i a n r e r r : r r i n g i n t o s t r a t e g i c i l l . R r i t i s h e l e c t o r a l s v s t t

alnJe Jo alxll e 1€ {.lleurc
‘asneJ uoururoJ Jleql tuals^s lerol’rr’:

3o Suri.,lc.ttlsar ar{l
aperu ‘sacuellle Po^rl

–

lJorls pue c13a1er1: : ‘

;ua- sselc-3ul{ro.{\ Pue sselr-elPPlur
‘turoJar ”(reluauerFed : . –

ur pasodord (sacuer8alle 1ecrl11od slq UIqs uoos PIno'{\ oq’\\r tl d
– r ‘r 4I

– s l u l 6 a u r J d r { J r t l . t t u r r e a d e q l ‘ u o S 8 4 I l r r o r C ‘ u e t u o m u r o r l l r ‘ ; – ‘ : ‘ l f t * l r l

3o sfq8rr aql uo pesnJoJ
uIIoJaI 1ecrlr1od ro; sarnsserd aql

,irnl; ‘ – . -….,rr ,rrrrrllrrlllllill

,{g””-“qr u1 ‘,{rnluac qtdllua^q eql Illun palaldruoc aq loll:
– : 1″rruui

leql pue,urBaq ot urroJar 1e8a1 lerluelsqns roJ lroddns qBn’r
… r” ri,”tllif,ttl

s(ueurom Jo esneJ s{Uercauolsllo1A
plno,{\ porred u€IrolJI \ :– ‘ il*i

L iffllltl

. ,,,rillillillllt!

, l( lllt!

‘ll
isul:=’ … ryNlilllturfilti,

augep Jo aldtuexa raq arou8r raqlla ol ,fisnorlnec PaPual srrlll’r’ –
:’- i rhirlllrfilFauUep Jo aldruexa Jar{ aJouEI laqlla ol ^lsnollneJ PaPuaf slrlt|r’. –
:’- i rhilllllfilF

‘leuorldacxa paureual
‘sraqlotu radord_ eq ol PaPOeu uJLLIor” –

‘ ;i -rlililn ‘rilll1

lnoqe luaun8re xopOqlro alotu e oluo ,(lrlenbe JaPueE lnoqP
‘:'” ‘- .,r ilrr );rrllllllfill

e pelSerS uotuolwto sttplg a\tto uoxlvrlpu_?A eql_ul ot{‘t\’lJEj:— i ‘\ Iqrl

seJnBU puv (‘su€lJllrlod.{snq,, pue ,,sraqdosollqd snolPnls.. l- :
q’ LLrlllllrJllllllilrl

-€letu aq ol ..sJelq8neP,{1ano1 pue
‘sraqlou purl ‘sa,tt’lt aleui :-:- I llrL llllllll:lr

eql paqsr,r\.{aql (paleurulnJ rrllrr al€tu euo se) ]€ql bullsa;i-*’ :’
‘ drillrnn

aq of ‘d11qar€J peerl of Peq sroqlne al:LueJ aseqT,_’suollPln.’– –
…. rrrrL rlrlrrffil

,Sa1eS ,SraqtUnu lrer{l UI uaUI qlr^\ aleduoJ Ol uefaq SlJlll,r,. – : .r ” ilrijllilil|llttl+

u r d r o l s r q . { r e r a 1 r l u t e l a l s r g a q l
‘ s s a l a q l a u o u ‘ a t u e c a q s l r { I – : r – – ” , , u r ‘ r l

‘urocs aurlncseur Jo sla8rel PaureuraJ-ueuro,t\ PaleJnPJ-
‘: – ‘ r,,’r,rrrrrrlllllllllllllr

.drqsroqlne
3o araqds orlqnd aql

olur,{rlua s,ueuro/,v\ p .\c- – – liiilillilri f,l

p a l u a s e r d a r d l s a p o u a u r u r r u a l r e d o r d o 1 l u o J J J e a q l _ r l t s
* – : i r ‘ r n ‘

ro ,(3r1snf osle plnor uorl€u eql uI osle lnq auoq aql ul \lo”L ‘ – irrrm

s ( u € r u o ^ \ e ‘ 1 r 1 n d s e q . { a 1 1 o 3 e P u l – I u l T r r o l s r q a q l s E
‘ l e l { i : : – L I ‘ i r

‘ l l a ^ \ s e s a s n l g u o l l l P e r ] u o u o l P r u j –
‘ p a l e r l s u o u a p u s r u o r l l l o q e u r u o r l e d n l l r e d r o 3 l q l l e r l r t l l \ 1 1 . –

-i.,t”3 1″rtl”,t dlqrsualso rreql
aPetu oq,tt porrad slql ur uatr

e q l s e
( l n q ‘ s u o s c t l o r r l e d S u r s r e r J o I l o , { \ a q l u l P a l s { l u ‘

S a n ] J l A a s o q l ‘ a l e l l e ^ \ S { u o I J s u a q l o l I e I J n J J s e u a a s J q
( ) l

-a1ar crlqnd u P€q ,&\ou sanurl alenud
sruetuom e ‘{1r1u’rpr ”

Jo stunoJr€ ^\au aql Aq PateorJ {ro^\auerJ eql
ulqll,’\\ ‘tu ‘ –

L-o. ql1^ ‘1dura11e lqBILu uetuo,t\ e auo auIEJJq lot:led t-:

leql seAr aJII rllsauoP Pue alels aql Jo bulrq-lle’,{\ aql
urr \\1’rL-

l s r l e u o l l e u , { \ a u e q l l e l l l s u o l l r e u u o r a q l . J o l r n P o r o \ q
‘ ; ‘

(‘slllur rlaqt ur Pa1lo,t\ oq,{\ uetuo,’rl rood
aql uo pasodur ‘:’

,(1np 3o suorlrugaP aql parou8r
.{lluarua.tuor .{lntlsauop ‘ ‘

– o r d J t , , o p ” s l q l S u u a P u a l u r
‘ a s l n o l

4 9 )
‘ a r o u S u r q l o u p u ‘

‘Burrear pllt{o pa.tlo,tul aJtl ul salor rraql leql ldaJre plno!>
‘ :

L :

( :

-. : ! ,Nttltt

*,;;ltr ilnfl

_ – rrqilil[illl

..\ tilIilllHti

,mllilfln

_ – _ llii,I||llil)luit

1r llllil||ill1llllll!|N

_ r,”,ii,llfllt qlll

::.-” Iil*rilIllltlllt

r r ‘ . i l l l l 1 r , i l l l l

. ,-:t:riltililil fllllf

td/iilItll:r

-.,
*,”,,ll|illii|lt||nllt|trll

, ,,.,, ,uarrfllllfil
, llllkutullltl

–
..- .i ilfim|li

l” h. illiltlll 0lt1

lll’|lll’1riudfir.,rt

– : . . . . r n l l l l l l l l l l l l l i l S

– r _,.. r]]ilIlililL rrnl

, i ,.. uilillill1lr

$ rqt

asaLll Jo asneJaq
‘Jeql uauro,tt PalJnJlsur Pue saxas aqi

-JIP
Ieluau pue 1ecrs,,{qd

ar{l uo ‘{lluauraqa^ Petsrsur lEt{l

p.,” ir.to-t”s ‘s1ooq ,{q pa8nlap aq o1
’11a,u se ‘ue8aq uau;

:stq8rr
1e8a1 5o Uaraq ara^\ (a8errreur ra13e “(11enadsa)

pue
“r

apor plBlr e o1 palcatqns era.&\’Surlooqcs Paltull riluo p:p’

Jrlue[uoH aq] ur ueuo,tt ‘drolsrq qsrl8ug rallJea uI s\
‘]f –

tuaql peluerB pue uauo,tr uo sarnssard ,ttau 1nd r{locl uorl: j l

,,’sall )rJSauoP lsaJeaP Jno qll-\\ \l:’
-nJrJsuor oql dn Surpurq,,Jo (fl lnd aryng se) 1calord srqt’:
-ezrleuolleu Pue uoll€zlleePl{\au slql Jo aruanljul

aql laPr –

dlruiurua3 radord 3o suorldacuo3 ,,’.{1rue5 1e'{or,, e utq:r
‘

s,auo r.{r€a pazrseqdrue ]€ql
‘llJolaqr lslleuolleu slr{l lli’

__ ,, ,r., Lllll lttl

. t,it )iinillllllflir

I ,lmltfr

, ,Sl,

\ o t – L l ‘ l c o d – L N l

_ , : ” ,

r J

” ; i
–

a – l

: l – : – .

. – ! I :
–

1 – : –

r f l h . ; :

_ . , t . ,

l i i L , . i l

l r . l l

11 I 1 J ”

l l ; I . . . – , l

I ; n – – i

] l i l L ; r i : ! – l

l l i l l l r – . ; : l

{ i l i ] : i

L l l l l : r * r

,i;ii$
– ‘ :{

– , j

4 ; i t – : r n ‘ –

l l ] l , i i l m ” : : l

r i ; l l i ” * / –

Llllril ” . “l

lillllx , I :”1

u l i l i l , r : r r ‘

lllllli r- i I

n i l
– . :

–

I O T H E R O M A N T I C P E R I O D

economic distress, the first Reform Bill u’as passecl in 1832. It did away with
the rotten boroughs (depopulated areas r,hose seats in the House of Com-
mons were at the disposal of a fen’ noblemen), redistributed parliamentary
representation to include the industrial cities, and ertended the franchise.
Although about half the middle class, almost all the vrorking class, and all’
\vomen remained without a vote, the principle of the peacefr-rJ adjustment of
conflicting interests by parliamentarv majoritv had been firmly established.
Reform \4/as to go on, by stages, until Britain acquired universal adult suf-
fraee in 1928.

T H E N E W P O E T R I E S . T H E O R Y A N D P R A C T I C E

W r i t e r s u , o r k i n g i n t h i s p c r i o d 1 7 8 5 – l u – 1 2 d i d n o t t h i n k o f t h e m s e l v e s a s
c o n s t i t u t i n g a g r o u p o l t ” R o m a n t i c ” a u t h o r s . I t w : r s V i c t o r i a t n c r i t i c s l r , h o f i r s t
wrotc of- the prcvious generartion as the Romantics and promote cl the term as
a r d e s c r i p t i o n f o r a p e r i o d o f r e c e n t , m o c l e r n r a t h e r t h a n p r e m o c l c r n , h i s t o r y .
C o n t c m p o r a r i e s , b y c o n t r a s t , t r e a t c c l t h e s e u ‘ r i t e r s a s i n d e p e n c l e n t i n d i –
v i d u a l s o r e l s e g r o u p e d t h e m ( u s u a l l v m a l i c i o u s l y , b u t u ‘ i t h s o r n e b a s i s i n
f a c t ) i n t o a n u m b c r o f s e p : r r a t e ” s c l – r o o l s ” o r ” s e c t s ” : t h e ” L a k e S c h o o l ” o f
W o r d s w o r t h , C l o l e r i c l g e , a n d R o b c r t S o r – r t h e v ( a ” s c c t o f P o e t s , ” t l r e c r i t i c F r a n –
cis Jeffrev sr-ripecl, cleterrrrinccl to bc “li.s.scrzrcr.s |rom the cstablished systerns
i n p o e t r y : r r – r c l c r i t i c i s m ” a n c l ‘ a l u i n g t l r c m s c l v c s h i g h l y ” f o r h a v i n g b r o k e n
l o o s e f r o m t h e b o n d a g c o f a n c i e n t a r r t h o r i t v ” ) ; t l r e ” C } r c k r r c v S c h o o l , ” a d e r o g –
a t o r y [ e r m f o r v u l g a r L o n c [ o n e r s L e i g h H u n t , W i l l i a m F l a z l i t t , a r n c l a s s o c i a t e c l
u ‘ r i t e r s u 4 r o h z r c l p r e t e n s i o n s b e y o r . r c l t h c i r s t : r t i o n , i r r c l – r d i n q l ( e a t s ; : r n c l t h e
i r n p i o u s ” S a t a n i c S c h o o l ” o f L c i g l r H r – r n t ( a g a i r . r ) , P e r c y S h c l l e y , a n c l B v r o n . A t
t h c s t a r t o f t h e p e r i o c l , t h c s a t i r i s t R i c h a r c l P o l r , r ‘ h c l c a l s o p r a c t i c e c l t h i s n a m e –
c a l l i n g a s h c c a t a l o g u e c l t h c s p h c r c o l t ” f c r l a l e l i t c r a t r – r r e ” : t l r c a i m o f h i s 1 7 9 7
‘rhe

unsex’cJ Fcmules u’as. bv nzrming ancl sharning, to firrnly clistinguish the
v i r t u o u s l a d y r ‘ r ‘ r i t e r s o f h i s n r o m c n t f r o m t h e

‘ A n r a z o n i a n
b a n c l ” f < r r m c c l b v

Wollstonccraft and her firllovvcrs, a group u,ho, so Polu,hclc cornplainccl, hacl
s a c r i f i c c d t h e i r f c m i n i n e c h i t r m s f o r l e a c l r o l c s i n r e v o l u t i o n a r y ; r o l c n r i c i z i n g .

1 ‘ h c p r o l i f ‘ e r a t i o n o f ‘ ” s c h o o l s ” a n d ” s c c t s ” s L t f l f { e s t s t h e f n L r l t I i n c s r u n n i n g
t h r o u g h t h i s f r a c t i o u s l i t c r a r v r n , o r l c l . W h c r e : r g r e c m c n t c o u l c l b e f o u n c l w a s
a r o u n d t h c p r o p o s i t i o n t h a t 1 l – r i s r ‘ r , a s a u , a t e r s h c c l m o r n e n t i n l i t e r a r y l r i s t o r v .
” L i t e r i r l u r t ‘ . r r e l l o r i l l c r r n t l u c t t ‘ t l . ” r h t ‘ s i r t i r i s l I h o m r r s – l r r r n e s \ l i r t i r i , r s p r , , –
c l a i m c c l i n t h e b o o l i t h a t i n s p i r : e c l P o h v h c l e ‘ s , ” i s t h e g r e a t c n g i n e b v l v h i c l r . . .
a l l c i v i l i z c d s t a t c s m u s t r , r l t i m a t e l y b c s r . r 1 ; p o r t e c l o r o v c r t l r r o u , r – r . ” R : r c l i c a l s
c o t – r c u r r e c l w i t h c o n s c r v a t i v e s I i k e N ‘ l a t h i a s i r r t h i s c o n v i c t i o n t h a t l i t c r z r t u r e
was u’here the actior-r rv:rs-thatt literature in cl]f’ect 1ys.5 11g1i61-cvcn ets they
c l i s a g r c e c l o n t h c m e a n i n g t o b e a s c r i b e c l [ o t h u t v € ] r v t e r m ( : r t c r m l b r m e r l y
s v n o n v f n o u s w i t h l e a r r – r i n g i n g c n c r a l , o n l v i n t h i s p c r i o c l d i c l l i t e r a l u r e l : t c g i n
t o s e t t l e d o r ‘ v n i n t o t h a t m o c l c r n m c n n i n g t h : r t c o n f i n e s i t e x c l u s i v e l v t o a r t i s –
t i c e x p r e s s i o n , l , r , o r k s o l t l – r e i m a g i n a t i o n p a r t i c u l a r l v ) . l n t r o c l u c i n g t h e N e l r ,
Cambridge Histort of the Ettglish Rontamtic Period, James Chancller has
r e c e n t l y h i g h l i g h t e d . a s a c l c { i n i r r g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e r R o m a n t i c a g e , h o u ,
o f t e n t h i s e r a ‘ s m o s t t a l c n t c c l m e r n g r a r v i t a t e c { t o p o e t r y i n p a r t i c u l n r . T h e , v
c o n f i r m e d p o c t r v s e l e l i r t e c l c u l t u r e r l s t a t u s b v a b a n d o n i n g o t h e r c a r e e r s , t h e
m i n i s t r v i n C o l e ‘ r i d g e ‘ s c a s c , t h e l a l r ‘ i n S i r W n l t e r S c o t t ‘ s , m e d i c i n e i n K e a t s ‘ s .
E v e n G e o r g e C a r – r r . r i r . r g . T o r v l e a c l e r o f B r i t t r i n ‘ s F l o u s e o f C o m m o n s , p u b –
l i s h e d i n 1 8 2 – i a C r , l l e c t e t l P o e t n s . I n h i s ‘ 1 8 0 2 P r e f ‘ a c e t c t [ : v r i c a l B a l l a t l s

arrnos \\au .illerrper € seJueuror plo pePoullno aql aleru_Padlrg “.
. i’-,;irnuu$

aqt Jo sJrnsr”tdler”t”*tuoJ
aql uIoIJ uolldulexa s(lsed,{rera::- a*l illllrilrflltn’

s€ep”r (lurelJal lng
.ruslleuolleu ,r{au e Jo suolssaJdxe se IIa.t\ sE

::sF ‘llttftril

Jo suoueJ {eJrsselJoau
aql lsulebe_SuOIlJeeJ .’lJels

e JOJ ‘aJa.ll i-*r| ,’Tlrulllllllll|n’

p u e s u s r l E \ r l P J t u r t e q l : r q o l P e s o d d n s a r r ‘ t \ ‘ { e q l s l l a q
e S o ! r r s : f r : r m i l I , s

– q t u r ” t | . 1 8 ‘ ” a q t s s e d , { q o l P r ^ l r l u o r , ( q a ‘ r a q t o q ^ { P u e P I o
s e \ \ l F – * ” f t o * ‘ i r r y | l

,{q .”tau krlaod aleru ol parrl ere srql ul oqm slaod aql a^orp saL:}:r:rr dmqt\.
.rilfe luar-nio1 .{qqeqs r

“q
o1 f1a1u dfrpar auePunu uI s?.{{ lunPu i i#itd flt1pl[‘

.sfiurlles aurlqns qJns uI sallesueql a8etul ol PaPuefsJeleeds trlli:rr * ilrilrflfll

aql q8noql ue^a
(lleP uaer8 Pel€losr ro dolulelunou

alelosaP ‘ ur’rr ,ilil

-rour Jo spraq eql a^oqv p{8ner;

arnlder
_,uor1eu18eurl PIoq Jo

f{rr.dts olslp

aql,, elenba o1 a’€lsltil e se,{\ Jr
‘1no palurod flsno^elqJslMosulq”‘tri ‘-‘lqil il

(.esuas uoruuror ruorJ uorlel^ap IerIperdIIII P^u€ a-lqeroldaP
e qll \1 -n:t-15lm;il0n

,1, p”q, ,{lalaldruoc r-,rau 1r
,uor1eu18eru1

Jo s8urldurord aql ot ss}u’;,rrniuf,{a1ryr

alqeJrrupe ue q1r.&{ snouduou^s eu€Jeq cuuoulot uJel aql sP;:4; :mtlqs mr

tp.rr*”i
(ere slql ur lnoqe perpu€q ueryo

(aserqd
lsel leql)

‘ralq.ir*] :tlosrr1ll11l[4

p”pi.r3sr- e
(aperJ

lseuoq arour e uror; luenrl snollualard pue p:i;t;n6p6qa4r

ue’pa1o^e osle lr lnq
,futao4

{o acwapq s,,{a11eq5 Pue
ereJJrd s L-)rnrnirllllnrllffil

ur palgord -toi””3″.t”q lesrallun pue Lreuolsl^ aql
eleu8rseP ele s-‘-: r: flil11m1ar

]laod’treqlaarls qnrc aql
‘.alqnoP alqerltuP€ ssal e fq uolsslr r{ ]x !{ilr4Dlfillll

s,po’ad,tit”-og aqf fnoq8norql Pe,&\oPeqs ero,aJaql sB’!\ leod
s- ;o,? ;flrlr’lll,

‘sPl€Puels JIlsIlJ€ Jo luauaseqap 8ur'(uedtuoJJ€
uE P-r’ -r’rrl- |rllllllllililllll|rr

_ra^o lnoqe s8uruJ€,/!\ dtuoolS paleJeueS sSulllJ^\ Jreql JoJ
senur’ ,,^:rL Lir 6mtr

-ecr1dr11nru eql pue sloqln€ se Sullsrlue aldoad Jo sllos A\au Jo iirq:”rrr1llN iilllllt!,,

l.ssard relndod ^\au aql
dq papr,tord,,ecua8rllalur Jo uoJleJlu:’–li : llllrillllllntllllr,

aql ,.{llercadsa sJalle,&\P-,,(llJ
‘uetuo,t\

Pue uau,{IlunoJ s,t{lJor’,s:!’
‘, iilllllurllllflllllllllll|l

p,rr-ro;’,,ro.Irol a8e,res lsorul€,, aql Jo esnel auo se Sasodold U:r;^
;’l;lrrlllllllllillll1.*il(

s , q u o . & \ s p r o A \ u r p e r a l s r S e r o s l e s r ‘ a r n l l n J S S € U I S , { I n 1 U J J t { l J t l u : \ ” –
r ! ” i l 1 4 , * 1 l 1 n i l r

_€drJrlu€ ,sluerudola,lap asaql fq pasnore sseusnolleu aqll.u:::- rr -;mU flilf,ltll

-snpul aql .Jo suqilqr uorlcnpord
paleJelaJJe aql ol uIIoJuof, {:: :;’*]nfllil llltlfi]

,ooj,8,rrfir,* utapotu q8noqf se readde ol un8aq P€q 1l’Surqiil:-.: :rdlrlllll;:r

40 uorsupdxa ar{l qll.4\
,s1sa33ns

r{eur8ua,, PJo,{\ S,SeIqleI\ sP
‘;r:}:r! lalrrllllllllfri

,”,r” .r”ql .{11crnb Jro- sr”pear Jo sJequnu Sutsearcut
Sutqcer: !? a l!,iariiiuilllllllltlntrl

srql 1€ t€ql arnllnJ erpeul e Jo IJeq eql uo eJuaulluold leJnllr
– – I*l lrr! imu/

porrad Jrlueurou aql Jo sarrlaod,r,r.eu eql se.os
eJotu eql ‘qs€Flr?’a ” r;nllltnutm1,’fll

,.{1qe1r.taur ,osle .{aql ‘s,qlromsproll Pue s(Aolleqs e{II suollPlEl:€r: ll:;iiillllllrrlllllllilluu

roJ’punor8 eqi p1e1 srusersnr{Jua asoql JI
‘atueJ ol Pr€oq8uuds –r,r-” “{tllllrlrrnluu

lq”B1u esre,r 1eqi8u!u18eur
‘urn1 ur sroqlne e{uoJeq ol-PaulPlduj’i:^: ,*ildrillir;1pgur

Jlaql .ra8€e ool-ra8ea aJaM ̂ u€ru
‘srapear

PaloAeP Jo saPloq l{‘,r ilillllllillllllfiuri

:dueu o1 peuolJaq laod 3o 3ur11ec aql’s8uluala ,stalutrr
i’..L rr ”i’*,ll,flf

ro’ed 3o i,seq a.1f ape..’ pue
,s1ooq ecelduoultuoJ olul Paqlrr*;Lr; ,1fi,,,,’tfi,

,pazrroruau aq ol Sulqlaulos se pue
‘sa8errreu

Pue
‘sqlPaP i:+ -rldllrlll1rlglnr

Jo seJrlou pue sarrols
s,&\au apls8uol€ sraded.!pp ul Surreadde i-:r.iilrtttttttttttrln’r,’

;e3U .{ep,4ra,ra peleJlauad uar{1 {JBq,{Jlaod
‘.{.rnluac lsJU-A1ua.\\t r,-: — iilrffittluu\rllrrr

-rior,r,’rer3″p € oI r..,{rlaod JoJ peru .{1durrs,,
sB,lr 1I leql se.r\

‘s1>+}’?n’i rllttttlliillrtttttr4rr

lJenls uelJolslt{ .,(reralq ,,’atnllnc aJllua slql Jo aJnl€eJ
JIJluJf,r. lidlri! rrrilI|{li

.prrefcap,(allaqs ,(rrad ,,,.{r1ao6 sl
ruollnlllsul ro uoluldo ut aiue’-: -‘T tflr*nnl

e lro,{\ ol eldoad learB
€ Jo Suruale,ne aql Jo re,t\olloJ Pu€

‘uotueLJ-iii – “ill||iltunl

8ur[e3un ]sou eql, .,’atull IIe re^o Pu€ I{trJeo
eloqM ar{l ra’\cr f,E irlir rri lllr I

,,{taioos u€unq 30 arrdtue lse^ aql a8pa1.nou1 PuB
uolssed -iq ::;:;hlr ruluq6

ol se^\ 1l uollBJo^ asoq,&\
‘p1noc

,,Jao6,, aql leq.’!\ qll^\
Allueulnu j” “rrrl”:mrllliiiil0l|l|l5r

e se op plnoc (acuorJs Jo uelN,, aql leq,t\ PelserluoJ
dlqero.relu: -‘:rr rmrllllllllllrl,,{fillt

N O t . L f n c o d l – N l

, , : r – | – I

. . :
‘ l : t

” : i i ” :

: –
” : – : i l

– 1

: ) * ” a : :

, , , _ . : , _ i

r J – : . :

. ; * – : i – t r l

_ i i

l l i r – –
– . i

l – :
– , ‘ l

n r i . l * ,

; u l – r – –

i l t ” : – :

; . ; ‘ i t
‘ N – ‘ i

-*:* .- :

. ” i r :

; , – . –

1 1 1 , * : –
^ ‘ *

” i ; ; 1 . ” . : l

L i . ! ; , – l

tlilt,! :, – :

l l 4 l i : I I
‘ r _ :

L U !
–

: r l

1 2 ] T H E R O M A N T I C P E R I O D

o f i n s p i r a t i o n f o r t h i s p e r i o d , p r e c i s e l y b e c a u s e o f r a t h e r t h a n d e s p i t e t h e i r
h i s t o r i c a i d i s t a n c e . T h e e n e r g y i n r . . e s t e d a r t h i s m o m e n t i n t h e s c h o l a r l v
i n ‘ e s t i g a t i o n a n d p o e t i c i m i t a t i o n o f t h e b a l l a d s b e i n g s u n g o r c h a n t e d b y
c o m m o n p e o p l e i n t h e s t r e q t s : r n d f i e l d s s u g g e s t s s o m e t h i n g i i m i l a r . I t r e g i s –
t e r s t h e f a s c i n a t i o n t h a t t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s , i n l i t e r a t e c u l t u r e r v h o l i s t e n e J i n
o n t h e s e p e r f o r m a n c e s \ v e r e i n c l i n e d t o a s c r i b e t o a c u l t u r a l f o r r h w h o s e
o r i g i n s p r e d a t e d t h e i n v e n t i o n o f t h e p r i n t i n f l p r e s s a n d t h e a d v e n t o f a p r i n t
merrket. Thc ballacl rvas transmitted by vyord of mouth and not bv commer-
c i i r l c r t ‘ h r r n g c .

T h e d o u b l c i r n a g e o f t h e p o e t – p r o d u c t o f a n e r a t h a t b o t h i c l e a l i z e d p o e t r v
a n d f r e t t e d o v e r i t s s t a n c l i n g i n m o d e r n , c o m m e r c i a l s o c i e t v – i s a n i m p o r t a n t
c o n t e x t f i r r t h e c l u e s t i o n s c e n t e r i n g W o r d s w o r t h ‘ s l g 0 2 p r e f ‘ a c e , h i s i e t r o a c –
t i v e s t a t e m e r . r t o f t h e p r i n c i p l e s g u i d i n g h i m i n t h e p o e m s h e c o n t r i b u t e d t o
b’rical Ballads. “what is meant by the u’ord Poet? what is a poet?” The eues-
t i o n s u ‘ e r e t h c r n o r e u r g e n t b e c a r u s e i n a f r a c t i o u s p e r i o d , t h e r e r , r , a s i n c r e a s e d
P r c s s l l r e o r – r t h e a e s t h e t i c s p h e r e t o a c t i i s z r s i t e i n w h i c l r h u m a n b e i n g s c o u l d
r e c l i s c o v e r t l r e c o r n m o n a l i t i e s [ i n k i n g t h e m a s h u m e r n s , a s W o r d s w o r i l , s d e f i –
n i t i . r ‘ r o f t h e p o e t a s a f i g u r e o f u n i f i c a t i o n , ” b i n d [ i n g ] t o g e t h e r . . . t h e v a s t
e m p i r c o f h r r m a r n s o c i e t y , ” s u g g e s t s . o n e w a v t o a p p i o a c h t h e p e r i o d ‘ s n e w
P o c t r i c s n n c l i s o l n t e s o m e o f t h c c l i s t i n c t i v e t r e n d s t h a t r v e r e p r e c i p i t a t e d o u t
o l a n ‘ c l t c r o f r c f i r r r n s a n c l r a c l i c a l i n n o v a t i o n s i s t o s t a r t b v t i a c i n g t h e s h i f t –
i r . r g c o n c c P t i . n s o l ‘ p o e t a n c l l ) o e t r y t h a t e m e r g e d t h e n . I f b y t a k i n g t h i s
a P P r o a c l r u , c t a l i c o l r r c l r e f r o m w o r c l s r , r , o r t h ‘ s p r e f a c e , w e ‘ s h o u l j a l s o
i t c l i n o u ‘ l c d g c t h a t h i s r n a n i l ‘ e s t o { b r a n e u , p o e t i c s c a n b e d e e m e d r e p r e s e n t a –
t i v c . r . r l v t o a l i m i t e c l c x t e n t . w o r c l s n . r t h w o u l c l h a v e w i s h c d i t o t h e n v i s e . b r – r t

c o n t r a s t i n g ‘ i e x s o f t h c R . r n a n r i c P o e t . o n t h e l e f t , H c . n r y F u s e l i , ” T h e p o e t , s v i s i o n , ‘ ,
u r u s c c l c l c s i g n f o r l r , r r t i r I i t t t , r ( ) \ \ i l l i a m ( l o r v p e r ‘ s p o a r z s ( 1 g 0 7 ) . o n t h c r i g h t , H e n r y
H t ‘ a t h , ” F i n c A r t s . l ) t . l : [ ) , r r r r . p u b l i s h e d A u g u s t 8 , 1 8 2 6 .

i n g t h i s e r a o f r e r r

– , d s o c i e t t , v r e r e s L t l

(-
i . . k i n g a s t a b l e f o u
. r . . r c t e c l , e i g h t e c n t l – r – r

. l e m o n s t r a t i n g t h a :
: ‘ \ e r v w h e r e d e r i r t i
: c r n a l r v o r l c l t h a t c ‘
. ‘ , e l e r , p h i l o s o p l r c r ‘

. ‘ , l a n g u a g e f o r – i : r
, L ‘ p t i v e c o n s c i o u s n .

‘ r c l s u ‘ o r t h r e g i s t c r ‘ .
: i n o u t e r r n a r t u r c f ,
r : L r i s h e c l t h e p o c m .

‘ r d s u ‘ o r t h d e c l a r ‘ . t r
, t

‘ f t l h e
f e e l i n g t h . r

, ) n . z r n d n o t t h c , i .
r c d , i n c o n t i r t r r . r : ‘
n p o s i t i o n , ” t l ‘ r c s r –
. r r I ) o r u l r y c l i s c u s s i r , r –
. ‘ r i i s c t o t l r c n r i n t : .
n t e n t , a n c { d c { l n i r .
. i n g s , g i v c s u s r , : ‘

, i c h n : t t u r c h a c l n r .
‘ 1 r a P P c r a r c c l i n t h r

‘ i t t i l B u l l o t l s . I h ” L
r r c a c l c r s u ‘ i t h r . :
. l , r n c r , c n c l o r s c r L , ,

. . ‘ . ” O n P < l e t r \ , i r r - . , , i r t i o n < t t R o r r r i r i r .

: r t o t h e o p c r i r t l l : r ‘
. i r L r s i u s t i c a l l r i n r t r .

. i r i t v o f t h c i r a g c . \ i ,

: : r s c t t r [ ) t h e i l h – r
‘ . . r r e s i c l e n t i z r l u r r r , :
– r ‘ r a s i r – r g a c c u r n u l . : :
, b e n e v o l c n t \ l t L , : ‘
. r r i c s – S n – r i t h ‘ s 1 1 , .

. ‘ s t a t N l i c l n i g h t . h
. , i s c e n e , t h i s ; r t t e n : I
‘ t c l – r a r a c t c r i s t i c h i r

i n f u s c c l v v i t h t l ‘ r i s .
‘ . i h l b r m u c h o f l i t . r
– l a n v a m o n g t h e I ‘ 1
. t c s s e n t i a l l y p r i e t r c
– ‘ , l o n g c r a c o n l c l r
: ‘ o r ( l a v a l i e r g a l l a i

. , n e r l , h o s h a r e s r r
. . : o f m i n d e x p r e s :

r n l a c t s o f t h e p o t

eqr qrrdr dlasolc procre uaqo re>1ead,
“”q “qr?{l;:::#:li”#pue saruarradxa aq1 ‘1aod eql qt!^\ str€rl alqez;u8ocar sererls oqr

‘srueod aaol r(rnluac-qluaeluelas pue ueqlaqezqg Jo 1ueleE
uer{rrerlad el{tr se qcns ‘releads cr”rf1 pcrddl ,(lleuorluaauor e -E

,,I, eqi scyr! cpuetugg lsour q puv
‘sarue8 eql ilq,Jo.rllaod dleg

eql se paqrr)sap uego s€.&{ pue wrog rofeu e scglueruog eql I
eueraq snql ‘pup1 rourru e se pepre8er sern zfuolsrq ,(reretrIl Jo
‘uosrad lsrg ar{l ur ueilrrvr ruaod rrrfl eql ‘qseqdura sn{l qrlf,

‘3un1u1qr;o leql ‘dtytrlce uerunq rr
aql ol snlnwgls se fyuo se ras plro^l I€uralxe ar{l otr uollueile slrp
-leu ar{l ul lcads€ u€ uo 1rerrrer-,,a1e8ur1q8151,, s,sleey ,,’lq8gumr
s,a8ppalo3 ,,{“qqv urelurI,, s(r{lro^,rspro1\

‘poa17 [qcoag s,
-uetuog 1ee.r8 aql uar{^{ treqt fes o1 .4e3 sl trl

(os ue fl
‘arntreN

sre,uod elll€rolsar eql q qlleJ pue ((sartrIc ur uetu Jo uollelnrtrn
eql,, ol dqledgue .neql s{ro.$ rreql se lla.tt se sluatua8uerre
u1 Eulcunouue ‘frauacs reql Jo lsprur eqtr ur sploqesnot{ rla$ –
,,’looqcg a{e1,, aql’,(aqlnog pue’aEprralo3

(qlro.nspro6 .a8e

arnslal .treu e se.&,!. leql fJauers anbsarnlcrd;o 8ur.rno1 aq1 u1
paledgcrlred slaod dueur ‘r(1ure1ra3 ‘sseusnorJsuoc Jo suorlerado
-ua11e cpeqdura ,s1aod aql Eur.{e1du,{4,op slsrr sclleod rrlueurqg t
-cerer1r srql ‘(,(arnleN Jo sarlneag ar{l roJ rls1eg rno pue iirrq
.,ra.eu e rapun {esse s,qerceuolsllo A palurrde.r eq uar.{^ pasrop
rarl (urmpog urellp!\ 1eq1 uorlenbe ue) ,,,(r1aod arn1eu,, qqr
-pour fuetu rog alqea8ueqrrelur sr.,(rlaod clluetuog q8noql

Jo uolllpe lsrg aql eroJaq waf, arTt,augzo7olg ,fiqtwo1,11 arp 14
{esse ue ur alor,u U€rceuolsllo1A,,’lleaq u,uo srq uo apeu peq
uorssardtur eql Euplreu’ ‘ ‘ ‘pr!* srq ;o aEeurl ue ,(1uo m
8uor1s Jo ueru eql

‘leod aq1,, ‘tuaod e Jo salnqulte Eurugap p
‘ur8rro er{l JoJ leod aql;o uogtreur8etur pu€ ‘suorloura ‘pulrn T,
Eurrra;ar ,(q lunocce qql r{rTA{ perrnruoJ ,(r1aod Jo suorsmrslr
-uoc raqlo ,,’s8ur1ee; p;ra.uod Jo 1(ogre^o snoaueluods arll-

Jo luel’uol’u aql l€
‘serrr

,,”(rleod pooS 1ffi,, leql
(uorlenuIru,

-uletu qlro,r{sPro^A ,,’Eur1aeJ aq.l ol uoTlenlls pu€ uorlJe a{| r-uletu qlro,r{sPro^A ({‘durleal aq.l ol uoTlenlls pu€ uorlJe a{| r
-nlrs pu€ uorlc€ aql o1 acuel.rodurl sa,q8 padola^ep uraraql EuFl
s1 ‘srurou esoql tuoq sarnlredap u^,ro sn{ Surlecrpun ‘parqrap

{ep aqr go ,,fu1eod relndod eqt tuor; spollog 7oc1t,(7 5o suaod a
-sry teI{IA ‘1aod pnpyrlpul eqt;o ,€oloqofsd eql u1 tnq arnp
uraod e Jo ecrnos er{t peterol eq aceJerd slr{ q uer{^t pararsftu

ulr{s € s€,r\ sF{I
‘AlrlBar el€err-ar ol pue rells ol seq ssau

aql ,{llc€d€r er{t pu€ uolldec.rad ur suorterr€A lenp$lpul-rqt
e Euldolarrap ueBaq slaod pue-Eurzrseqdura ueEaq s
‘uo lueun f.rnlueJ aql sy ‘paluasarder {1aar1ce[qo aq plnor terp
ue Jo aJuarradxa drosues per€qs ,slenpr^rpur tuorJ pa^Lel
esneJaq (etues eql eraqzrrdrarra eq trsntu aJnleu ueunq leql
,(8reua r{rnur palo^ap peq sraqdosogqd qsrlrrg drn
-uor aq lq8gu suoltntpsul IBIDos r{ct{.tr uo uortepunoJ al1;

ulaod aLF yuv pod a4t {o sqdacuoS

‘snsuasuoJ se uorlualuoc r{Jntu se alealc ol a.Ins a.cn
eql Jo suollrugap a)H

‘,{r1aod pooE 5o suollpgep uoqnlo^er ;o

€ 1 I N O t r l n c o d r N l

1 1 T H E R O M A N T I C P E R I O D

T h i s r e i n v e n t i o n o f t h e l y r i c c o m p l i c a t e d e s t a b l i s h e d u n d e r s t a n d i n g s o f
t h e g e n d e r o f a u t h o r s h i p . I t m a y n o t b e a n a c c i d e n t , s o m e c r i t i c s s u g g e s t ,
that \\rbrdsvr,orth in his Preface defines poetr\ as “the real language of men”
and the Poet as a “man speaking to men”: \\iordsu’orth, who began to pub-
l i s h w h e n \ l r o m e n s u c h a s R o b i n s o n a n d C h a r l o t t e S m i t h o c c u o i e d t h e v a n –
g u a r d o f t h e n e v l , p e r s o n a l p o e t r . v , m i g h t h a v e d e c i d e d t h a t t o e s t a b l i s h t h e
d i s t i n c t i v e n e s s o f h i s p r o j e c t h e n e e d e d t o c o u n t e r b a l a n c e h i s e m p h a s i s o n
h i s f e e l i n g s r , r ‘ i t h a n e m p h a s i s o n t h o s e f e e l i n g s ” ‘ m a n l y ” d i g n i t y . f ‘ l – r i s i s n o t
t o s a v t h a t v v o m e n u ‘ r i t e r s ‘ r e l a t i o n s h i p t o t h e n e r v i d c a s a b o u t p o e t r y w a s
straightforrvard either. In one of her prel’aces Smith says that she anticipates
b e i n g c r i t i c i z e d f o r ” b r i n g i n g f o r u ‘ a r c l ‘ w i t h q u e r u l o u s e g o t i s m , ‘ t h e m e n t i o n
o f m y s e l f . ” F – o r r n a n y f e m a l e p o e t s t h e o t h e r c h a l l e n g e t h o s e i d c a s a b o u t
p o e t r v p o s e d m i g h t h a v e c o n s i s t e d i n t h e i r p o t e n t i a l t o r e i n f o r c c t h e o l c l ,
p r c . j u c l i c i a l i d e a t h a t t h e i r s e x – t r a d i t i o n a l l y s e e n 2 r s c r e a t u r e s o f I ‘ c c l i n g
r a t h e r t h a n i n t e l l e c t – w r o t e a b o u t t h e i r o r v n e x p e r i e n c e s b e c a u s e t h e v r , v e r e
c a p a b l e o f n o t h i n g c l s e . F o r m a l e p o e t s t h c r i s k s o f p o e t i c s e l f – r c v e l a t i o n
vycre clifferent-zrnd in somc measllre they were actively seized by those
n ‘ h o , l i k e C o l e r i d g e : r n d P e r c y S h e l l e v , i n t i r n a t e d d a r k l y t h a t t h e i n t r o s p e c –
t i v c t e n c l e n c y : r n d e m o t i o r – r a l s e n s i t i v i t y t h a t m a d e s o m e o n e : r p o e t i c g c n i u s
c o u l c l a l s o l e a c l h i r n t o m e l a n c h o l y a n c l m a d n c s s .

I t r v a s n o t o n l y t h c l v r i c t h a t r c g i s t e r e d t h e s e n e w a c c o u n t s o f t h e p o e t .
B v r o n c o n f i r u n c l e d h i s c o n t e r n p o r a r i c s ‘ e x p e c t : r t i o n s a b o u t r v h i c h p o e t i c

l l e n r c \ ‘ f i l s b e s t s u i t e c l t o s e l f – r e v e l e r t i o n b y i n v i t i n g l r i s a u d i e n c e t o e q l l a t c
thc Irer

Spontaneity ancl the Imyulses o.f Feeling

I n t r a d i t i o r . r a l p o c t i c s , p o c t r y h a d b e e n r e g a r d e d a s s u p r e m e l y a n a r t – a n a r t
t h n t i n n r o c l e r n t i m e s r , r ‘ i t s p r a c t i c c d b v p o e t s w h o h a c l a r s s i r n i l a t e c l c l a s s i c a l
prcccclents, w,ere :lw:lre of the “rr-r[es” governing tlre kincl of poem thcy are
w r i t i n g , a r . r d ( e x c e p t f o r t h c h a p p 1 , t o u c h e s t h e r t , i t s A l e x a n d e r P o p c s a i c l , a r e
“lqyoncl tl.re reach of art”) deliberately enpkryccl testecl nreans to achicvc pre –

nrcclitatecl eff’ects on an auclicnce. Br-rt in her 1797 Monthb,Magazine esst*’.
\ A b l l s t o n e c r t r f t f b r e t o l d a s h i | t i n a e s t h e t i c d o c t r i n e w h e n s h e w r o t e r t h a t ” [ t ] h e
s i l k e n u ‘ i n g s o f f a n c v a r c s h r i v e l l e d b y r r – r l e s , ” : r n d t h a t ” a d e s i r e o | a t t a i n i n g
c l e g a n c e o f c l i c t i o r r o c c a s i o r – r s a n a t t e n t i o n t o w o r d s , i n c o m p a t i b l e v v i t h s u b –
lime, impitssioned thor-rgl-rts.” In Worclsrvorth’s account in the Pref’acc.
a l t h o u g h t h c c o m p o s i t i o r – r o f a p o e m o r i g i n a t e s f r o m ” e m o t i o n r e c o l l e c t e d i n
tranquillity” and r.nav be prccecled ancl followecl by re{1ection, the immediate
act of composition must be spontaneous-in-rpulsive, artless, ancl free fron-r
r u l e s . K c a t s l i s t e c l a s a n

‘ ‘ a r i o r n ”
a s i m i l a r p r o p o s i t i o n – t h a t ” i f p o e t r y c o m e s

n o t a s n a t u r a l l v a s t h e l e a r e – . t o a t r e e i t h a d b e t t e r n o t c o r x e a t a l l . ”
O n o c c a s i o n i r – r t h i s p c l i o d ‘ s c l i s c r – r s s i o n s o f p o e t i c s , t h i s i n t e r e s t i n a

p o e t r , v t h a t c a r n ‘ r e r r a t u r . r l i r c o r , r l c l a c t i n c o n c e r t w i t h t h a t n o s t a l g i a , a l r e a d r
d i s c u s s e c l . n l r i c h . r b . r n t l , , r ‘ 1 , : . 1 t h e p r o s a i c h e r e – a n d – n o v v f o r t h e * – o . ” . , r * , , l r –

p o s s i b i l i t i e s h o u s

– t s o f t h e p e r i o d .

: b i b l i c a l p r o p h e t

– h t e e n t h – c e n t u r , v i

1 . \ \ , a s a c h a r i s m a

n e i n l o n g – a g o t i r

, n e l a n g u a g e o f m

i r o d e r n d e c o r u n – r

. e o r m e a s u r e . ( ‘ f L
‘: rural working ,

. r e c t e d , b y v i r t u c r

= r.rt of civilizecl cl i s

. r t o { r p e a s a n t p o c t
– i c r l a r , r v r i t e r s l i l

– i n g l h e s e b a r d i c i

. inrprovis:rttlrc itrt

, i o r m a n c c s o f p o t

T h c B a r d . i
T h a B u r d i .
o f t r a r c l i t i , r n .
l i g u r e u n i l r

‘ . , ( t r u n u u o l s l q 3 u r , { J r u n : : – m

€ se Pr€q eq1 sarnlcld
uosPuel^\og ‘sarPoleru qslalA leuourP;”i rl

uorlralloJ € ‘(208I) ah4ora{I 17s!1N.rg atL!1lLuqd Jo tunasnw
rlPrrg n1-

‘sauoI pre,npg roJ uosPuel.4{og seuoqa dq arerdsrluo’rg
‘Preg rql

‘uorlBrrdsul ol€IPerutul Jo asoql lnq slxal
ou Pa^lo^ul i:taod .r’:

Iero 8ui.{Jlrlcele asoq.{\
ueruolt\ Pue uaur :-pt”:i1:t1:ity:-1

Io rrr” aqt qllm Pellerl{lua
eu€Jaq {ar{l

(ueql qll1lr sleaP! )rPrn[l ill

1d1″11 o1 i”pn-i r”11″qg .tue6 pue
lcrad Pue uor{g e1q Y”Y-

-“1od”51
“qi

g” p”” eqr ialSe
‘””t{4 (‘snrua8 l€rnleu ro r+od mr

‘ain11no urePour aPlsur alor alqereduroc e Aeld 01
‘asrnof,srP Fsm

-auqer pue lurerlsal aql uorJ aJuelsrp pa’rlacrad
rlaql Jo T-“n

,lt

“q [1not-“re13
uqof relel Pu€ suJng lraqog-1sery *TT_

*Lrj’rr”1rr^ ‘r[lerr”d*” s;qrlsup8e PaJeqJ daql q8noql *ir’mmn

ol elqlrnParrr ,(leuqqns Pue suollue^uoc Ielrullre Pue
s(url-r’a*rtsr

,.or-,rortr, .{1fnps!1q
‘,(r1aod

lero
‘1ern1eu e-‘{lrurapoul ‘1u’

.r
-unw aql 01 a^IleuJalle ue aAIeJuoJ ol Jelsea 1l ePetu satull {rilr

“,tnq
lqit- pr€q e s8uos eql Eurur8eurl

‘lePoru eloJ rlleursilir{‘u:

-1ygi r”ay qieg ,fuep.ra8_a1 e u1 Pal€col peq sueuenbll”: ::5l
-o!^ tloltitdBurfeld-dreq er{] pue

‘uo1ptrq ‘rauoH ‘slr{+&Ide

“rt.ro
l” Surlquasar arn8g alsoduroc e

‘preq lualcu€ aq|P:r,:lic

dueur rol ‘aJuelsur roC
‘lsed aleralrlard

(alotual € ul Pasnou

*firf,!

t m

ro
mu4
nrq
@ p

“6q
.l$llul

f!@

“dq
u’iE

-fld

n G ‘

FN
I F O

rnt ![l
# lnu
elitf@

u]! I

, 4 d
,{|qm!D.l

iFOr I

ftild

.il[gu

rnmd

li5@

.,MGT

I{WI
ttru0ll

;mn,

brl(
, W l E

mFl
Luno@

F!
r m t

m , s
illl!! frul

ilm {F

‘”l{mb I

‘{ru ‘l

.,rru@ l
ffi
6n inhu

s l | \ o l . L f n c l o t – L N l

I 6 I T H E R O M A N T I C P E R I O D

one u’riter who praised and emurated that rhapsodic spontaneity, percyShelley, thought it “ur,
“..o.

to assert tnut tt-r”, finest passages of poetry areproduced by labour and study.” He suggested insteacl that these were theproducts of an unconscious cre,ativitv’ “-[].”ut statue or picture grows underthe power of the artist As a child in ine m?tner,s vvomb.,,
The emphasis in this period .rr-, .,.rlubor”d n.t o’,J n,-, the ipontaneousactivity. of the imagination.producing ir, and the p.”;i”;-;#ed on theimmediacv of- the rerati,,nship betwein aurhor

“;i
p;;;’;l”t,rr”a ,o ubelief in the essential role of passi,rr-r. A””ordr.rg ,. lrir’rii”.-

-hi.h

“or.,-nects the literary productions ,lf th” Ro*untic period to tt-,”-po”try ancl fic_tion of sensibiritv u’ritten earlier in the eighteenth .e.,turyi ,h*” ,,.rr,ri,ir,”feelings of “rhe heart’ rrad ,o .”ppt”-“”i ,i”;”ag-“”;; ,f ,ri;’;erv rogicarfacultv, “the head.” “De.ep thinkirg,;;-“i”.iage wrote, ,,is ,ttainabre only bya man of deep feering”; hence, “a mltaphysicar soruri.n ,t
“i

i.”rl-‘,r, telr yousomething in the heart is grievously t,, b” ,.,.p”.r”a u, opu”rfft ri.,,
()Lorification of the Orclinary

In the lecture he gave “On the Living poets” in lglg l{azlitt cleclared the’oerrv of the Larier scho.l, rn,itrr worisro,.rrh_at ir, h”J, ;rl;” ii” tit”.u.yeqtri’alenr of the Frencr.r Revolrrri.n, a rra^slari.” .r,f.riii.”iiange int.p’ctic,l experinrent’ “l(ings o,-t.l q.,”.:,-r. were clethr.r-recl f-ro’r tl-reir rzr’k a’clstatirn in legiti’ratc,trzrgldy or epic’.etry, as they’n”.” a”””iriiatecl else-where’ ‘ . . Tlre paradox 1th”,.,., p.,itr]
‘r”a,,J,,

rvirh was that a[ i’t irrra, nr., lrynature, erqually fit su,rrjects f.r poetry; or th:rt if there is any ‘reference [ogivc, th.se th:rt are t[.,c n.,eon”ri [i.”.,’,’.,rrt n.,,”fri”j,rrJ’;;irt;;r.,rmising
:rrc the best.” Furthc’rmore’,.irs Fr:rzritt poir.rtccr out, the Lake Scrroor h:rclcl.nc more tha’terrie_tr-rc subjccts,rf ,”ri,’r.,. lr,rems I’r.nr trrer livcs.r.hrrmbrccountrv frlk; it.vertrvcricited:r gcntecr u.,.ri.,,.,.”,,.,y,”o,,ir.,l”r’i’r. the cris_g r a t ‘ t ‘ < l ' ( ) r r ( ; r s l . r r n r r r r t ' r i r r < 1 r r t ' n r l " . . , , r r r i r . r s , l i , r r r r r < , \ i r g r i r r r r s , g y l ) s r e s . . .icli.t boys:rnd r'r:rcr n.r'thers,'i in Hazrittls risr. r.r r.,-., extenr lJazriit,s anarn_g i z i n g , b e t w e . n p o e t i c . n c r p o l i t i c a r e x P e r i m e n t s s u g g e s t s m o r e a r r . u t h i n rthan tl.re li'ir-rg pocts he.triscr,rsses, an avicr youthfur reacrer of-Jer'.-Jac<1uesRousseau' hc souncls as th',gh he trorr to (cart the Swiss-Fr",-,"t ptrit,rru- Pher's aclvocacy of a simpriciiy ,rrr -o,-r,-r"..,r'against arist.cr.tic corrupti.n.Still, l{azlitt w.r-rrcr rravc.i.'ncr supP.rt fbr his crraracterization .f thc LakcScfrool from worclsr,r,,rth's statcrnent in the-prcfa.^e that r-,i., ,i,, i" LyricaLBalla.ls w:rs "to ch..sc i'cicre'ts :rncr situarti.ns from common rire.,, ForWorclsworth's p.le'ricerI plrrposes, it ruu. in ],hun-rble and r'stic life,,that.natural language-"a,lar-rg,,age, reaily spokcn by mcn"

“”J
;i””,r.p”.”r”.r

with the bcautiful ,..trd p”rr,-rri,-r”nt fo’ns’.rf n,-,1.-,.”,,-r,1,:rs to bc rbund, ancrthe specch.f rustics u,as in the prefirce f.,–,ut”a ils zl cure f.r tlre airmentsof the ove.rcivilized.
Ilazlitt wo,ld have linou,n as r^,elr that rater-eigl,rteenth-ce.tury rvritershad .lreacly experimentecr x ith tr-,” tr-‘t”-treatment of sin-rple subjects.Burns had rvith great succcss representeci “the rural scenes urr.l .u.or pr”u_s u r e s o f I h i s l n a t a l S o i l , ” a n d i n , I u r , g u o g ” , r i – i , r g t o b e t r u e t u t h ” . t , y t h – .of thc. Scots Iangu;rge..\\bn-rer-r pn”?r, ?.r,r_Barbauld, Robinson, J.annaBaillie-assimilatc’cr to their p,r”1,’., th”_r.,bi”.t matter of- everyday Iife. NIanvlater-cighteenth-centLrr’rvriters had taken their cue from the ,rua. ,i-pti._ity of the popular ballair: the bailad’s opp”ol io, an

_’p-market, metropolita’readership, capitaiizecl on b1, eightee,-,ri-,]””,-rr.,.y collections like percv,s Bel_

– ; ‘ o J A n c i e n t E t t
‘ . e e n p r i m i t i v e p

– r h e t a m e , e i a b o r
, ) n c e i t h a d a r r i r r

‘ t e s u c h p o e t i c p i
– r r o f p o e t i c g e n r ,
, . n s t v l e , w h i c h i n

– :
f € n r € a t t h e b o t :

. – : a n d m e d i u m t ‘ r r
: : i c p r o g r a m a n d :

. . t o h e l p h i m p r , :

” P e c l d l c r . .

O f P o p e . ‘
‘ : . ‘ t

W o r d s u ‘ o r t h :
. – . a s h e e x p l a i n e c
– . . . a c e r t e r i n c r .
: r r r e s e n t e d t r i t h e r :
: h o u t n o t i c i n g t h .
– r t c r s h a d b e e n d . r
, . ” h u m b l e . ” \ \ o r r
. l o r e f r e s h o u r s r , r .

. r t h e e i g h t e e n r l :
. – – – : e O f

r r a n t i c s , t o a r o u : r
, : r e d r o b e f c l t b r :
. ” , r S h e l l e y \ \ ‘ r t t t r , .

: t t i o n o f p o e t r r . (

. – r v c r s e , C o l e r i c l :
– , d ‘ s s e n s e o f n o n . l
: l e r h a p s f o r t v r r – r

. . r l e g e o f g c n i u s . C
– – : B a r b a u l d \ 4 ‘ r o t r , :

– . n o r v a b l c p e r s p c r I
‘ : o t b e g u n – i r r [ ] . ‘

. r i b l e b e i n g u h o ,
, h e r ‘ s r v o m b .

‘ I ‘ h e
S u , p e r n , t ; :

: r e \ 1 ‘ 2 i S a C O U n l e r :
, i a m i l i a r – ” c h a r . .
. . . g e a n d i t s v i c i n i t r

, – r t h a t l o n g f a m i l i : ,
. r t i o n o f n a t u r a l 1 . ,
i , r a t e d t h e r o m a n t

– : l r o r t d u r i n g t h e J
– . ! of poem vvhen i n

‘ ; . , n i z i n g h i s c o l l a b o
i t v r v a s p o e t r v i n

, ‘ : . s u p e r n a t u r a l . o r
– p o s s e s s i o n – s h a p

od\l aseql slserluoc aEprraloJ 31asl1 poJrad rrlueruou aqr trur
eqt ol se^r leql turel tdqt 3o Eurpuetsrapun aql u! rrluerrxrr {l

‘ero111o3 i(Eolouoruap uo sesrleertr pelenbrlue dq padeqs
‘s8urluneq ‘s8urqcllznaq

Jo sertols ,.’Jllueruor 1sea1 le ro t
le lred ur ‘aq ol are,lrr slua8e pue sluaprrul eql,, rlJrq^ u! &1aod
-uodsar q:spollbg yoct”tf,1uo qlro rspro1\ q1I.4{ uoperoqellor
roqel Jo uorsrlrp aqt saqlrrsap eq oryotax!.1 onld.otSotg ur uaqrn

{qareql 1€ql pue stuele Jo esrnoc freurpro aql pu? s,&rel JerntE
{ue{ uo pepunoJ s€^r peetrsur leql fuaod e :s8utrq dlrre11rurq

l,lrourl lerol t€ql;o ,{lrc6ueqln€ eqt Eursodord pue-,,d1ru1cre sa
.{rane ur punoJ aq IILry\ sB r.lcns sluaprJur pu€ sralJerer{JJ

Jo rapuo^,l eql EuI^I^er ol palo ep ,{r1aod slql ol lurodraltnro c

sautaux1 1oct?oyoqc,k4 yuo
( acunraog aqt’yotnqou$

srl ul IIIIs sl lnq (alqlsrl eruocaq ol uoos palcadxa sr oq.r
eltrlll, e ‘s,p1neq.reg ut ,,’lueJut Eurlerrr,, €

taseJ s.alllleg
llreu ere uollesuas pue lq8noql tuoq.&\ JoJ s8ureq 3o arrrlcads.cd
eql aur8eurr ol lJoJJe s,relresqo ue uo peraluec stuaod aloln
e1il€g ‘man afa-s,p1lqc aql;o frlaod qql o1 Eurlnqrrluo3 ,

pue ratc€reqr ar{l sl slql’ rerlrrueJ parapuer peq srea{ irq
,(ep ,ftana qcrqlt (secuereadde eql qlpr d11a.tou pue repuo’nJD
aql aulquoJ o.1.,, iottotalt1 otryd,o.t7otg ur palreurar aEpl5ll ,
s.r{lro^{spro1\go drrlenb allleug8eur eql uo Eulluaururo3 ./5-r1lot

roleru e sem-ruorleralrar fq palunlq uaaq seq lI req€’ .alor.r
‘as;a,rrun eql ^{auar ol-luaJouul eqlr,pue luerou8r aql q If
-erd rapuozrt Jo asues leql purru palecglsgqdos er{l u! asrxn I
,(ueu ro3 lng (.’eru€rouE; uodn fllezrou Jo lraJJa aql—r
e sr repuo,r\,, leqtr ples peq uosuqof lenr.uBs {rnluac

‘,(1no1 eqt pue fepf.rana eql ul repuo.{r go ,asuae

os ruolsnr 5o dEreqral eql relleqs ol se^r rure s.quor\spo.ll .
-.{ta,re,,,,t (teutp.ro,,,,tuoururoc,, s€ qcns sproilt-,{role8orap
rallree roJ lEr{l sPro,r\ slsa^ur aq qJrr{,,r qlr^{ eJuerelar aql
suraod srq pear uec auo oN .r’lceds€ Iensnun u€ ur punrr xF
plnoqs s8ulqr {.reurp.ro ,(qaraq.n ‘uol1eu1Eeurr 5o Eurrolcr
uoruruoc ruorJ suollenlls,, relo,!\onll ol (acege.r4 srq ur
sl ll s€ plro.tr aql luesarde.r o1 fldurs lou se.$ lcaford s

f u q
Elfo
-{dr
-&tqq
lutEo

r$,i
u p 1
sft
lDlrr

F T T
tFn
r E p
“qf -?
1rqrltl
rFl I
aet
“OI.||r
sb*l
,qq rr
+ ” !
– ” ‘ s e F
q? rr
rFrl|l

F I | q
hn
|l iTlrEI

{ i * d
-rP Pel

lI|G
Sq

‘:l ,

Pee

il’|r
a

{

7-/
rt!!
F!

D F

3ir

aElr
dnd

lil

{slql of euror e^{ are
‘uapzfuq pue adqlp ”

sepeqs ar( iqo l.suo8e11u pue ,,’s1€og,, pue
“.sraqq!”

:soqt€q s,qlrolr{spro1\ se pa,tracred aqluqr lsure8e lsaprd
-uac qluaalq8ra aql uorg slsoq8 pauoruruns z(1snor1a*1 pc
slql ol urors rlllzt,t. palceer uorfg ‘leraua8 ur i(r1aod rog
-qns ledrcurrd eq1 oluf i(qcre.rarq Ieuollrp€u er{t Jo r.uorroq It’1ero1sed eqtr roJ ,{1uo alerrdordde ara.tr ,fuoaql rarlrea u! TFf
aql pue aJrr alqurnq pete^ale l1 ‘sa1fts pue ‘slcafqns .sanud
-rarq Ieuorlrperl aql palra^ul 1eq1 ,{loaql € r{lr^4, acpcerd
-rapun z0gl Jo aJeJard s(qlro.ry\spro^\ auaf,s srql uo pa/ur.r

‘narllur r.rrepou s,drlaod Surugap uollrlp crlaod ale.roql
suorlrperl Euos asaql go flrpnrc lq8lrlno pue ssauulqd
lserluor aqf Jo uorlJunJ e lred B ur se.r{

‘[4ao4 qs-nfu7

I N O t r f n c o d r N l

I 8 T H E R O M A N T I C P E R I O D

and Gothic novels-supplied Coleridge in poems such as Rime of the Amciemt

Mariner, Christabel, and “Kubla Khan” u’ith tl-re nteans of impressing upon

readers a sense of occult po\lrers and unknou’n modes of being.

P o e m s l i k e t h e s e , a s ‘ C o l e r i d g e ‘ s e p i t h e t ” r o m a n t i c ” s u g g e s t s ‘ r v e r e o f t e n

g r o u p e d t o g e t h e r b y ‘ c o n t e m p o r a r l ‘ b s u n d e r t h e m e d i e v a l i z i n g r u b r i c

“romance.” On the one hand romances were rvritings that turfted, in their

q u e s t f o r s e t t i n g s c o n d u c i v e t o s u p e r n a t u r a l h a p p e n i n g s , t o d i s t a n t P a s t s

‘

farau’ay, exotic places, or both-Keats’s “perilous seas’ in f’aery lands for-

l o r n ” o r t h e C h i n a o f ” K u b l a l ( h a n . ” O n t h e o t h e r h a n d r o m a n c e a l s o n a m e d

a homegrorvn, native tradition of literature, made unfamiliar and alien by

the passage of time. For many authors, starting u,ith Horace Walpole, whose

Castle of Otranto (1764) began the tradition of Gothic liction, u’riting under

t h e b a n n e r o f r o m a n c e m e a n t r e c l a i m i n g t h e i r n a t i o n a l b i r t h r i g h t : a l i t e r a –

t u r e o f i m a g i n a t i o n – a s s o c i a t e d , a b o v e a l l , w i t h S p c n s e r a n d t h e S h a k e –

speare of fairv magic and witchcraft-that hacl been f

t h e E n l i g h t e n m e n t ‘ s e m p h a s i s o n r e i , l s o n . B y r o n n e g o t i a t e d b e t u ‘ e e n

r o n r a n c e ‘ s t $ r o s e t s o f a s s o c i a t i o r : . s i n C h i k l e H a r o l t l , h a v i n g h i s h e r o t r a v c l i n

l a r – o t f A l b a n i a e r n c l b e c o m e e n t r a u c e c l b i t h e i n h a b i t a n t s ‘ s a v a g e s o n g s ,

b u t a l s o g i v i n g t h e p o e m t h e s u b t i t l e ” A R o m : t u n t ” ( a n a r c h a i c s p e l l i n g o f

r o m a n c c ) a n d w r i t i n g i t i n S p e n s e r i i t n s t a n z : t s . T h i s r v a s t h e s a m e s t a n z a i c

f’rrrm, neglectecl for mrrch of the cighteenth centurv, that l(cats drevv on fbr
‘l-he

Ete of St. Agnes, the pocrn in which hc provcd hirnself a mastcr of that

R o m e r n t i c m o d e t h a t e s t a b l i s h c s a n r c d i e v a t l s e t t i n g f o r e v e n t s v i o l a t i n g o u r

s e n s e o f r e a l i s t i c p r o b a b i l i t y . T h c R o m a n t i c p e r i o d ‘ s ” m e d i e r v t t l r e v i v a l ” w : r s

a l s o p r o m o t c c l b v w o m e n : R o b i n s o n , f r r r i n s t a n c e ( a u t l – r o r o f ” O l d E n g l i s h , ”

” M o n k i s h , ” a n c l ” G o t h i c ” T a l e s ) , i ‘ t s w e l l a s L c t i t i a L a n c l o n , F c l i c i a l l e m a n s ,

a n d o t h e r s . \ 4 / o r n c n u ‘ h o o f t e r – r m a t c h c d t h e a r c h – m e c l i e v a l i s t S i r W a l t e r S c o t t

i n t h e h i s t o r i c a l l c a r n i n g t h e y b r o r r g h t t o t h c i r c o m p o s i t i o t ‘ r s .

f ‘ h c ” a d d i t i o n o { ‘ s t r e t n g e n e s s t o b e a u t v ” t h a t W i l l t e r r P a t e r n e i t r t h e e n d o f

t h e n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y u ‘ o u l c l i d e n t i f y a s a k c v R o m a n t i c t e n c l e n c y i s s e e n n o t

o n l y i n t h i s c o n c e r n u ‘ i t h t h e e x o t i c a t n c l a r c h a i c l : r n c l s c a p e s o f t r o m a r n c e , b u t

a l s o i n a n i n t e r e s t i n t h c m y s t c r i e s o f m c n t a l l i f ‘ e a n c l c l c t e r m i n a t i o n t o i n v e s –

t i g a t c p s v c h o k r g i c a l c x t r c m e s . C i o l e r i c l g c a r r c l
‘ I ‘ h o r n a s

D e Q u i n c e y s h t r r c d a n

i n t e r e s t i n c l r c a m s a n c l n i g l – r t m a r e s a n d i n t h e a l t e r e c l c o n s c i o u s n e s s t h c y

e x p e r i e n c e c l u r r d e r t h e i r a c l c l i c t i o n t o o p i u m . l n h i s o d e s , a s i n t h e q u a s i –

m e c l i e v a l ” b z r l l a c l ” ” L a B e l l e D z r m e s a n s M e r c i , ” I ( c a t s r e c o r d e c l s t r a n g c

m i x t u r e s o f p l e a s u r e a n d p a i n r l , i t h e x t r z l o r c l i n a r y s e r n s i t i v i t v , p o n c l e r i n g t h c :

d e s t r u c t i v e a s p e c t s o f s e , x u a l i t y a n d t h c e r o t i c c l r r : r l i t y o f t h e l o n g i n g f o r

d e a t h . A n d B y r o n m a d e r e p e a t c d u s e o | t h e f i r s c i n a t i o n o f t h e f ‘ o r b i d c l e n a n c l

t h e a p p c a l o f t h e t e r r i f y i n g y e t s e d u c t i v e S a t a n i c h e r o .

T h e r e w e r e , o f c o u r s c , n r i t e r s w h o r e s i s t e d t h c s e p o e t i c e n g a g e m e n t s

w i t h f a n t a s i z e d l a n d s c a p e s a n d s t r a n g e p a t s s i o n s . S i g n i f i c a n t d i s s e n t c a m e

f r o m s o m e \ { r o m e n r v r i t e r s , u 4 r o , g i v e n : r c c o u n t s o f t h e i r s e r a s c s p e c i a l l v

s u s c e p t i b l e t o t h e d e l u s i o n s o r r o m a n t i c l o v e , h a d p a r t i c u l a r r e a s o n t o c o n –

t i n u c t h e E n l i g h t e n m e n t p r o g r a m a n d p r o m o t e t h e r a t i o n a l r e g u l a t i o n o f

emotion. Barbauld

p r o l o n g h i s s t a y i n t h e ” f a i r y b o w e r ” o f r o m a n c e b u t t o e n g a g e a c t i v e l y u ‘ i t h

t h e w o r l c l a s i t i s . O f t e n s a t i r i c a l u ‘ h e n s h e a s s e s s e s c h a r a c t e r s w h o i m a g i n e

t h e m s e l v e s t h e p i t i a b l e v i c t i m s o f t h e i r o w n p o r . r ‘ e r f ‘ u l f e e l i n g s , J a n e A u s t e n

had her heroirre in Persttasiom, while conversing r’vith a melancholy, Byron-

r e a d i n g y o u n g m a n . c a u t i o n h i m a g a i n s t o v e r i n d u l g e n c e i n B y r o n ‘ s ” i m p a s –

– – 1 d e s c r i p t i , : – ‘
‘ , , n c e o f p t ‘ , ‘ ‘ .

. – i , n ! o p r u c i . : r –
– L \ r r s a l o f : . ‘ . :

z a t t o t – l > u , . – .
– r . r b l e – t h : r .

. r t r f e a r t u r .
– r l l S L l l C \ r . r ‘

– \ i , t l 1 C C . l ) 1 r – l –

– . h . r b i t , , : . ‘ –

– . l – . \ n d , , ‘ ‘

. , n r i n t h . . –

, – . , i t r a t j , r t . .

. – – . i : r t h . : ‘ ‘ .

– : l ] f ] ] t i i t i : ‘
‘

, ‘ : ‘ . t . t c t ] t . , .

– . l : . t s e l j – t : . , –

. , . 1 : , , 1 1 . l – . ‘

. – . – , , , h i c ] ‘ . – ‘
‘ l . r t l c c l l P ,

, – t i t ‘ i s t i c i , .

. , : – . t o f h l , ‘ .
– ‘ r r : r l r L l c l h ,

.
– . . r ‘ i t p l r L i

: r – r i l t : . : . i . 1 ‘
‘ , – . . . b l i n r . ‘ : ‘ .

: , l ) ‘ – . ‘ / r i , i . : ‘

r l ‘ ( ‘ ( t t t ‘ . l

– : ! . l l t t ‘ l – i r l ‘ –

\ ) . t J ] ! ‘ l r 1 – l

‘ –
! \ l I ‘ i 1 ( ) l – r l ,

– j

‘ 1
j r l – r ‘ s e l l i l – –

– –
r r r ‘ t – i o t l t :

. . : – . . t b l t ‘ , t . –
–

– – u t r t . t l r l t ‘ t : ‘

”
‘ , h c c i t . .

t – r t I n i l I L ] l ‘ !

I ) i . t t , t : . i , r ‘ . .
– , – r – f r i c t l t , –

‘

– – – l i t ‘ r c f
l r ‘ –

–
r l l t I ) ( J C l l ‘ .

, ‘ . i n s t e : i c l ,
I ‘ , r r i r . i t r i – ,

l . \ \ i l \ i t –

‘ – , . t r t o b u : .

: i t t ‘ r s i m [ . –

. : : p a s t . I 1 l

, : l c l S t O l l l \ l

: : q a n l z . i t l r

l
:

rote :i poem gently zrdvising the young Coleridge r-rot to

p r o l o n g h i s s t a y i n t h e ” f a i r y b o w e r ” o f r o m a n c e b u t t o e n g a g e a c t i v e l y u ‘ i t h
t h e w o r l c l a s i t i s . O f t e n s a t i r i c a l u ‘ h e n s h e a s s e s s e s c h a r a c t e r s w h o i m a g i n e
t h e m s e l v e s t h e p i t i a b l e v i c t i m s o f t h e i r o w n p o r . r ‘ e r f ‘ u l f e e l i n g s , J a n e A u s t e n
had her heroirre in Persttasiom, while conversing r’vith a melancholy, Byron-
r e a d i n g y o u n g m a n . c a u t i o n h i m a g a i n s t o v e r i n d u l g e n c e i n B y r o n ‘ s ” i m p a s –
– – 1 d e s c r i p t i , : – ‘
‘ , , n c e o f p t ‘ , ‘ ‘ .
. – i , n ! o p r u c i . : r –
– L \ r r s a l o f : . ‘ . :
z a t t o t – l > u , . – .
– r . r b l e – t h : r .
. r t r f e a r t u r .
– r l l S L l l C \ r . r ‘
– \ i , t l 1 C C . l ) 1 r – l –
– . h . r b i t , , : . ‘ –
– . l – . \ n d , , ‘ ‘
. , n r i n t h . . –
, – . , i t r a t j , r t . .
. – – . i : r t h . : ‘ ‘ .
– : l ] f ] ] t i i t i : ‘
‘
, ‘ : ‘ . t . t c t ] t . , .
– . l : . t s e l j – t : . , –
. , . 1 : , , 1 1 . l – . ‘
. – . – , , , h i c ] ‘ . – ‘
‘ l . r t l c c l l P ,
, – t i t ‘ i s t i c i , .
. , : – . t o f h l , ‘ .
– ‘ r r : r l r L l c l h ,
.
– . . r ‘ i t p l r L i
: r – r i l t : . : . i . 1 ‘
‘ , – . . . b l i n r . ‘ : ‘ .
: , l ) ‘ – . ‘ / r i , i . : ‘
r l ‘ ( ‘ ( t t t ‘ . l
– : ! . l l t t ‘ l – i r l ‘ –
\ ) . t J ] ! ‘ l r 1 – l
‘ –
! \ l I ‘ i 1 ( ) l – r l ,
– j
‘ 1
j r l – r ‘ s e l l i l – –
– –
r r r ‘ t – i o t l t :
. . : – . . t b l t ‘ , t . –
–
– – u t r t . t l r l t ‘ t : ‘
”
‘ , h c c i t . .
t – r t I n i l I L ] l ‘ !
I ) i . t t , t : . i , r ‘ . .
– , – r – f r i c t l t , –
‘
– – – l i t ‘ r c f
l r ‘ –
–
r l l t I ) ( J C l l ‘ .
, ‘ . i n s t e : i c l ,
I ‘ , r r i r . i t r i – ,
l . \ \ i l \ i t –
‘ – , . t r t o b u : .
: i t t ‘ r s i m [ . –
. : : p a s t . I 1 l
, : l c l S t O l l l \ l
: : q a n l z . i t l r
l
:

J r l a o d a q l , , ‘ s p e 1 1 e q 1 e c 1 l . { 1 , , , , ‘ s l e u u o s c e r 8 a 1 a , , : e 1 , ‘ { 1 s p u e u o l l e z l – : *
– r c u r r d q s e r J u o p a l J n r l s u o r s t u r o J P I r q , ( I { 3 o f l a r r e , t E u r q s t u o : . ‘
– o r d . i a q t ‘ p l o t u o r J s a r u a S , t t a u S u r l e e r c ‘ l e q 1 s e , r t l l n s o r a q l l r : :

peirraqur ,{aql arua8 .(rere1r1 ;o suolldaouoc eql qlLA{ 1ua11edut
.:,

apetu osle strurl pre.&\ot aPntltt€ luegaP snll
‘Pazllerr f11n3 ac –

–

ool s€r\ leql uorldaouoc leur8rro ue Jo aJeJl ,{reluaruEerJ e .’ ,
-repun srql ul ‘tuaod atil :luaserd se,&t leq,{t .'(q se-luasqe sE.\\ l; –

r” p”,rg”p se,.n,{r1aod o11aod lsotu aql l€ql suorterirrguor se Pr
-‘. ‘ –

-lleJ se lou (,(1snowe3 tsotu .(u€q) BIqn),,) porrad rql Jo slu)
‘paqsrugun aql puelsraPun o1 .{e,tr e perlddns ,,palce3rad JC -:
– u o r a q e q r a ^ a r o J p l n o q s , , , { r t a o d l e q t l e s o d o r d s , 1 a 8 a 1 q o 5 q r l i t r ‘ – – r .
-rqd uerureg aq; ‘dpegrurs padole,tap ue Jo ernleu aLIl Jo su,rr.’

–

, ( ; s r 1 e s l o u u € J , , ‘ p a c u n o u u e a 1 e 1 g , , t B u r q 1 , { r e , t a u e q l s s a – I , ,
‘ a l : : : –

,{ro13 aqt se panl€^ar eq ol aueJ-,.rels e roJ tllour aqJ Jo alri-r: : –

s,fe11aqg .,(ora4 ur-pagslles aq raleu uer ler{l sEul8uol
‘rorr: : : ‘

urs se sa8e snol,rardSo slsllerotu dq pe,ttatrl’luatuele IeIJnr:r
i: :

a r { i r o J 8 u t , t u 1 s s s e l e s e a r e a P € r u P u e u s r o r a q P a u S a P r j :

f r l a o d q c n u ‘ a n 1 l e 1 l r u l I e n P I ^ I P u r r o 3 a d o c s p e p u e d x a s l l l l ; r – : –
l

‘ s a l l l l e l l u a l o d u e u n q u o a t e r u l l s a q 3 1 q , r ‘ 1 r r e u . : : – –

a41e slaod pue s.raqdosopqd qorq.tt uI tusrlenplllPul Jo t.lr’ .r: –
‘

– il|||(fill

– r l h n l l f i ] l l

. lluuu lltlrlil

Lililtfiltllu

: , .iil|l11il,lllr

I ll ilLLul!,lnlfi

‘
,,,. ilil|]llil]]t

..,rIUl

. .,.,,, ;iltill ilt i],

– . . r t s i l i l

.l/ tilllllrilmt

Lililll

.. ..i lilLllli 1{l

ill]lil il$il1il

0LlllilIililf ,r

–
, ltlitilllfi

r. : /illii ls

. ..ii,,^. tili

‘ I illtr

,Ni tllill[

‘ e d o q , { r e u o r l n l o l a l s s a l p u n o q p u e ‘ u o r s u e d x a l e r r a d u r r
‘ . r \ – : – : – , i i ! , u F l

qcoda aql ‘potred Jllueruog aql .(‘tlloq JaAraJeJ pue rolealr
‘: I “”. rurrrirrllp,

l e a r 8 e u o a q ] 3 o l u a 8 e u e s e u a n g , , P u I u I e I P I A I P U T a q t l t t – { :
: r ‘ , , ” , i l u r i , u r l

parelrep qlro,{sProa puv t;-LoluarJ ar.ll Jo ebeurl aql-asu-ai .
{ : – I il ril uri

ool leqi pue
‘a8eurr s.PoD ur aP€u,, lnq

‘a1o.r,tt a8pualo’) l:r I – – – ” Luunl
– s e d J o u , , s l p u l 6

‘ a c u a t r e d x a u , & \ o s – l r E u t l e e r c o s P u e p J r i : – – : ‘ ” r – r u r r r r u u r r

a q l S u r l € a J ) s e p e q l J J s e p s e m p u l r u u e r u n L l a q ]
‘ s J e q l o

P U P t L : ‘ ” i ” .
, u u u n t p

{Io.t\ eql uI
‘se^lastueql alearJ Pue lollln€ lqbru slenPl \lPu i.rrlrrllil riiill

ue padola,rap esIMTIII peLI tusrrllueluog ueadorng Jo s’-:: ilNilno11

aql lo {ueur pale.rauaS oq.tl sraqdosolrqd ueur-rag aY-L ., t: t ,i , rr lr,,,u.9rrrtltf,rr

u o u r r u o c a q l s e p e p r e 8 a r u a a q 3 u o 1 a . l e q u o s o l J a q l e – + ‘ – u r – – – – – , ; , , r * 1

go sarn8g pue saserqd eql Jo uollJod o3.re1 P LuoJJ.,’ti” – ,,,iii,,”r.,,r,,rr

1 n c o 1 s e 8 u e J J e – a l u e l r r a q u r s r p s l t { r o J s a 8 u e r r e ‘ u e l u . r : ” * – . i ” , ; u , u r u u r l

S u r , r o r d ‘ q l r o , t t s p r o r t r 1 q J r q m u r l u e u n J o P e s e P e e r u _ J ) ! t i ‘ – ; ; , . ! , ‘ 1 1 ! l l
‘,(cuercq3ns-3las JIlsIue uI aslJJaxa ue se sPolltrg llnLt\1

-:’ – – -..i LLL .*droi

orlaod s1q pezlJalJeJeqJ .{p€erl€ Peq qlromsP.ro6
‘JJPli- i : . “ir,’drrml

‘sJalrrm porrad’crlueurog dueu Surddncco ,{1y,’rllearr 1 ‘ .. ,iii q1i

01 IeJlueJ
‘ra,ra,,noq ‘se,v a8y aryt {o t1t1d5 aql urorJ aBes:r

j . – ilrilnrulLm{nr

l]]lzeg leql usll€nPIAIPUI snolJePn€ eql r,’ul{ Jaqlo ou p:- I – rinrilulrnl

Jo Jol{lne areM ueur € JI s[e],, uollJeuuoJ u€Lunq
Suru-rn:’ – ftililril0qNll

o1 lrelqo ol snuolotto3 s,a.readsaleqs ruo{ saull Pr1′. —
‘. il L ,r’

‘lt11zeg ‘.{cuarcgSns-;las s.oJaq stq ro slq uo aJualslsut .t r: didnr
– r e n b a u o s u r ‘ p u e J J r l o u p J l J p J l l B l e t 1 l , { . r t a o d s . u o . r i g . – r r l r q 1 l

uo 40 ua xlv p uD u.t srlo np x arp t t I

‘a8e aql Jo lrrlds aql ol uelsn\- slui’ -: ”
– .,,, 1rlrmLunilira1

aql .Jo oJnll€ aql-aJnlle slalueuror o1 ,{lr,rr1daoal P
sli:— Iillir1 iltr,lmn

a l € r u e J J o a u r l , { r o 1 s a q l s r e p r o , , ( 1 1 e n s n l e q l a c u a n b a . : – . , i , s ‘ ,
q , r r

r(‘Japlo ,,nar8 aqs s€ aJueuroJ PeuJeal,, ser{ (,’qlno.{ JJq
ul )- m h.il,,rffi

uaaq,, Sur,req ‘aurolaq slql 1e,{ puy,,’,'(pnls ,,{1rep srq ur :r . rnililr ilu{*ilp’

ra8re1,, e ulH o1 ,aqrrcserd,, pue ,,r{uo8e ssaladoq J{r : *
‘ ,,, rrr ilur},

6 t I N O l l f . ] c o I r N l

L t . . _

1 – – : :

. i i – – : –

‘ _ t

–
:

: ‘ f ,

, i , r l

,it{N|

– – t \

i l l l l l ‘ ,
‘ – – ‘

2 0 I T H E R O M A N T I C P E R I O D

autobiography of The Prelude, Percy Shelley’s “lyric drama” of cosmic reach,
Prornetheus Unbou.nd., and (in the field of prose) the “historical novels” of
Scott and the complex interweaving ofletters, reported oral confessions, and
interpolated tales that is Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein.

In this context many writers’choice,to portray poetry as a product.of
solitude and poets as.loners’might be uriderstood as a.means of reiirforcing
the individuality of their vision. (The sociability of the extrovertednarrator
of DonJwan, who is forever buttonholing “the gentle reader,” is exceptionsl-
Byron’s way of harkening back to the satire of the eighteenth century.) And
the appeal that nature poetry had for many writers of the period can be
attributed to a determination to idealize the natural scene as a site where
the individual could find freedom from social laws, an idealization that was
easier to sustain when nature was, as often in the era, represented not as
cultivated fields but as uninhabitable wild wastes, unploughed uplands,
caves, and chasms. Rural commwnity, threatened by the enclosures that were
breaking up village life, was a tenuous presence in poetry as well.

Wordsworth’s imagination is typically released, for instance, by the sudden
apparition of a single figure, stark and solitary against a natural background;
the words “solitary,” “by one self,” “alone” sound through his poems. In the
poetry of Coleridge, Shelley, and Byron (before Don Juan launched Byron’s
own satire on Byronism), the desolate landscapes are often the haunts of
disillusioned visionaries and accursed outlaws, figures whose thwarted ambi-
tions and torments connect them, variously, to Cain, the Wandering Jew,
Satan, and even Napoleon. A variant of this figure is Prometheus, the hero of
classical mythology, who is Satanlike in setting himself,in opposition to God,
but who, unlike Satan, is the champion rather than the enemy of the human
race. Mary Shelley subjected this hero, central to her husband’s mythmak-
ing, to ironic rewriting in Frankensteiu Victor Frankenstein, a “Modern
Prometheus,” is far from championing humankind. For other women writ-
ers of the period, and for Shelley in her later novels, the equivalent to these
half-charismatic, half-condemnable figures of alienation is the woman of
“genius.” In a world in which-as Wollstonecraft complained in the Rights of
V,/e74en-t(a,ll women are to be levelled by meekness and docility, into one
character of . . . gentle compliance,” the woman who in “unfeminine” fashion
claimed a distinctive individuality did not gain authority but risked ostra-
cism. As for the woman of genius, in writings by Robinson, Hemans, and
Landon particularly, her story was often told as a modern variation on ancient
legends of the Greek Sappho, the ill-fated female poet who had triumphed in
poetry but died of love. Pressured by the emergent Victorianism of the 1820s
and playing it safe, Hemans especially was careful to associate genius with
self-inflicted sorrow and happiness with a woman’s embrace of her domestic
calling.

W R I T I N C I N T H E M A R K E T P L A C E A N D T H E L A W C O U R T S

Even Romantics who wished to associate literature with isolated poets
holding mute converse with their souls had to acknowledge that in real life
the writer did not dwell in solitude but confronted, and was accountable to,
a crowd. For many commentators the most revolutionary aspect of the age
was the spread of literacy and the dramatic expansion of the potential audi-

Printing Press
human form. sr
William Hone’s
( l 8 2 l ) .

errce for literature. Thi
e conservative reaction
rritten exclusively for
Fngland’s population r
urderstand what it rea
mg classes had learrx
rdrools (informal sites
rryorted schools). At
rmd cheaper, thanks tc
&red books and the
b..’1sn1sd”-and thar

Fiod, printingpresse
pryer had been mecha
rns called) of “the p
Cderidge muttered da
nr* it sound like sometl
hriness, one enrollinl
hle to do without the
ho&ed to this public fo
tb. invested with a gl
nho rn’e nowadays save
hrort. particularly, wl
&ner services imprin

Turn in your highest-quality paper
Get a qualified writer to help you with

“ british literature romantic period ”

Get high-quality paper

NEW! AI matching with writer

Still stressed from student homework?

Get quality assistance from academic writers!

Order now