Biol nutrient

adding word document. Many questions all answers are in quizlet really easy to find. Just a lot of questions.

7a
a). What is a non-essential amino acid? How many non-essential amino acids are
known? List the ten (10) non-essential amino acids? Why are these amino acids
called non-essential?
b). What is an essential amino acid? How many essential amino acids are known?
List the ten (10) essential amino acids? Why are these amino acids called
essential?
c). Describe in no more than two (2) sentences how proteins are formed from
amino acids.
d). What are chemical bonds found in proteins called?
e. List five (5) uses of amino acids and proteins in the body.
7b
1. Define the following terms:
a). High quality protein
b). Low quality protein
c). Limiting amino acid
d). Complementary proteins
2. List five (5) contributors of protein to the US diet
3. List three (3) functions of protein in the body
4. What is the RDA protein requirement for normal healthy person?
5. Define the terms:
a). Vegan
b). Fruitarian
c). Lactovegetarian
d). Lactoovovegetarian
e). What is PKU? What causes this condition and how is it managed?
7a 7b
1. List the ten (10) top protein sources discussed (10pts).
2. List four (4) elements often found in most proteins (4pts).
3. How many building blocks are found in proteins (1pt),
4. What are essential amino acids (1pt).
5. What are non-essential amino acids? (1pt).
6. List the three (3) functional groups found in proteins (3pts).
8a
1. How is ethanol/alcohol produced in the body from carbohydrates such as
glucose and maltose.
2. What key enzyme is required for this process to occur? Is this process
aerobic or anaerobic?
3. List the five (5) factors listed in your reading assignments that affect alcohol
metabolism.
4. Which organ of the body metabolizes alcohol?
5. How many ounces (oz) of alcohol are in one (1) drink of:
a). Beer
b). Wine
c). Liqueur
d). 80 Proof distilled spirits
6. List two (2) advantages of moderate alcohol drinking.
7. How much alcohol consumption is considered moderate for men and
women?
8. List two (2) harmful effects associated with chronic alcohol intake.
7_8
1. What are the building blocks of most proteins? (1pt).
2. List three (3) functional groups found in proteins (3pts).
3. What chemical bonds hold amino acid building blocks together? (1pt).
4. List one (1) essential amino acid (1pt).
5. List one (1) non-essential amino acid (1pt)
6. List one (1) example of a complex protein (1)pt.
7. List one (1) example of a protein (1pt)
8. List one (1) function of protein (1pt).
9. How many calories are in one (1) gram (g) of alcohol? (1pt).
10. Is alcohol a stimulant? (1pt).
11. What organ metabolizes alcohol in the body? (1pt).
12. What is the legal limit of blood alcohol level? (1pt).
13. What Is relapse? (1pt).
14. What organ in the body is affected most by chronic alcohol consumption? (1pt).
15. What is “Binge Drinking”? (1pt).
16. What is BAC? (1pt).
17. What is alcohol abuse? (1pt)
7a_7b
1. List two (2) enabling ways from family members that sustain alcoholics (2ps).
2. List four (4) symptoms of alcohol withdrawal (8pts).
3. List four (4) effects of alcohol consumption to the human body (8pts).
4. List one (1) machine that is used to determine liver functions (1pt).
5. List one (1) disease that is associated with chronic alcohol consumption (1pt)
9a
1. List three (3) nutrients that can be metabolized in the body to make ATP.
2. List the two (2) reactions of Glycolysis where ATP is broken down.
3. List the reaction of Glycolysis where NADH is produced.
4. What is Glycolysis and in what compartment of the cell does this process
occurs?
5. What is the net number of ATPs produced during Glycolysis per molecule
of glucose?
6. What is the Gross number of ATPs produced during Glycolysis per
molecule of glucose?
7. What is the potential number of ATPs produced during Glycolysis per
molecule of glucose?
8. Does Glycolysis need oxygen to occur in the cytosol?
9b
1. List the name of the two (2) carbon intermediate compound that gets into
the Kreb Cycle for the purpose of more ATP production.
2. List the three (3) reactions of the Kreb Cycle that produce NADH.
3. List the reactions of the Kreb Cycle that produces FADH2 and GTP.
4. One (1) NADH can produce how many ATPs?
5. One (1) FADH2 can produce how many ATPs?
6. One (1) GTP can produce how many ATPs?
7. What is decarboxylation? List one (1) decarboxylation reaction in Glycolysis
and two (2) decarboxylation reactions in Kreb Cyle.
8. Do the Kreb Cycle reactions occur in the cytoplasm or mitochondria of the
cell?
9. What are isomers? List two (2) isomers each found in Glycolysis and Kreb
Cycle?
10. How many ATPs can be generated from one (1) Kreb Cycle?
11. How many ATPs can be generated in the Kreb Cycle from one (1)
molecule of glucose?
10a
1. What is energy balance? Write an equation to express this parameter
2. List the five (5) major components of energy output.
3. Define the following terms/acronyms and explain their functions in energy
balance
a). Basal Metabolism
b). Thermic Effect of Food (TEF)
c). Adaptive Thermogenesis
d). Physical Activity
4. List two (2) methods used to determine body energy usage.
5. What is Body Mass Index (BMI)? List the equation that is used to express
this parameter.
6. What do the following BMI values mean?
a). 40.00
7. What are the two (2) specific weight gains observed in men and women?
10b
1. List five (5) strategies that can be employed for weight loss.
2. What are FAD diets? How valid are these dietary weight loss programs?
3. Explain the concept of the “Set-point Theory” for weight maintenance.
4. Explain the following terms:
a). Android Obesity
b). Gynoid Obesity
5. List three (3) methods used for measuring body composition.
11a
1. Name three (3) major nutrients that are used as major energy sources in
the body.
2. List four (benefits) of regular exercise.
4. List four (4) strategies often employed when starting an exercise program.
5. Define the following terms:
a). Glycolysis
b). ATP
c). Potential ATP
d). Glycogen
e). Starch
6. How many ATPs are produced by aerobic cells from one (1) molecule of
glucose?
11b
1. How many potential ATPs are produced in the Kreb Cycle from the
metabolism of one (1) molecule of glucose?
2. How many grams of protein are needed per day during endurance
exercise? How much protein is needed per kilogram (kg) body weight?
3. What type of amino acids are most frequently used during endurance
exercise?
4. What is carbohydrate loading?
5. What is the recommended protein intake for women and men during
endurance exercise?
6. What is the recommended fluid intake for women and men during
endurance exercise?
12a
Provide on the table below, a) one function, b) one deficiency symptom, and
c) daily requirements for each vitamin.
Nutrient
Function
Deficiency
Daily
requirements
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
12 b
1. List the four (4) Fat-Soluble Vitamins. Why are called Fat-Soluble?
2. List two (2) functions and two (2) important sources of vitamin A.
3. List one (1) example of a teratogenic vitamin and explain why it is
teratogenic
4. List the three (3) major forms of vitamin A.
5. Where most of the Fat-Soluble Vitamins stored in the body?
6. What is the vitamin E requirement for women and men?
7. List two (2) functions of vitamin D and two (2) sources of vitamin D
8. List two (2) functions of vitamin E in the body
9. Which vitamin is required for blood-clotting?
10. Oral antibiotic treatment interferes with the metabolism of which FatSoluble Vitamin?
12c
Define the following terms relative to the Fat-Soluble Vitamins:
a). Hyperkeratosis
i). Rickets
b). Hypercarotenemia
j). Osteomalacia
c). Chylomciron
k). Xerophthalmia
d). VLDL
l). Hypervitaminosis
e). LDL
m). Beta-Carotene
f). HDL
n). Retinol
g). Bitot’s Spots
o). Retinal
h). Antioxidant
p). Tocoferol
11_12
1. Define the term energy (1pt).
2. What is the storage form of energy in the liver? (1pt).
3. List an example of electrolyte found in extracellular spaces of cells in the body
(1pt).
4. What is a Case Study? (1pt).
5. What is hyponatremia? (1pt).
6. What is a Bomb Calorimeter? (1pt).
7. What is ATP? (1pt).
8. What is the Kreb Cycle? (1pt).
9. What is Thirst? (1pt).
10. What are triglycerides? (1pt).
11. List one (1) fat-soluble vitamin (1pt).
12. List one (1) vitamin associated with energy production in the body (1pt).
13. List an example of a teratogenic vitamin (1pt).
14. What vitamin is associated with the 4D’s? (1pt).
15. What vitamin is required for blood clotting? (1pt).
16. Which vitamin is required for optima vision? (1pt).
17. What are chlorophylls? (1pt).
18. What vitamin is associated with the development of rickets and osteomalacia?
(1pt).
19. Which vitamin is referred to as Tocopherol? (1pt).
20. List one (1) vitamin that is produced in the gastrointestinal tract by bacteria
species (1pt).
13a
1. List four (4) water-soluble vitamins. What are the RDA’s for these vitamins? List
important sources of these vitamins
2. What is Wenicke-Korsakoff Syndrom? What causes this condtion?
3. List three(3) functions of water-soluble vitamins.
4. What are coenzymes? List three(3) B-vitamins that act as coenzymes
5. List three (3) B-vitamins that are important for energy metabolism
6. List major deficiency signs of B1, B2, B3, folate, B12
7. What vitamin is associated with the 4D’s? What are the 4 D’s?
8. What vitamin can be converted into tryptophan in the body?
13b
1. List the vitamins that are produced in the gastrointestinal tract of humans by bacteria.
2. What is effect of oral antibiotic treatment of the availability of these vitamins?
3. What B vitamin is needed for protein metabolism?
4. What is Spina Bifida and what causes this condition?
5. What vitamin is needed for collagen synthesis and for the prevention of scurvy?
14a
1. What % of the human body weight is water?
2. What they two (2) cellular compartments where water is stored in cells?
3. List three (3) functions of water in the body.
4. What are the RDA’s for potassium and sodium?. List two (2) functions of each mineral
in the body
5. List one (1) deficiency symptom each for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and sulfur
15a
1. List three (3) trace minerals and one (1) function for each mineral.
2. What vitamin enhances the absorption of iron along the GI tract?
3. List three (3) functions of iron and zinc. List two (2) major sources of iron
4. List one (1) mineral that acts as an antioxidant.
5. What is the role of chromium in carbohydrate metabolism?
6. List one (1) deficiency symptom of iodine
7. List an important of fluoride
16a
1. What % of all pregnancies are unplanned?
2. Trimesters is fetal development most influenced by environmental factors such as
toxins?
3. What is the approximate gestation period for a full term baby?
4. What are normal, low birth weight and very low birth weights?
5. How much additional energy is needed during the second trimester of pregnancy?
6. What are recommended weight gain for normal, overweight, underweight and obese
women during pregnancy?
7. How much protein and carbohydrate are needed during pregnancy?
16b
1. What is the effect on fetal development for supplementing large doses of vitamin A
2. What is the impact of caffeine on iron absorption?
3. What is PKU and is the effect of this syndrome on fetal development
4. What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and how can be prevented during pregnancy?
5. What is the recommended period of time infants should be breastfed for optimal
benefits?
6. Explain the following discomforts during pregnancy:
a). Hemorrhoids
b). Constipation
c). Edema
d). Gestational diabetes
e). Morning sickness
f). Pregnancy induced hypertension
7. Define the following terms:
a). Oxytocin
b). Prolactin
c). Colostrum
15_16
List one (1) function of iron in the body (1pt).
2. What is the acronym D.A.S.H.?
3. List one (1) mineral that acts as antioxidant (1pt).
4. List one (1) function of zinc in the body (1pt).
5. List one (1) function of fluoride (1pt).
6. List one (1) function of sulfur (1pt).
7. List one (1) function of iodine (1pt).
8. What is colostrum? (1pt).
9. List one (1) advantage of colostrum in breastfeeding (1pt).
10. List one (1) advantage of breastfeeding to the mother (1pt).
11. List one (1) lifestyle benefit of breastfeeding (1pt).
12. What hormone is required for milk production? (1).
13. What hormone is required for milk laid-down? (1pt).
14. What is foremilk? (1pt).
15. What is hind-milk? (1pt).
16. What is milk engorgement? (1).
17. What is mastitis (1pt).
18. List one (1) advantage of colostrum to the infant (1pt).
19. List one (1) mineral that may be found in larger quantities in milk (1pt).
20. What is the color of colostrum? (1pt).
17a
1. List three (3) reasons for the current rising trend in obesity in most industrialized
nations
2. List three (3) that are used to assess growth and development during childhood.
3. What is “Failure to Thrive?”. List three (3) factors that may contribute to this condition.
4. What are the carbohydrate need per day for the following:
a). Age – 0-6 months
b). Age – 7-12 months
17b
1. What are the protein, carbohydrate and fat needs for toddlers per day?
2. What vitamin is given as injection at birth and why?
3. How long do iron stores last in infant’s body after birth?
4. When is solid food introduced to infants after birth?
5. List common food allergens to infants?
6. List typical symptoms frequently associated with allergies
18a
1). List the four (4) stages of aging and one (1) characteristic associated with each stage
2. List one (1) mineral and one (1) vitamin that should be monitored/supplemented in
adulthood
3. List one (1) vitamin that muse be supplemented in the aging vegan’s diet
4. What is life-expectancy? List three (3) factors that affect life-expectancy
5.List three (3) factors that influence the aging process.
18b
1. List three (3) side effects of medication intake in the aging adult
2. List one (1) side effect of prolong aspirin used in the elderly
3. What is “Alternative Medicine?”. List three (3) concerns about the use of “Alternative
Medicine” by elderly adults
4. What is “Depression?”. List three (3) symptoms of “Depression” in the elderly adult
5. List three (3) guidelines for health for adults
6. List (3) benefits of “Good Nutrition” status for elderly adults