Application of Clinical Psychology Paper NEED RIGHT NOW TUTOR DIDNT DO

Application of Clinical Psychology Paper

I only have to do the part marked “my section”

I am attaching the case study incase u cant get it to open with the reference below.

This is the one we chose below. I have attached the whole case and other things that was part of it.

The Antisocial Personality Disorder-The Case of Theodore Bundy

Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word analysis of your selected case (previously approved by the Instructor in Week 2), in which you demonstrate an application of Clinical Psychology in a real-world situation.

Address the following items:

Intro & Conclusion.

Provide a concise, relevant case overview. MY SECTION

· Discuss the pertinent biological, psychological, and social factors involved in your selected case.

· Explain which psychological interventions would be appropriate for your selected case, and are supported by the research literature. For each intervention you select, provide the following:

o The rationale for selecting the intervention

o Specific details regarding the approach/intervention

o Outcome/intervention goal(s)

Use information from at least three peer-reviewed, professional publications to support your points.

Cite each source you have relied upon throughout the body of your presentation, and list them on a separate slide titled
References. Use direct quotes only sparingly.

Format your analysis consistent with APA guidelines.

The Antisocial Personality Disorder-The Case of Theodore Bundy

Meyer, R. G., Chapman, L. K., & Weaver, C. M. (2009). Case studies in abnormal behavior (8th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education/Allyn & Bacon.

The Antisocial Personality Disorder

The essential characteristic of the antisocial personality disorder (ASP) is the

chronic manifestation of antisocial behavior patterns in amoral and impulsive persons.

Persons with ASP are usually unable to delay gratification or to deal effectively

with authority, and they show narcissism in interpersonal relationships. The

pattern is apparent by mid-adolescence (usually earlier) and continues into adult

life with consistency across a wide performance spectrum, including school, vocational,

and interpersonal behaviors (Meyer & Weaver, 2006; Hare, Hart, & Harpur,

1991; Lykken, 1995).

DSM-IV-TR

The DSM-IV-TR term Antisocial Personality Disorder has evolved through a variety

of terms and now supersedes the terms psychopathic and sociopathic, at least in formal

diagnostic labeling. Pritchard’s introduction of the term moral insanity in 1835

208 C H A P T E R E L E V E N

Case Studies in Abnormal Behavior, Eighth Edition, by Robert G. Meyer, L. Kevin Chapman, and Christopher M. Weaver. Published by Allyn & Bacon.

ISBN 0-558-51041-8

is considered by many to be the first clear forerunner to the present APD label.

Psychopath first emerged in the label psychopathic inferiority, introduced by Koch

late in the nineteenth century (Cleckley, 1964).

Terms incorporating psychopath were common until the DSM-I, published

in 1952, used Sociopathic Personality. The DSM-II, in 1968, introduced the term

Antisocial Personality, which is used in the DSM-IV-TR.

To apply the ASP diagnosis, the DSM-IV-TR requires that the individual be

18 years old, there is evidence that warrants an earlier diagnosis of Conduct Disorder,

onset is before the age of 15, and a pervasive pattern of disregard or violation

of others is evidenced by at least three of the following: (1) failure to conform to

sociolegal norms, as denoted by repeated acts that are grounds for arrest; (2) irritability

and aggressiveness, as seen in repeated fights or assaults; (3) consistent

irresponsibility in work or financial obligations; (4) impulsivity or failure to plan

ahead; (5) deceitfulness, as indicated in lying or conning; (6) reckless disregard for

one’s own or other’s safety; or (7) lack of remorse. This category, as it is formulated

in DSM-IV-TR, is probably best conceptualized as “a deviant child grown up.”

According to the DSM-IV-TR, the prevalence of APD in community samples is

close to 3 percent in males and 1 percent in females.

When a man says he approves of something in principle, he means he hasn’t

the slightest intention of putting it into practice.

—Prince Bismarck of Germany

The Personality Disorders 209

The Case of Theodore Bundy

Theodore (Ted) Bundy was born on November

24, 1946, in Burlington, Vermont. The illegitimate

child never knew his father, nor did

he remember ever wondering about him.

Bundy spent his first three years in Philadelphia,

where he remembered his grandfather

with adoration. At age 4, he moved to Tacoma,

Washington, to live with his uncles and family.

Bundy was extremely upset when he and his

mother moved away, leaving his grandfather

behind. His mother met Johnnie Bundy, who

worked at a local military base as a cook, at a

church activity. His quiet, southern style

attracted her to him. Like any child, Bundy

reacted to his mother’s romance with jealousy.

In 1952, after Bundy’s mother and Johnnie

Bundy were married, they had their first child.

Later, they had three more children. All Bundy

knew about babies was that his mother’s pregnancy

had something to do with Johnnie

Bundy and that his mother suffered extremely

while giving birth.

Bundy idolized his first-grade teacher,

and she wrote superlative evaluations of

Bundy and his academic skills. When this

teacher left to have a baby, Bundy was very

upset. His second-grade teacher, however,

was a different story. He despised her, and

remembers her breaking a ruler over his hand

because he had punched a schoolmate in the

face during lunch. The peculiar sense of

unease that Bundy later identified as growing

into the “entity” that murders was already felt

then, at age 7. He described it as simply a disturbing

uneasiness.

Throughout his school years, Bundy did

well in school, always receiving As in major

projects. He recalled fondly his mother helping

(continued)

Case Studies in Abnormal Behavior, Eighth Edition, by Robert G. Meyer, L. Kevin Chapman, and Christopher M. Weaver. Published by Allyn & Bacon.
Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
ISBN 0-558-51041-8

210 C H A P T E R E L E V E N

The Case of Theodore Bundy Continued

him with his homework, and he attributed his

scholastic success to her diligent efforts. There

was never any discussion between Bundy and

his mother about personal matters such as sex.

He felt that his mother just couldn’t be open

with him. He described his mother as someone

who didn’t enjoy socializing or gossiping

with others. She never discussed her childhood,

either. However, right after high school,

Bundy’s mother had become pregnant by a

man who came and left. Bundy’s status as illegitimate

haunted him throughout his life,

abetted by his mother’s evident resentment.

Bundy went to Sunday school every

week through high school. He studied the

Bible extensively, but felt he retained none of

it. He was politically oriented and remembers

telling his mother about the hypocrisy of

Christianity. His parents neither smoked nor

drank. Johnnie Bundy, despite his quiet

nature, had a violent temper when provoked.

From early on, Bundy often chose to be

alone. He was enthralled with his radio and

spent his spare time listening to it. In later

years, Bundy found it difficult to integrate

socially. When he was a child, Bundy would

investigate neighborhood trash cans to find

pictures of naked women. He took part in few

organized sports activities because he felt that

they were too serious and that he was too

small. His stepfather never attended Bundy’s

games, and his mother disliked the sports

because they cost money. Bundy found it traumatic

when he could not get on the baseball

and basketball teams. As a result, he became

proficient at skiing. Bundy established a ticket

forgery system that allowed him to ski free of

charge. He was never caught.

Obsessed with material possessions,

Bundy fantasized about being adopted by

married movie stars Roy Rogers and Dale

Evans, who would give him his own pony. He

felt humiliated to be seen in his family’s economy

car. Instead of any physical or emotional

abuse, Bundy depicted his childhood home life

as empty. He felt overlooked and forgotten.

In junior high, Bundy had some friends

and went to a few parties, but he failed to

acquire good social skills. Unlike his experience

in junior high, Bundy became shy and

introverted in high school. He saw himself as a

serious student who did not enjoy drinking.

Others saw him as arrogant. In high school,

Bundy never got into significant trouble. He

felt inept with girls and had only one date during

high school. Because his family had limited

income, he always felt inferior to others

who had more material possessions.

As a senior, Bundy volunteered to work

in a local political race. A few years later, he

drove the Republican candidate for lieutenant

governor, and later he worked to help elect a

candidate for governor. Through his political

efforts, Bundy found friends with whom he

could socialize.

Bundy described himself as having an

entity in him that was not separate, which

he sometimes referred to as “the malignant

being,” that compelled him to kill. He asserted

that his desire during the killings was not the

violence itself but that he wanted to have full

possession of the victim. The sex was not

extreme, and he claimed to have spared the

victims as much pain as he could. The “entity”

grew slowly within him, becoming stronger

and more powerful after every deviant act. Of

course, since Bundy was perceived by most

experts to be a pathological liar, at least in

adulthood, everything he said at that time that

is not corroborated by collateral data has to be

taken with a grain of salt.

Bundy’s first documented murder occurred

in Seattle in January 1974, where he

smashed Sharon Clarke’s head with a rod

while she slept in her bed. After a lengthy

coma, she survived, with no memory of the

event. Sharon was a stranger to Bundy, and no

explanation was ever given for the attack.

Within weeks, a college student living a few

blocks from Sharon, Lynda Ann Healy, disappeared.

Thereafter, over a period of seven

months, young women disappeared with ap-

The Personality Disorders 211

palling regularity. From March through June

1974, four more female college students disappeared

while attending a concert or a movie,

leaving a bar, or simply walking across campus.

On July 14, 1974, Bundy approached

several young women with his arm in a sling,

asking them to help him put a sailboat on

top of his car. One woman went with him to

his car, but when he said she needed to go

with him in his car to get the boat, she refused.

Others also refused. But Janice Ott agreed to

help him, and she was never seen again. The

same day, another young woman who was

in the public washroom at the same lake disappeared.

The remains of these and other unidentified

women were later found in a forest

near the lake. The killing spree continued in

full force through October 1974. His victims

tended to be college-age, white, attractive, and

have long hair parted in the middle.

In November 1974, a young woman

who believed Bundy was a police detective

agreed to get into his car. After Bundy placed

one handcuff on her, she screamed and fought

her way out of the car. She caught a crowbar

mid-air with which he tried to smash her

skull, and she leapt in front of an oncoming

car, which stopped and picked her up, and she

escaped. The very same day, Bundy abducted

and killed another victim and approached a

third woman who turned him down.

In January 1975, Bundy began killing in

Colorado. One woman was taken from her

bed while sleeping; another disappeared on

her way to meet a girlfriend in a bar; a third

victim was found fully clothed except for her

pulled-down jeans. More women disappeared—

one from a gas station, another from

a mine shaft. Finally, on August 16, 1975,

Bundy was arrested for driving suspiciously

slowly down a street and refusing to stop

when ordered by an officer in a patrol car. The

police found a hair in his car matching one of

the victims, and a witness said he saw Bundy

the night another victim disappeared. Bundy

was tried for murder in Aspen, Colorado.

Bundy’s charm, intelligence, sense of

humor, and good looks soon convinced those

in charge of him that he was special. He was

exceptionally cooperative, and his captors

showed him every courtesy, such as special

health foods and no physical restraints when

he attended court. Because he insisted on

defending himself, he was provided law

books as requested. During pretrial hearings,

Bundy was allowed to wander through the

Aspen law library as he pleased. It should

have come as no surprise when he jumped out

of a library window and escaped. Eight days

later, he was recaptured and kept under heavy

guard.

Bundy testified that he was a victim of

circumstances and that there was no clear

proof that he committed any of the murders.

He also contended that many men had his

same physical description. His legal skills

helped him delay the case as he filed numerous

motions. During this time, he lost weight

and, with a hacksaw, carved a hole around the

light fixture in his prison cell. He squeezed

through a 12-inch opening and escaped again.

From Aspen, Bundy went to Chicago, Michigan,

and Atlanta, and then decided to stay

when he reached Tallahassee, Florida, a few

blocks from Florida State University sorority

houses.

On January 15, 1978, five young women

in a sorority house were severely beaten. Two

of them died. They were bludgeoned, and at

least two were raped. One month later, a 12-

year-old girl disappeared after leaving her

school. She was found strangled to death with

her sexual organs mutilated. Bundy had been

living under the pseudonym of Chris Hagen

and survived by stealing a car and using

stolen credit cards. On February 15, 1978, a

police officer, suspicious of the slow, prowling

manner that Bundy was driving at 1:30 A.M.,

began following him. As the officer was checking

on his radio to learn if Bundy’s vehicle was

stolen, he turned on the car’s blue pursuit

light. Instead of stopping, Bundy accelerated,

and then finally stopped. The officer ordered

him to lie on the ground, and, just as one

handcuff had been secured, Bundy knocked

down the officer and ran. Eventually, the officer

again had Bundy restrained. Bundy was

arrested, and although he identified himself as

(continued)

212 C H A P T E R E L E V E N

The Case of Theodore Bundy Continued

Kenneth Raymond Misner, it did not take long

to discover that he was the Ted Bundy wanted

for murder in Colorado.

Bundy adamantly claimed innocence.

One severely incriminating piece of evidence

was matching his teeth with the teeth marks

on the buttocks of one of his victims. At trial in

Florida for two of the murders, Bundy again

displayed his charm and intelligence before

the jury. When he was found guilty and twice

sentenced to death, the judge told him he

would have made a good lawyer. When asked

about Bundy as a child, his closest friends

could think of nothing showing him to be

anything other than quiet, bright, witty,

handsome, and serious-minded. Bundy was

flooded with attention from those wishing to

interview him to find out what he was like.

Using his legal skills and then over a long

period almost teasingly admitting to 23 more

murders, Bundy was able to keep himself

alive for 10 years with his appeals. His charm

continued, as he had many offers of marriage

while in prison, and even fathered a child

during that time. He died in the electric chair

on January 24, 1989, in Florida. When those

standing outside of the prison heard of his

death, the crowd cheered, setting off firecrackers

in celebration.

Bundy is a classic case of a high Factor 1

psychopath (see following discussion)—that

is, high on the indices of true

psychopathy.

The major ways in which his case is atypical

for psychopaths are (1) his higher level of

intelligence (despite the myth of the bright

psychopath, most are less intelligent than

comparable normals) and (2) few indices of

psychopathy early in life. This lack of early

evidence may be explained by the fact that he

was not under enough scrutiny, his mother

probably covered for some of his deviance,

and/or his intelligence allowed him to hide

some of it. There is some evidence for an alternate

explanation—that he was much more

deviant earlier than has been assumed. First,

there is some evidence that he often masturbated

while peeping at women in the neighborhood

as they undressed. Second, one of his

biographers, Ann Rule (1999), tells a story

about how, when Bundy was approximately

14 or 15 years old, an 8-year-old girl in his

neighborhood disappeared from her first-floor

bedroom and was never found. Bundy knew

the little girl, and her house was on his paper

route. Rule says that later, when Bundy was in

jail, she asked him if he was responsible for

that. He said “No,” and then grinned and

smirked.

Related Diagnostic-Etiological Considerations

In the nineteenth century, Caesare Lombroso advanced the theory that criminals

manifest distinct physical markers, such as a low forehead. Although the theory

has been discredited, much modern research (Bartol & Bartol, 2008; DiLalla, 2004;

Lykken, 1995) supports the idea that biological factors, especially those that are

derived genetically, influence the production of criminality, antisocial personality

disorder, and, epecially, psychopathy. For example, even by the age of 2 weeks,

babies are more alert and exploratory if they have a “novelty-seeking” gene that

may influence sensation-seeking in adults. Babies with the gene DRD4 were more

likely to follow a red ball with their eyes, respond to a human face, and pay atten-

tion to the sound of a rattle than were other babies. The novelty-seeking gene is

controversial because some studies have failed to find a link to personality,

whereas others have indicated connections to antisocial behaviors, addiction, and

hyperactivity.

It is unclear how these biological factors translate into specific behaviors.

Possibilities include deficits in specific types of intelligence or learning skills, brain

dysfunctions, neurohormonal disorders, and so on. For example, Robert Hare

(Hare, Hart, & Harpur, 1991) views psychopaths as language disordered at a neurological

level; hence, they are weak at processing the emotional meaning of

words. Others point to psychological factors as primary, such as patterns of parenting

(i.e., arguing that harsh or abusive parenting or even permissive parenting

can facilitate psychopathy, especially in predisposed individuals).

One major difference theoretically is between those like Hare who view

psychopathy as stemming from some “defect” causing one to be “born bad” or

“defective,” and those (namely, Lykken [1995]) who view psychopaths as “born

difficult.” In the latter theory, a particular constellation of “normal” characteristics

is inherited that predisposes one to psychopathy, and the degree and direction of

disorder are then determined by how often and how intensely the factors occur,

and/or the type of parenting received. I have devised the FUMES acronym to

describe such characteristics:

Fearless

Unresponsive to pain

Mesomorphic (muscular)

Empathy-deficient

Stimulation-seeking

Although these can be reasonably termed “normal” characteristics, they

require skill—indeed, great skill—in parenting in order to develop a conscience,

prosocial habits, success in a standard classroom, avoidance of using power to

manipulate others, and so on. In an environment with models for aggression, sexual

or physical abuse, dishonesty, substance abuse, deviant sexual patterns, and

the like, the flavor of the psychopathic “stew” is set into a particular direction.

The most influential modern conceptualization has viewed psychopathy as

composed of two main factors (1 = Affective-Cognitive Instability, 2 = Behavioral-

Social Deviance) (Hare, Hart, & Harpur, 1991). This view has helped generate and,

in turn, has been facilitated by Hare’s Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R), a

20-item assessment technique that uses self-report and interview observation data,

which are then cross-checked with collateral information. There has been considerable

debate in the research literature about whether the material covered by the

PCL-R could be better explained by three or even four factors (four factors now

being favored by Hare), rather than the traditional two. However, in each of these

The Personality Disorders 213

scenarios factor 1 is similar to the traditional concept, and is most reflective of true

psychopathy.

The following components contribute to factor 1 (the Affective-Cognitive Instability):

glibness, a grandiose sense of self, pathological lying, conning-manipulative

behaviors, lack of remorse, shallow affect, callousness and lack of empathy, and failure

to accept responsibility. Components of the Behavioral-Social Deviance (factor 2)

are a higher need for stimulation, a parasitic lifestyle, poor behavioral controls, early

behavior problems, lack of realistic goals, impulsivity, irresponsibility, having been

adjudicated delinquent, and a history of violating supervision or probation.

In general, research (Bartol & Bartol, 2008; Hare, Hart, & Harpur, 1991; Lykken,

1995) on the psychopath (much of which includes use of the PCL-R) indicates:

1. Although there is a decrease in criminal activity for psychopaths at about

ages 40 to 45, this effect holds primarily for nonviolent crimes. There is only a

slight decrease for violent crimes.

2. Concomitantly, while the Behavioral-Social Deviance factor starts to drop off

somewhere in the age range of 35 to 45, the Affective-Cognitive Instability

factor (closer to true “psychopathy”) lessens only slightly with age.

3. Similarly, the Behavioral-Social Deviance factor 2 is a good predictor of general

criminality and recidivism, is highly correlated with criminality, and is

negatively correlated with socioeconomic status and, to a lesser degree, IQ.

Factor 1 is a better predictor of violence, but it is virtually uncorrelated with

socioeconomic status and IQ.

4. Although treatment may effect a positive change in the average criminal, it seldom

does so with psychopaths, especially to the degree they are strong on factor

1, as was Ted Bundy. Indeed, there is evidence that psychopaths who are

high on factor 1 may in some instances get worse with treatment, thus group

and individual psychotherapy can be a “finishing school” for psychopaths

(Rice, Harris, & Cormier, 1992). True to their nature, true psychopaths seem to

learn little about themselves in therapy, but learn more about others, and then

more boldly use such information. At least in part this is because they are language

disordered, such that the emotional components of language are weak

or missing, voiding the likelihood of empathy or remorse.

5. In general, socioeconomic and family background variables are good predictors

of general criminal behavior, but they are relatively nonpredictive for

psychopathy, especially where it is loaded on the Affective-Cognitive Instability

factor.

6. Expect high factor 1s to be deceptive about virtually anything they report. To

the degree feasible, independent corroboration of any critical questions

about history or present behaviors is necessary (Boyd et al., 2007).

Identifying criminals is up to each of us. Usually they can be recognized by

their large cufflinks and their failure to stop eating when the man next to them

is hit by a falling anvil.

—Woody Allen, comedian and filmmaker

214 C H A P T E R E L E V E N

Proposed “Common Path” for the Development

of Psychopathy

As described by Meyer (Meyer & Brothers, 2001; Meyer & Weaver, 2007), the following

is an outline of the evolution of the psychopath-antisocial personality disorder:

Preexisting Risk Factors

1. Biological (genetic, prenatal, birth, or early childhood) disruption

2. Low SES (socioeconomic status)

3. Family history of vocational-social-interpersonal dysfunction

4. Family history of psychopathy

5. Characteristics of a FUMES child (see page 213) (i.e., fearless, unresponsive

to pain, mesomorphic, empathy-deficient, stimulation-seeking)

From Birth to School Age

1. Child temperament factors

a. Child’s lack of emotional responsiveness and lack of social interest foster

rejecting responses from parents

b. Child’s high activity levels may cause parental annoyance and elicit punitive

responses

c. Lack of responsiveness to physical punishment, emotional “numbness,”

and deficit in associating emotion in language learning result in failing to

learn behavioral contingencies and the consequences of destructive behaviors

on others

2. Parental factors

a. Inconsistent parenting results in child’s failing to learn behavioral contingencies

b. Aggressive, punitive parenting and/or family interaction result in child’s

modeling aggression, experiencing hostility, becoming enured to punishing

consequences, and developing a repressive defensive style (emotional

“hardness”)

3. Parent/child interaction

a. Unreliable parenting, along with defective “expressed emotion,” results

in insecure attachment (i.e., interpersonally “avoidant” attachment style);

child “goes it alone” rather than risk rejection and disappointment associated

with unreliable and/or abusive parents

4. Environmental factors (can occur anytime during life span)

a. High exposure from the media, to models (often likeable models) of violence,

amorality, and a variety of other deviant behaviors can lead to imitation

or at least disinhibition

b. Although not common, toxic levels of heavy metals, especially lead, facilitate

antisocial-aggressive patterns

c. Although not common, trauma and/or disease that results in some forms

of brain disorder, especially frontal lobe damage and especially if it occurs

at a very young age, can facilitate a loss of inhibitory behaviors

The Personality Disorders 215

School Age to Adolescence

1. Predisposing personality factors

a. Low baseline level of brain stem arousal (i.e., Eysenck’s biological extraversion)

contributes to impulsive, undercontrolled, and stimulationseeking

behavior

b. A combination of distorted physiological arousal, repressive psychodynamics,

and habitual “numbness” to social contingencies results in child

being insensitive to and unable to “condition” to environmental events;

therefore, the child does not learn or “profit” from experience and does

not relate to the experiences of others

c. Mesomorphic (muscular) and energetic components lead to increased

physical manipulation/control of others, and, along with stimulation seeking,

lead to increased risk taking

d. Commonly correlated Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and/or

“soft” neurological disorder may exacerbate behavior problems

2. Personality development

a. Peer/teacher labeling may result in self-fulfilling prophecy effects

b. School failure and social failure result in sense of inferiority and increased

interpersonal hostility; child develops “moving against” interpersonal style

c. Initial forays into antisociality (e.g., theft, fire setting, interpersonal violence)

occur, often with some “success”; evidence for diagnosis of conduct

disorder mounts

Adolescence

1. The young psychopath hones exploitative style in order to express hostility

and “rise above” feelings of inferiority; “proves superiority” by hoodwinking

and humiliating teachers, parents, and peers

2. Continued antisocial behavior results in initial scrapes with the law

3. Increased use of physical and psychological aggression to control others

4. Physiological impulsivity, inability to profit from experience

5. A disordered cognitive-attentional style and interpersonal hostility and

antagonism combine to make repeated legal offenses highly probable

6. Contact with other antisocials in the context of juvenile-criminal camps or

prison results in “criminal education”; increased criminality results, accompanied

by a loss of the “time in place” that eventually brings accrued benefits

to those who stay in the “mainstream” of life; criminal and antisocial behavior

become a lifestyle at which the psychopath can “excel”

Adulthood

1. Antisocial behavior escalates through the psychopath’s late twenties; increasingly

frequent failure, rejection by others, and/or incarceration result in

increased hostility and hardened feelings

2. Unable to profit from experience, lacking in insight and empathy, and unable

to form therapeutic bonds, the psychopath becomes a poor therapy-rehab

risk and bad news for society

216 C H A P T E R E L E V E N

3. There is a crystallization of these underlying cognitive beliefs:

a. Rationalization: “My desiring something justifies whatever actions I need

to take”

b. The devaluing of others: “The attitudes and needs of others don’t affect

me, unless responding to them will provide me an advantage, and if they

are hurt by me, I need not feel responsible for what happens to them”

c. Low-impact consequences: “My choices are inherently good. As such, I

won’t experience undesirable consequences, or if they occur, they won’t

really matter to me”

d. Entitlement: “I have to think of myself first; I’m entitled to what I want

or feel I need, and if necessary, I can use force or deception to obtain

those goals”

e. Rule-avoidance: “Rules constrict me from fulfilling my needs”

4. Antisocial behavior decreases or “burns out” unevenly beginning in the midthirties

(although less so with violent offenses); this may be due to lengthier

incarcerations, to changes in age-related metabolic factors that formerly contributed

to sensation-seeking and impulsive behavior, or perhaps to decrements

in the strength and stamina required to engage in persistent criminal

endeavors

Treatment Options

The treatment problem with all the personality disorders—getting the client to

agree to therapy and then to become meaningfully involved—is acute with ASP,

and success is rare. As the British prime minister William Gladstone (1809–1898)

put it, “The disease of an evil conscience is beyond the practice of all the physicians

of all the countries in the world,” and this seems to include psychologists

and psychiatrists as well.

A variety of treatment possibilities have been suggested as appropriate for

the ASP. However, like Bundy, most have no interest in changing their behavior

and are in a treatment program only because they have been forced by circumstances

(Rice, Harns, & Cormier, 1992). Some antisocial personalities, usually those

with less factor 1 psychopathy, are changed as a result of treatment, and, as noted,

there are some changes as a result of aging. The great majority, however, are not

changed markedly by either their environment or by treatment techniques (Bartol

& Bartol, 2008).

Meyer, R. G., Chapman, L. K., & Weaver, C. M. (2009). Case studies in abnormal behavior (8th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education/Allyn & Bacon.

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