Decision Making Case Study

Watch Youtube Video And Read Attached Case study on Group Therapy group think before writing

This assignment is to be at least 4 pages long (and not more than 5), not including title and reference pages, and should follow the formatting requirements in the ERAU College of Business Writing Style Guide. (APA)

Introduction

• Introduce the topic and summarize the paper.

The main body of the paper

• What are the general concepts of groupthink?
• How can groupthink impact group decision making?
• What are some ways to eliminate groupthink in a group environment?
• Provide a personal example of groupthink in an organization that you have been part of.

Conclusion

• Provide a summary of the paper.
• Provide an overview of what the reader should take away from the paper (purpose).

• The paper must include at least three outside sources to validate the writer’s perspective. Be sure to correctly cite your courses.

College of Business
Writing Style Guide for Students
College of Business Writing Style Guide for Students
This document serves as the College of Business at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
Worldwide writing style guide. This guide follows a format similar to the seventh edition of the
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA Manual) for style and
citation matters.
The majority of written assignments (i.e.: general assignments, narrative essays, reaction or
response papers, literature reviews) required in the College of Business courses do not require
strict adherence to all APA style requirements. In the rare instance where a research paper (as
designated by the assignment type in Canvas) may be required, APA 7th edition formatting will
be required.
The College of Business has adopted the following guidelines to govern all written assignments
(except research papers, as stated above).
The following guidelines are required in all written assignments:
• Text (Body)—see page 8 for specific details
• In-text citation—see page 9 for specific details
• Reference list—see page 11 for specific details
For discussions, the purpose is to facilitate discussion among students on topics designated by
the instructor. As they are generally not intended to be essays or research endeavors, no specific
formatting guidelines are required, unless otherwise noted in the specific course assignment
instructions.
The following pages include specific details and examples for all of the style and formatting
elements.
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Table of Contents
College of Business Writing Style Guide for Students …………………………………………………………. 2
College of Business Style and Formatting Elements ……………………………………………………………. 5
Student Title Page ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5
Figure 1 Sample Student Title Page……………………………………………………………………………. 6
Title …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6
Author Name (Byline) …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7
Author Affiliation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7
Table 1 Examples of Author Bylines and Affiliations…………………………………………………… 7
Course Number and Name ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 7
Instructor Name ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 8
Assignment Due Date ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 8
Page Number/Headings ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 8
Abstract …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8
Text (Body) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8
In-Text Citation ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9
Author–Date Citation System ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 9
Parenthetical and Narrative Citations …………………………………………………………………………… 10
Parenthetical Citation ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 10
Narrative Citation…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10
Reference List ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 11
Four Elements of a Reference ……………………………………………………………………………………… 11
Table 2 How to Create a Reference When Information Is Missing ……………………………….. 11
Table 3 How to Create an In-Text Citation When Information Is Missing …………………….. 12
Order of Works in the Reference List ……………………………………………………………………….. 12
Format …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 13
Importance of Format ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13
Order of Pages…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13
Page Header ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 13
Font ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13
Special Characters ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 14
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Line Spacing …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 14
Margins ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 14
Paragraph Alignment ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 14
Paragraph Indentation …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 15
Heading Levels ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 15
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College of Business Style and Formatting Elements
The majority of the written assignments will only require in-text citations and reference lists. If a
research paper is required, all elements of the style and formatting in this guide are required and
follow the APA 7th edition standards. The following are examples of the elements of the style
and formatting guidelines.
Student Title Page
Use the following guidelines (see Figure 1 for an example):
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Title of the paper
o Bold, centered, and positioned in the upper half of the title page
Name of each author of the paper
o First name, middle initial(s), and last name
Department/college/university name (e.g., Department of Business Administration,
College of Business, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University)
Course number and name
o Use the format set by Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; e.g., MBAA 514
Strategic Marketing Management in Aviation.
Instructor name
o Use the format set by Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. For example:
▪ Dr. John Smith
▪ Professor Lincoln Jones
▪ Mark Andrews, Ph.D.
Assignment due date
Page number
Flush right in the header of every page. Use the automatic page-numbering function of your
word-processing program to insert page numbers in the top right corner; do not type page
numbers manually. The title page is page number 1.
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Figure 1 Sample Student Title Page
Title
The title should summarize the specific assignment title. For research papers, it should be a
concise statement of the main topic of the research and should identify the variables or
theoretical issues under investigation and the relationship between them. Although there is no
prescribed limit for title length in APA Style, authors are encouraged to keep their titles focused
and succinct.
The paper title should be in title case bold, centered, and positioned in the upper half of the title
page (e.g., three or four lines down from the top margin of the page). Move the title up to
accommodate a longer author note if necessary. If the title is longer than one line, the main title
and the subtitle can be separated on double-spaced lines if desired. Note that the paper title also
appears at the top of the first page of text.
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Author Name (Byline)
Every paper includes the name of the author or authors—the byline. The preferred form of an
author’s name is first name, middle initial(s), and last name; this form reduces the likelihood of
mistaken identity (e.g., that authors with the same first and last names are the same person).
Write the byline on the title page after the paper title. Include one blank double-spaced line
between the paper title and the byline. Follow these guidelines for byline formatting:
• If the paper has one author, write the author name centered and in standard (i.e., nonbold, non-italic) font.
• If the paper has multiple authors, order the names of the authors according to their
contributions. Write all names on the same line (flowing onto additional lines if
needed), centered, and in standard font. For two authors, separate the names with the
word “and”; for three or more authors, separate the names with commas and include
“and” before the final author’s name.
• For names with suffixes, separate the suffix from the rest of the name with a space, not a
comma (e.g., Roland J. Thorpe Jr.).
Author Affiliation
The affiliation identifies where the student(s) studied when the work was conducted, which is
usually a university or other institution.
he format of the affiliation depends on the number of authors and whether different authors have
different affiliations, as follows. Begin the affiliation(s) on a new line after the byline. Place
different affiliations on individual lines. Do not add blank lines between affiliations or between
the byline and the first affiliation. See Table 1 for examples of how to set up author bylines and
affiliations.
Table 1 Examples of Author Bylines and Affiliations
Variation
Example
One author, one affiliation
Maggie C. Leonard
Department of Psychology, George Mason University
Two authors, shared affiliation
Mackenzie J. Clement and Talia R. Cummings
College of Nursing, Michigan State University
Three or more authors, shared
affiliation
Madina Wahab, DeAndre L. Washington Jr., and Julian H. Lee
School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
Course Number and Name
Use the format set by Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. For example:
•
ENGL 123 English Composition
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•
•
•
•
CSCI 109 Introduction to Computers and Applications
SCTY 488 National Security Issues and Terrorism
MGMT 436 Strategic Management
ENGR 330 Signals & Systems
Instructor Name
Use the format set by Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. For example:
•
•
•
Dr. John Smith
Professor Lincoln Jones
Mark Andrews, Ph.D.
Assignment Due Date
Written in the month, date, and year format used in your country (usually November 4, 2020, or
4 November 2020; Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University recommends spelling out the month.
Page Number/Headings
All papers should contain the page number, flush right, in the header of every page. Use the
automatic page-numbering function of your word-processing program to insert page numbers in
the top right corner; do not type page numbers manually. The title page is page number 1.
Abstract
An abstract is not usually required for student papers unless requested by the course instructor.
When required, the following guidelines apply:
•
•
No more than 250 words
Paragraph format as a single paragraph without indentation of the first line
An abstract is a brief, comprehensive summary of the contents of the paper.
Place the abstract on its own page after the title page (i.e., page 2). Write the section label
“Abstract” in bold title case, centered at the top of the page, and place the abstract below the
label.
Abstracts may appear in paragraph or structured format. Structured abstracts are also written as a
single paragraph without indentation.
Text (Body)
The text, or body of the paper, contains the main contribution. Follow the content and formatting
guidelines described in this guide
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The text can be organized in many ways, and the organization generally depends on the paper
type. Most papers include an introduction that addresses the importance of the work,
contextualizes the work, and states the aims of the work. Beyond the introduction, the paper
should include paragraphs or sections explaining the main premises of the paper. There are many
possible formats for the rest of the text. A brief student paper (e.g., a response paper) may not
have section headings unless required by the instructor.
The text should start on a new page after the title page and abstract (if the paper includes a title
and abstract). On the first line of the first page of the text, write the title of the paper in title case,
bold, and centered. The text should be left-aligned, double-spaced paragraphs, with the first line
of each paragraph indented by one tab key (0.5 in. Use headings as needed and appropriate
within the text to separate sections and to reflect the organizational structure of the content. Do
not start a new page or add extra line breaks when a new heading occurs; each section of the text
should follow the next without a break.
In-Text Citation
Author–Date Citation System
Use the author–date citation system to cite references in the text in APA Style. In this system,
each work used in a paper has two parts: an in-text citation and a corresponding reference list
entry (Figure 2). The in-text citation appears within the body of the paper (or in a table, figure,
footnote, or appendix) and briefly identifies the cited work by its author and date of publication.
This in-text citation enables readers to locate the corresponding entry in the alphabetical
reference list at the end of the paper. Each reference list entry provides the author, date, title, and
source of the work cited in the paper and enables readers to identify and retrieve the work.
Figure 2. Correspondence Between a Reference List Entry and an In-Text Citation
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In an in-text citation, provide the surname(s) of the author(s) or the name(s) of the group
author(s). Do not include suffixes such as “Jr.” in the in-text citation. The list of authors in an intext citation may be shortened in certain cases (such as for individual authors, for group authors).
The date in the in-text citation should match the date in the reference list entry. Use only the year
in the in-text citation, even if the reference list entry contains a more specific date (e.g., year,
month, and day). For works with no date, use “n.d.” in the in-text citation. For works that have
been accepted for publication but have not yet been published, use “in press”. Do not use phrases
like “in progress” for draft manuscripts; instead, use the year the draft was written.
Each in-text citation must correspond to only one reference list entry. Avoid ambiguity when
abbreviating the list of authors when multiple works have the same author(s) and date, and when
multiple first authors share the same surname.
Parenthetical and Narrative Citations
In-text citations have two formats: parenthetical and narrative. In parenthetical citations, the
author’s name and publication date (or equivalent information) appears in parentheses. In narrative
citations, this information is incorporated into the text as part of the sentence.
Parenthetical Citation
Both the author and the date, separated by a comma, appear in parentheses for a parenthetical
citation. A parenthetical citation can appear within or at the end of a sentence. When a parenthetical
citation is at the end of a sentence, place the period or other end punctuation after the closing
parenthesis.
Falsely balanced news coverage can distort the public’s perception of expert consensus on
an issue (Koehler, 2016).
•
If other text appears with the parenthetical citation, use commas around the year.
(See Koehler, 2016, for more detail)
•
When text and a citation appear together in parentheses, use a semicolon to separate the citation
from the text; do not use parentheses within parentheses.
(e.g., falsely balanced news coverage; Koehler, 2016)
Narrative Citation
The author appears in running text and the date appears in parentheses immediately after the
author’s name for a narrative citation.
Koehler (2016) noted the dangers of falsely balanced news coverage.
•
In rare cases, the author and date might both appear in the narrative. In this case, do not use
parentheses.
In 2016, Koehler noted the dangers of falsely balanced news coverage.
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Reference List
The reference list provides a reliable way for readers to locate the works authors cite to
acknowledge previous scholarship. References are used to document and substantiate statements
made about the literature, just as data in the paper are used to support interpretations and
conclusions. The references cited in the paper do not need to be exhaustive but should be
sufficient to support the need for your research and to enable readers to place it in the context of
previous research and theorizing.
Start the reference list on a new page after the text and before any tables, figures, and/or
appendices. Label the reference list “References”, capitalized, in bold, and centered. Doublespace all reference list entries (including between and within references). Use a hanging indent
for all references, meaning that the first line of each reference is flush left and subsequent lines
are indented by 0.5 in. Use the paragraph-formatting function of your word-processing program
to automatically apply the hanging indent.
Four Elements of a Reference
A reference generally has four elements: author, date, title, and source. Each element answers a
question:
• Author: Who is responsible for this work?
• Date: When was this work published?
• Title: What is this work called?
• Source: Where can I retrieve this work?
Table 2 provides guidance on what to do if one or more of these elements are missing from a
reference list entry.
Table 2 How to Create a Reference When Information Is Missing
Missing
Element
Nothing
Author
Date
Title
Author and
Date
Author and
Title
Date and
Title
Author, date,
title
Source
Solution (Provide…)
Template: Reference List Entry
Author, date, title, source
Title, date, source
Author, write ‘n. d.’, title, source
Author, date, describe the work, source
Title, write “n. d.” and “No date”, source
Author. (Date). Title. Source.
Title. (Date). Source.
Author. (n. d.). Title. Source.
Author. (Date). [Description].
Source.
Title. (n. d.). Source.
Describe the work, date, source
[Description]. (Date). Source.
Author, write “n. d.” describe work, source
Describe the work, write “n. d.”, source
Author. (n. d). [Description].
Source.
[Description]. (n. d). Source.
Find another source
No reference list entry
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(n. d.) = No Date
Table 3 provides guidance on what to do if one or more of these elements are missing from an
in-text citation entry.
Table 3 How to Create an In-Text Citation When Information Is Missing
Solution (Provide…)
Template: In-text Citation
Missing
Element
Nothing
Author, date, title, source
(Author, year)
Author (year)
Author
Title, date, source
(Title, year)
Title (year)
Date
Author, write ‘n. d.’, title, source
(Author, n. d.)
Author (n. d.)
Title
Author, date, describe the work, source
(Author, year)
Author (year)
Author and
Title, write “n. d.” , source
(Title, year)
Date
Title (year)
Author and
Describe the work, date, source
([Description], year)
Title
[Description] (year)
Date and
Author, write “n. d.” describe work, source
(Author, year)
Title
Author (year)
Author, date,
Describe the work, write “n. d.”, source
([Description], n. d.)
title
[Description] (n. d.)
Source
Find another source
No reference list entry
Order of Works in the Reference List
Works are listed in alphabetical order in the reference list by the first word of the reference list
entry, according to the following principles:
• Arrange entries in alphabetical order by the surname of the first author followed by the
initials of the author’s given name(s). For alphabetizing names, “nothing precedes
something”: Loft, V. H. precedes Loftus, E. F., even though “u” precedes “v” in the
alphabet.
• When alphabetizing names, disregard any spaces or punctuation marks (e.g., apostrophes,
hyphens) in two-word surnames. Also, disregard anything in parentheses (e.g., roles like
“Eds.”) or square brackets (e.g., usernames).
• Alphabetize entries by authors who have the same given name and surname with suffixes
indicating birth order chronologically, oldest first.
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Format
Importance of Format
The physical appearance of a paper can enhance or detract from it. A well-prepared paper
encourages instructors to view authors’ work as professional. In contrast, mechanical flaws can
lead instructors to misinterpret content or question the authors’ expertise or attention to detail,
and students may receive a lower grade because of formatting errors.
Order of Pages
Arrange the pages of the paper in the following order:
• Title page (page 1)
• Abstract [if required] (start on a new page after the title page)
• Text (start on a new page after the abstract, or after the title page if the paper does not
have an abstract)
• References (start on a new page after the end of the text)
• Footnotes (start on a new page after the references)
• Tables (start each on a new page after the footnotes)
• Figures (start each on a new page after the tables)
• Appendices (start each on a new page after the tables and/or figures)
Footnotes may appear either in the footer of the page where they are first mentioned or on a
separate page after the references. Tables and figures may be embedded within the text after they
have been mentioned, or each table and figure can be displayed on a separate page after the
footnotes.
Page Header
All papers should contain the page number, flush right, in the header of every page. Use the
automatic page-numbering function of your word-processing program to insert page numbers in
the top right corner; do not type page numbers manually. The title page is page number 1.
Student papers need only the page number in the page header.
Font
Student papers should be written in a font that is accessible to all users
Use the same font throughout the text of the paper. Options include
• Sans serif font such as 11-point Calibri, 11-point Arial, or 10-point Lucida Sans
Unicode, OR
• Serif font such as 12-point Times New Roman, 11-point Georgia, or normal (10-point)
Computer Modern (the latter is the default font for LaTeX).
We recommend these fonts because they are legible and widely available and because they
include special characters such as math symbols and Greek letters.
A student paper may contain other fonts or font sizes under the following circumstances:
• Within figure images, use a sans serif font with a type size between 8 and 14 points.
• When presenting computer code, use a monospace font, such as 10-point Lucida Console
or 10-point Courier New.
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•
When presenting a footnote in a page footer, the default footnote settings of your wordprocessing program are acceptable (e.g., 10-point font with single line spacing).
Due to the fact that different fonts take up different amounts of space on the page, we
recommend using a word count rather than page count to gauge paper length.
Special Characters
Special characters are accented letters and other diacritical marks, Greek letters, math signs, and
symbols. Type special characters using the special character functions of your word-processing
program or a plug-in such as MathType. Characters that are not available should be presented as
images.
Line Spacing
Double-space the entire paper, including the title page, abstract (if required), text, headings,
block quotations, reference list, table and figure notes, and appendices, with the following
exceptions:
• Title page: Elements of the title page are double-spaced, and an additional doublespaced blank line appears between the title and byline. At least one double-spaced blank
line also appears between the final affiliation and any author note (Figure 1).
• Table body and figure image: The table body (cells) and words within the image part
of a figure may be single-spaced, one-and-a-half-spaced, or double-spaced, depending
on what format creates the most effective presentation of the data. If the text appears on
the same page as a table or figure, insert a double-spaced blank line between the text
and the table or figure.
• Footnotes: Footnotes that appear at the bottom of the page on which they are called out
should be single-spaced and formatted with the default settings of your word-processing
program. Footnotes that appear on their own page after the references should be
formatted like regular paragraphs of text—that is, indented and double-spaced.
• Displayed equations: It is permissible to apply triple- or quadruple-spacing in special
circumstances, such as before and after a displayed equation.
It is not necessary to add blank lines before or after headings, even if a heading falls at the end of
a page. Do not add extra spacing between paragraphs.
Margins
Use 1-in. (2.54-cm) margins on all sides (top, bottom, left, and right) of the page. This is the
default page margin in most word-processing programs.
Paragraph Alignment
Align the text to the left and leave the right margin uneven (“ragged”). Do not use full
justification, which adjusts the spacing between words to make all lines the same length (flush
with the margins). Do not manually divide words at the end of a line, and do not use the
hyphenation function to break words at the ends of lines. Do not manually insert line breaks into
long DOIs or URLs; however, breaks in DOIs or URLs applied automatically by a wordprocessing program are permissible.
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Paragraph Indentation
Indent the first line of every paragraph 0.5 in. For consistency, use the tab key or the automatic
paragraph-formatting function of your word-processing program. The default settings in most
word-processing programs are acceptable. The remaining lines of the paragraph should be leftaligned.
Exceptions to these paragraph indentation requirements are as follows:
• For student papers, the title (in bold), byline, affiliations, course number and name,
instructor, and assignment date should be centered (Figure 1).
• Section labels should be centered (and bold)
• The first line of the abstract should be flush left (not indented),
• The entirety of a block quotation should be indented from the left margin 0.5 in. If the
block quotation spans more than one paragraph, the first line of the second and any
subsequent paragraphs of the block quotation should be indented another 0.5 in., such
that those first lines are indented a total of 1 in.
• Level 1 headings should be centered (and in bold), and Level 2 and 3 headings should be
left-aligned.
• Table and figure numbers, titles, and notes should be flush left.
• Reference list entries should have a hanging indent of 0.5 in.
• Appendix labels and titles should be centered (and bold).
Heading Levels
There are five possible levels of headings: Level 1 headings are used for top-level or main
sections, Level 2 headings are subsections of Level 1, and so on. Regardless of the number of
levels of subheading within a section, the heading structure for all sections follows the same topdown progression. Each section starts with the highest level of heading, even if one section has
fewer levels of subheading than another section. For example, in a paper with Level 1 Method,
Results, and Discussion headings, the Method and Results sections may each have two levels of
subheading (Levels 2 and 3), and the Discussion section may have only one level of subheading
(Level 2). Thus, there would be three levels of heading for the paper overall.
Headings in the Introduction. Because the first paragraphs of a paper are understood to be
introductory, the heading “Introduction” is not needed. Do not begin a paper with an
“Introduction” heading; the paper title at the top of the first page of text acts as a de facto Level 1
heading (Figure 3). For subsections within the introduction, use Level 2 headings for the first
level of subsection, Level 3 for subsections of any Level 2 headings, and so on. After the
introduction (regardless of whether it includes headings), use a Level 1 heading for the next main
section of the paper (e.g., Method).
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Figure 3 Use of Headings in a Sample Introduction
Number of Headings in a Paper. The number of levels of heading needed for a paper depends on
its length and complexity; three is average. If only one level of heading is needed, use Level 1; if
two levels are needed, use Levels 1 and 2; if three levels are needed, use Levels 1, 2, and 3; and
so forth. Use only the number of headings necessary to differentiate distinct sections in your paper;
short student papers may not require any headings. Do not label headings with numbers or letters.
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