Read Chapter and do the asignemtns

• Read Chapter 3 sections 3.1 through 3.5, and 3.7 in the text

Answer the questions

Assembly Language for x86 Processors
Eighth Edition
Chapter 3
Assembly Language
Fundamentals
Copyright © 2020, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
3-1
Chapter Overview
• Basic Elements of Assembly Language
• Example: Adding and Subtracting Integers
• Assembling, Linking, and Running Programs
• Defining Data
• Symbolic Constants
• 64-Bit Programming
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3-2
Basic Elements of Assembly Language
• Integer constants
• Integer expressions
• Character and string constants
• Reserved words and identifiers
• Directives and instructions
• Labels
• Mnemonics and Operands
• Comments
• Examples
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3-3
Integer Constants
• Optional leading + or – sign
• binary, decimal, hexadecimal, or octal digits
• Common radix characters:
– h – hexadecimal
– d – decimal
– b – binary
– r – encoded real
Examples: 30d, 6Ah, 42, 1101b
Hexadecimal beginning with letter: 0A5h
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3-4
Integer Expressions
• Operators and precedence levels:
sign indicator
• Examples:
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3-5
Character and String Constants
• Enclose character in single or double quotes
– ‘A’, “x”
– ASCII character = 1 byte
• Enclose strings in single or double quotes
– “ABC”
– ‘xyz’
– Each character occupies a single byte
• Embedded quotes:
– ‘Say “Goodnight,” Gracie’
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3-6
Reserved Words and Identifiers
• Reserved words cannot be used as identifiers
– Instruction mnemonics, directives, type attributes,
operators, predefined symbols
– See MASM reference in Appendix A
• Identifiers
– 1-247 characters in length, including digits
– not case sensitive
– first character must be a letter, _, @, ?, or $
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3-7
Directives
• Directives are commands that are recognized and acted
upon by the assembler
– Not part of the Intel instruction set
– Used to declare code, data areas, select memory model, declare
procedures, etc.
– not case sensitive
• Different assemblers have different directives
– NASM not the same as MASM, for example
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3-8
Instructions
• Assembled into machine code by assembler
• Executed at runtime by the CPU
• We use the Intel IA-32 instruction set
• An instruction contains:
– Label
(optional)
– Mnemonic
(required)
– Operand
(depends on the instruction)
– Comment
(optional)
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3-9
Labels
• Act as place markers
– marks the address (offset) of code and data
• Follow identifer rules
• Data label
– must be unique
– example: myArray
count DWORD 100
(not followed by colon)
• Code label
– target of jump and loop instructions
– example: L1:
(followed by colon)
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3 – 10
Mnemonics and Operands
• Instruction Mnemonics
– memory aid
– examples: MOV, ADD, SUB, MUL, INC, DEC
• Operands
– constant
– constant expression
– register
– memory (data label)
Constants and constant expressions are often called
immediate values (or immediate memory)
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3 – 11
Comments (1 of 2)
• Comments are good!
– explain the program’s purpose
– when it was written, and by whom
– revision information
– tricky coding techniques
– application-specific explanations
• Single-line comments
– begin with semicolon (;)
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3 – 12
Comments (2 of 2)
• Multi-line comments
– begin with COMMENT directive and a programmerchosen character
– end with the same programmer-chosen character
COMMENT !
This line is a comment
So is this one
!
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3 – 13
Instruction Format Examples
• No operands
– stc
Appendix B
; set Carry flag
• One operand
– inc eax
– inc myByte
; register
; memory
• Two operands
– add ebx, ecx
– sub myByte, 25
; register, register
; memory, constant
– add eax, 36 * 25
; register, constant-expression
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3 – 14
What’s Next (1 of 5)
• Basic Elements of Assembly Language
• Example: Adding and Subtracting Integers
• Assembling, Linking, and Running Programs
• Defining Data
• Symbolic Constants
• 64-Bit Programming
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3 – 15
Example: Adding and Subtracting
Integers
; AddTwo.asm – adds two 32-bit integers (page 67)
.386
; 32 bit program
.model flat,stdcall
; memory model, calling convention
.stack 4096
; set aside storage (4096 bytes) – runtime stack
ExitProcess PROTO, dwExitCode:DWORD ; standard windows process
.code
main PROC
mov eax,5
; move 5 to the EAX register
add eax,6
; add 6 to the EAX register
INVOKE ExitProcess,0
main ENDP
END main
Items boxed are not
needed by MASM
SIM
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3 – 16
Example: Adding and Subtracting
Integers
; AddTwo using MASM SIM – adds two 32-bit integers
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3 – 17
Suggested Coding Standards (1 of 2)
• Some approaches to capitalization
– capitalize nothing
– capitalize everything
– capitalize all reserved words, including instruction mnemonics and
register names
– capitalize only directives and operators
• Other suggestions
– descriptive identifier names
– spaces surrounding arithmetic operators
– blank lines between procedures
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3 – 19
Suggested Coding Standards (2 of 2)
• Indentation and spacing
– code and data labels – no indentation
– executable instructions – indent 4-5 spaces
– comments: right side of page, aligned vertically
– 1-3 spaces between instruction and its operands
▪ ex: mov ax, bx
– 1-2 blank lines between procedures
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3 – 20
Required Coding Standards
• Slides follow the coding standards shown in the text
• Segments:
– .data – define variables
– .code – executable instructions
– .stack 100h – area of the program holding the runtime
stack, and setting the size
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3 – 21
Program Template
; Program Template (Template.asm)
; Program Description:
; Author:
; Creation Date:
; Revisions:
; Date:Modified by:
.386
.model flat,stdcall
.stack 4096
ExitProcess PROTO, dwExitCode:DWORD
.data
; declare variables here
.code
main PROC
; write your code here
INVOKE ExitProcess,0
main ENDP
; (insert additional procedures here)
END main
Only this section
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3 – 22
Program Template – MASM SIM
; Program Template (Template.asm)
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3 – 23
What’s Next (2 of 5)
• Basic Elements of Assembly Language
• Example: Adding and Subtracting Integers
• Assembling, Linking, and Running Programs
• Defining Data
• Symbolic Constants
• 64-Bit Programming
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3 – 24
Assembling, Linking, and Running
Programs
• Assemble-Link-Execute Cycle
• Listing File
• Map File
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3 – 25
Assemble-Link Execute Cycle
• The following diagram describes the steps from
creating a source program through executing the
compiled program.
• If the source code is modified, Steps 2 through 4
must be repeated.
Link
Library
Source
File
Step 1: text editor
Step 2:
assembler
Object
File
Listing
File
Step 3:
linker
Executable
File
Step 4:
OS loader
Output
Map
File
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3 – 26
Listing File
• Use it to see how your program is compiled
• Contains
– source code
– addresses
– object code (machine language)
– segment names
– symbols (variables, procedures, and constants)
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3 – 27
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language
for x86 Processors 7/e, 2015.
RECALL: Adding and Subtracting Integers
; AddTwo.asm – adds two 32-bit integers (page 67)
.386
; 32 bit program
.model flat,stdcall
; memory model, calling convention
.stack 4096
; set aside storage (4096 bytes) – runtime stack
ExitProcess PROTO, dwExitCode:DWORD
.code
main PROC
mov eax,5
; move 5 to the EAX register
add eax,6
; add 6 to the EAX register
INVOKE ExitProcess,0
main ENDP
END main
28
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3 – 28
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language
for x86 Processors 7/e, 2015.
Listing File
• Excerpt from the AddTwo source listing file
• lines 1 thru 7, ARE COPIED DIRECTLY FROM THE SOURCE FILE
1. ; AddTwo.asm – “name”- adds two 32-bit integers
2. ; Chapter 3 example
3.
4. .386
5. .model flat, stdcall
6. .stack 4096
7. ExitProcess PROTO, dwExitCode:DWORD
29
8.
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3 – 29
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language
for x86 Processors 7/e, 2015.
Listing File
• Excerpt from the AddTwo source listing file
Page 76
9.
00000000
.code
10.
00000000
main PROC
11.
00000000 B8
00000005
mov eax, 5
12.
00000005 83
C0
add
06
eax, 6
13.
14.
invoke ExitProcess, 0
15.
9. beginning address of the code segment
10. lines 10 and 11 show the same starting address…the first exec. line is
MOV
11. B8 = machine code (opcode) instruction, and the 32-bit value
(00000005)
12. offset distance of 5 bytes, 83 add instruction,
30
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3 – 30
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language
for x86 Processors 7/e, 2015.
Listing File
Page 76
• Excerpt from the AddTwo source listing file
14.
invoke ExitProcess, 0
15.
00000008 6A 00
push
+000000000h
16.
0000000A E8 00000000 E
call
ExitProcess
17.
0000000F
18.
main ENDP
END main
14. the invoke directive
15. The invoke directive causes the assembler to generate the PUSH and
CALL statements (see chapter 5)
16. End program
31
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3 – 31
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language
for x86 Processors 7/e, 2015.
Machine Add Example
• Machine Language
Location Instruction Code
Hex
Binary
Instruction
Code
Hex
Instruction
Comments
100
0010 0001 0000 0100
2104
LDA 104
Load first operand into AC
101
0001 0001 0000 0101
1105
ADD 105
Add second operand to AC
102
0011 0001 0000 0110
3106
STA 106
Store sum in location 106
103
0111 0000 0000 0001
7001
HLT
Halt computer
104
0000 0000 0101 0011
0053
operand
83 decimal
105
1111 1111 1111 1110
FFFE
operand
-2 decimal
106
0000 0000 0000 0000
0000
operand
Store sum here
32
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3 – 32
What’s Next (3 of 5)
• Basic Elements of Assembly Language
• Example: Adding and Subtracting Integers
• Assembling, Linking, and Running Programs
• Defining Data
• Symbolic Constants
• 64-Bit Programming
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3 – 33
Defining Data (1 of 2)
• Intrinsic Data Types
• Data Definition Statement
• Defining BYTE and SBYTE Data
• Defining WORD and SWORD Data
• Defining DWORD and SDWORD Data
• Defining QWORD Data
• Defining TBYTE Data
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3 – 34
Defining Data (2 of 2)
• Defining Real Number Data
• Little Endian Order
• Adding Variables to the AddSub Program
• Declaring Uninitialized Data
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3 – 35
Intrinsic Data Types (1 of 2)
• BYTE, SBYTE
S – signed
– 8-bit unsigned integer; 8-bit signed integer
• WORD, SWORD
– 16-bit unsigned & signed integer
• DWORD, SDWORD
– 32-bit unsigned & signed integer
• QWORD
– 64-bit integer
• TBYTE
– 80-bit integer
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3 – 36
Intrinsic Data Types (2 of 2)
• REAL4
– 4-byte IEEE short real
• REAL8
– 8-byte IEEE long real
• REAL10
– 10-byte IEEE extended real
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3 – 37
Data Definition Statement
• A data definition statement sets aside storage in
memory for a variable.
• May optionally assign a name (label) to the data
• Syntax:
[name] directive initializer [,initializer] . . .
value1 BYTE 10
• All initializers become binary data in memory
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3 – 38
Defining BYTE and SBYTE Data
Each of the following defines a single byte of storage:
value1 BYTE ‘A’
; character constant
value2 BYTE 0
; smallest unsigned byte
value3 BYTE 255
; largest unsigned byte
value4 SBYTE -128
; smallest signed byte
value5 SBYTE +127
; largest signed byte
value6 BYTE ?
; uninitialized byte
• MASM Assembly does not prevent you from initializing a BYTE with a
negative value, but it’s considered poor style.
• If you declare a SBYTE variable, the Microsoft debugger will
automatically display its value in decimal with a leading sign.
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3 – 39
Defining Byte Arrays
Examples that use multiple initializers:
The optional name is a label marking the variables offset from
beginning of the segment
list1
BYTE 10,20,30,40
list2
BYTE 10,20,30,40
BYTE 50,60,70,80
the
; continuation of list2
BYTE 81,82,83,84
list3
BYTE ?,32,41h,00100010b
; ? – uninitialized
list4
BYTE 0Ah,20h,‘A’,22h ; character and strings mixed
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3 – 40
Defining Strings (1 of 3)
• A string is implemented as an array of characters
– For convenience, it is usually enclosed in quotation marks
– It often will be null-terminated
• Examples:
str1 BYTE “Enter your name”, 0
str2 BYTE ‘Error: halting program’, 0
str3 BYTE ‘A’,’E’,’I’,’O’,’U’
greeting BYTE “Welcome to the Encryption Demo program ”
BYTE “created by Kip Irvine.”,0
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3 – 41
Defining Strings (2 of 3)
• To continue a single string across multiple lines, end each
line with a comma:
0dh 0ah – Carriage
Return, line feed
menu BYTE “Checking Account”,0dh,0ah,0dh,0ah,
“1. Create a new account”,0dh,0ah,
“2. Open an existing account”,0dh,0ah,
“3. Credit the account”,0dh,0ah,
“4. Debit the account”,0dh,0ah,
“5. Exit”,0ah,0ah,
“Choice> “,0
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3 – 42
Defining Strings (3 of 3)
• End-of-line character sequence:
– 0Dh = carriage return
– 0Ah = line feed
str1
BYTE “Enter your name: “,0Dh,0Ah
BYTE “Enter your address: “,0
newLine BYTE 0Dh,0Ah,0
Idea: Define all strings used by your program in the same area of
the data segment.
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3 – 43
Using the DUP Operator
• Use DUP to allocate (create space for) an array or string.
Syntax: counter DUP (argument)
• Counter and argument must be constants or constant
expressions
var1 BYTE 20 DUP(0)
; 20 bytes, all equal to zero
var2 BYTE 20 DUP(?)
; 20 bytes, uninitialized
var3 BYTE 4 DUP(“STACK”)
; 20 bytes:”STACKSTACKSTACKSTACK”
Each letter byte
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3 – 44
Defining WORD and SWORD Data
• Define storage for 16-bit integers
– or double characters
– single value or multiple values
word1 WORD
65535
; largest unsigned value
word2 SWORD
–32768
; smallest signed value
word3 WORD
?
; uninitialized, unsigned
word4 WORD
“AB”
; double characters
myList WORD
1,2,3,4,5
; array of words
array
5 DUP(?)
; uninitialized array
WORD
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3 – 45
Defining DWORD and SDWORD Data
Storage definitions for signed and unsigned 32-bit
integers:
val1 DWORD
12345678h
; unsigned
val2 SDWORD –2147483648
; signed
val3 DWORD
; unsigned array
20 DUP(?)
val4 SDWORD –3,–2,–1,0,1
; signed array
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3 – 46
Defining QWORD, TBYTE, Real Data
Storage definitions for quadwords, tenbyte values, and real
numbers:
quad1 QWORD
1234567812345678h
val1
1000000000123456789Ah
TBYTE
rVal1 REAL4
-2.1
rVal2 REAL8
3.2E-260
rVal3 REAL10
4.6E+4096
ShortArray REAL4 20 DUP(0.0)
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3 – 47
Little Endian Order
• All data types larger than a byte store their individual bytes
in reverse order. The least significant byte occurs at the
first (lowest) memory address.
• Example:
val1 DWORD 12345678h
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3 – 48
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language
for x86 Processors 7/e, 2015.
Big Endian Order
• Big endian machine: Stores data big-end first. When
looking at multiple bytes, the first byte (lowest address) is
the biggest.
12
Example:
val1 DWORD 12345678h
34
56
78
• The naming comes from Gulliver’s Travels, where the
Lilliputans argue over whether to break eggs on the littleend or big-end.
49
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3 – 49
Adding Variables to AddSub
TITLE Add and Subtract, Version 2(AddSub2.asm)
; This program adds and subtracts 32-bit unsigned
; integers and stores the sum in a variable.
INCLUDE Irvine32.inc
.data
val1 DWORD 10000h
; DWORD 32-bit unsigned integer (Double)
val2 DWORD 40000h
; initialized
val3 DWORD 20000h
finalVal DWORD ?
.code
main PROC
mov eax,val1
; start with 10000h
add eax,val2
; add 40000h
sub eax,val3
; subtract 20000h
mov finalVal,eax
; store the result (30000h)
call DumpRegs
; display the registers
exit
Getting Started
main ENDP
END main
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3 – 50
Adding Variables to AddSub
TITLE Add and Subtract, Version 2(AddSub2.asm)
Then use Step to
load the variables
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3 – 51
Adding Variables to AddSub
TITLE Add and Subtract, Version 2(AddSub2.asm)
Then use Step to execute the statements
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3 – 52
Use Step to execute the lines
TITLE Add and Subtract, Version
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3 – 53
Use Step to execute the lines
TITLE Add and Subtract, Version
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3 – 54
Declaring Unitialized Data
• Use the .data? directive to declare an unintialized data
segment:
.data?
• Within the segment, declare variables with “?” initializers:
smallArray DWORD 10 DUP(?)
Advantage: the program’s EXE file size is reduced.
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3 – 55
What’s Next (4 of 5)
• Basic Elements of Assembly Language
• Example: Adding and Subtracting Integers
• Assembling, Linking, and Running Programs
• Defining Data
• Symbolic Constants
• 64-Bit Programming
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3 – 56
Symbolic Constants
• Equal-Sign Directive
• Calculating the Sizes of Arrays and Strings
• EQU Directive
• TEXTEQU Directive
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3 – 57
Equal-Sign Directive
• name = expression
• expression is a 32-bit integer (expression or constant)
• may be redefined
• name is called a symbolic constant
• good programming style to use symbols
COUNT = 500
.
.
mov ax,COUNT
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3 – 58
Calculating the Size of a Byte Array
• current location counter: $ ( returns the offset associated
with the current program statement)
– subtract address of list
– difference is the number of bytes
list BYTE 10,20,30,40
ListSize = ($ – list)
• ListSize must follow immediately after list
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3 – 59
Calculating the Size of a Word Array
Divide total number of bytes by 2 (the size of a word)
Each word in the array occupies 2 bytes (16 bits)
list WORD 1000h,2000h,3000h,4000h
ListSize = ($ – list) / 2
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3 – 60
Calculating the Size of a Doubleword
Array
Divide total number of bytes by 4 (the size of a doubleword)
list DWORD 1,2,3,4
ListSize = ($ – list) / 4
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3 – 61
EQU Directive
• Define a symbol as either an integer or text expression.
• Cannot be redefined
PI EQU
pressKey EQU
.data
prompt BYTE pressKey
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3 – 62
4C 61 46 69 6E
La Fin
The End (French)
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3 – 69
Copyright
This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is
provided solely for the use of instructors in teaching their
courses and assessing student learning. Dissemination or sale of
any part of this work (including on the World Wide Web) will
destroy the integrity of the work and is not permitted. The work
and materials from it should never be made available to students
except by instructors using the accompanying text in their
classes. All recipients of this work are expected to abide by these
restrictions and to honor the intended pedagogical purposes and
the needs of other instructors who rely on these materials.
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3 – 70
CSE 210 Machine & Assembler Language
Chapter 3 Assignments – submit a single text file
Read Chapter 3 and answer the following. Submit your answers in a single text file attached to
an email.
Review Questions – 5, 9, 11, 12, 13, and 14
Algorithm Workbench (write the answer) – 1, 5 (part 1 only), 6, 7, and 8
Programs:
Answer the following (using instructor directed SW or manually):
P 3.1 What are the binary, hex, and decimal values for sumAll after the following code
executes?
valOne
valTwo
sumAll
mov
add
mov
DWORD 0x433h
DWORD 0x777h
DWORD ?
eax, valOne
eax, valTwo
sumAll, eax
P 3.2 Programming Ex. #1 (Page 100) – Integer Expression Calculation
(Using instructor directed SW or manually) using A = 4, B = 5, C = 2, D = 6
Do not use A, B, C, D as variable names. Move, add, and subtract, the literal
decimal numbers (immediate memory).
sum = (A + B) – (C + D)
1