Programming Question

In a recent study aimed at encouraging reading skills among low income families, primary care practices randomized families to two treatment arms: care as usual and reading enhancement program. In the reading enhancement program, families given free books at their visits and were encouraged to read to the children at least once per day. At the end of a six-month period, the attention spans of children were assessed and divided according to the median attention span into: “high” and “low” attention span. In addition, families were categorized by ethnic and racial identity into all white, black, or Hispanic.  Results from SAS analysis are included in this

file

.

WRITING ASSIGNMENT:  Write one or two paragraphs summarizing the findings from this study. Please write as you would for a research report or journal article that will be read by non-statisticians.

Standard rules of writing good English apply. Paragraphs should include a summary sentence and supporting details. You should not use too much repetition (e.g., “The probability of those with AAA doing BBB is ###. The probability of those with AAA doing CCC is ###.  The probability of those with AAA doing CCC is ###. Etc. You get the point!).  You use text to SUMMARIZE results, not read numbers from a table.  Your job as the writer is to help the readers synthesize the findingseasily.

MIDTERM SAS APPENDIX – FOR
REFERENCE DURING EXAM
Example: Reading Program and Reading Attentiveness
Ignoring Racial-Ethnic Group
The FREQ Procedure
Table of treatment by Attention
Attention
High
Low
treatment
351
Enhanced Frequency 405
Percent 26.82
23.25
Row Pct 53.57
46.43
Col Pct 53.93
46.25
Usual Frequency 346
408
Percent 22.91
27.02
Row Pct 45.89
54.11
Col Pct 46.07
53.75
Total
Frequency 751
Percent 49.74
Total
756
50.07
754
49.93
759
1510
50.26 100.00
Statistics for Table of treatment by Attention
Statistic
DF
Chi-Square
1
Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square 1
Continuity Adj. Chi-Square 1
Mantel-Haenszel Chi-Square 1
Phi Coefficient
Contingency Coefficient
Cramer’s V
Statistic
Gamma
Kendall’s Tau-b
Stuart’s Tau-c
Somers’ D C|R
Somers’ D R|C
Pearson Correlation
Spearman Correlation
Value
8.9132
8.9219
8.6085
8.9072
0.0768
0.0766
0.0768
Value
0.1528
0.0768
0.0768
0.0768
0.0768
0.0768
0.0768
Prob
0.0028
0.0028
0.0033
0.0028
ASE
0.0504
0.0257
0.0257
0.0257
0.0257
0.0257
0.0257
Lambda Asymmetric C|R
Lambda Asymmetric R|C
Lambda Symmetric
Uncertainty Coefficient C|R
Uncertainty Coefficient R|C
Uncertainty Coefficient Symmetric
Statistic
0.0719
0.0756
0.0738
0.0043
0.0043
0.0043
0.0353
0.0351
0.0305
0.0028
0.0028
0.0028
Odds Ratio and Relative Risks
Value 95% Confidence Limits
Odds Ratio
1.3606
Relative Risk (Column 1)1.1674
Relative Risk (Column 2)0.8580
1.1113
1.0542
0.7757
1.6658
1.2928
0.9491
Sample Size = 1510
Summary Statistics for treatment by Attention
Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel Statistics (Based on Table Scores)
Statistic Alternative Hypothesis
DF
Value
Prob
1Nonzero Correlation
2Row Mean Scores Differ
3General Association
Statistic
Odds Ratio
1
1
1
8.9072
8.9072
8.9072
0.0028
0.0028
0.0028
Common Odds Ratio and Relative Risks
Method
Value 95% Confidence Limits
Mantel-Haenszel
Logit
Relative Risk (Column 1) Mantel-Haenszel
Logit
Relative Risk (Column 2) Mantel-Haenszel
Logit
1.3606
1.3606
1.1674
1.1674
0.8580
0.8580
1.1113
1.1113
1.0542
1.0542
0.7757
0.7757
Total Sample Size = 1510
Adjusting for Racial-Ethnic
The FREQ Procedure
Table 1 of treatment by Attention
Controlling for group=Hispanic
Attention
High
Low
Total
treatment
125
252
Enhanced Frequency 127
Percent 25.60 25.20
50.81
Row Pct 50.40 49.60
Col Pct 51.42 50.20
1.6658
1.6658
1.2928
1.2928
0.9491
0.9491
120
Percent 24.19
Row Pct 49.18
Col Pct 48.58
124
25.00
50.82
49.80
244
49.19
Frequency 247
Percent 49.80
249
50.20
496
100.00
Usual Frequency
Total
Statistics for Table 1 of treatment by Attention
Controlling for group=Hispanic
Statistic
Chi-Square
Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square
Continuity Adj. Chi-Square
Mantel-Haenszel Chi-Square
Phi Coefficient
Contingency Coefficient
Cramer’s V
DF
1
1
1
1
Statistic
Value
0.0734
0.0734
0.0328
0.0732
0.0122
0.0122
0.0122
Value
Gamma
0.0243
Kendall’s Tau-b
0.0122
Stuart’s Tau-c
0.0122
Somers’ D C|R
0.0122
Somers’ D R|C
0.0122
Pearson Correlation
0.0122
Spearman Correlation
0.0122
Lambda Asymmetric C|R
0.0081
Lambda Asymmetric R|C
0.0000
Lambda Symmetric
0.0041
Uncertainty Coefficient C|R
0.0001
Uncertainty Coefficient R|C
0.0001
Uncertainty Coefficient Symmetric0.0001
Statistic
Prob
0.7865
0.7865
0.8563
0.7867
ASE
0.0898
0.0449
0.0449
0.0449
0.0449
0.0449
0.0449
0.0640
0.0000
0.0323
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
Odds Ratio and Relative Risks
Value 95% Confidence Limits
Odds Ratio
1.0499
Relative Risk (Column 1)1.0247
Relative Risk (Column 2)0.9761
0.7383
0.8586
0.8191
1.4930
1.2230
1.1631
Sample Size = 496
Table 2 of treatment by Attention
Controlling for group=White
Attention
High
Low
treatment
104
Enhanced Frequency 152
Total
256
Percent 29.46
Row Pct 59.38
Col Pct 58.02
Usual Frequency 110
Percent 21.32
Row Pct 42.31
Col Pct 41.98
20.16
40.63
40.94
150
29.07
57.69
59.06
49.61
Frequency 262
Percent 50.78
254
49.22
516
100.00
Total
260
50.39
Statistics for Table 2 of treatment by Attention
Controlling for group=White
Statistic
DF
Value
Chi-Square
1
Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square 1
Continuity Adj. Chi-Square 1
Mantel-Haenszel Chi-Square 1
Phi Coefficient
Contingency Coefficient
Cramer’s V
15.0334
15.1078
14.3583
15.0043
0.1707
0.1683
0.1707
Statistic
Value
Gamma
0.3318
Kendall’s Tau-b
0.1707
Stuart’s Tau-c
0.1707
Somers’ D C|R
0.1707
Somers’ D R|C
0.1707
Pearson Correlation
0.1707
Spearman Correlation
0.1707
Lambda Asymmetric C|R
0.1575
Lambda Asymmetric R|C
0.1641
Lambda Symmetric
0.1608
Uncertainty Coefficient C|R
0.0211
Uncertainty Coefficient R|C
0.0211
Uncertainty Coefficient Symmetric0.0211
Statistic
Prob
0.0001
0.0001
0.0002
0.0001
ASE
0.0795
0.0434
0.0434
0.0434
0.0434
0.0434
0.0434
0.0583
0.0578
0.0505
0.0108
0.0108
0.0108
Odds Ratio and Relative Risks
Value 95% Confidence Limits
Odds Ratio
1.9930
Relative Risk (Column 1)1.4034
Relative Risk (Column 2)0.7042
Sample Size = 516
1.4040
1.1788
0.5876
2.8292
1.6708
0.8439
Table 3 of treatment by Attention
Controlling for group=Black
Attention
High
Low
treatment
122
Enhanced Frequency 126
Percent 25.30
24.50
Row Pct 50.81
49.19
Col Pct 52.07
47.66
Usual Frequency 116
134
Percent 23.29
26.91
Row Pct 46.40
53.60
Col Pct 47.93
52.34
Total
Frequency 242
Percent 48.59
256
51.41
Total
248
49.80
250
50.20
498
100.00
Statistics for Table 3 of treatment by Attention
Controlling for group=Black
Statistic
DF
Chi-Square
1
Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square 1
Continuity Adj. Chi-Square 1
Mantel-Haenszel Chi-Square 1
Phi Coefficient
Contingency Coefficient
Cramer’s V
Value
0.9677
0.9680
0.7993
0.9658
0.0441
0.0440
0.0441
Prob
0.3253
0.3252
0.3713
0.3257
Fisher’s Exact Test
Cell (1,1) Frequency (F) 126
Left-sided Pr = F
0.1857
Table Probability (P)
Two-sided Pr ChiSq
7.1960
2
0.0274
Total Sample Size = 1510
1.1104
1.1088
1.0540
1.0530
0.7753
0.7790
1.6629
1.6637
1.2929
1.2923
0.9493
0.9541
Example: Patient Satisfaction
The FREQ Procedure
longevity