UMGC Introduction to Biology Worksheet

Data Sheet: Activity – Acids and BasesIt is a serious Violation of Copyright Law to Post or Share this document ANYWHERE except your Classroom.
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Procedure I – pH of Household Solutions
Complete the table below using your data from Procedure I. Based on the measured pH
determine whether each solution is acidic, basic, or neutral.
Data Table I
Solution Number
Solution
1
Battery Acid
2
Lemon Juice
3
Red Wine
4
Water
5
Antacid
6
Ammonia
7
Oven Cleaner
Solution pH
Acidic, Basic, or
Neutral?
Observations and Questions
[1] Which household solution in Data Table I is the most basic? What information helped you
to come to that decision? What can you explain about the chemical composition of the solution
based on its pH (i.e. what does this tell us about the concentration of H+ ions in this solution)?
Answer:
2
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Procedure II – pH of Biological Solutions
Complete the table below using your data from Procedure II. Based on the measured pH
determine whether each solution is acidic, basic or neutral.
Data Table II
Solution Number
Solution
1
Urine
2
Liver Bile
3
Skim Milk
4
Tear Fluid
5
Seawater
6
Blood Plasma
7
Stomach Acid
Solution pH
Acid or Base?
Observations and Questions
[2] Which biological solution in Data Table II is the most acidic? What information helped you
to come to that decision? What can you explain about the chemical composition of the solution
based on its pH (i.e. what does this tell us about the concentration of H+ ions in this solution)?
Answer:
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Procedure III – Adding Acid Solution to the Buffer Solution
Complete the table below using your data from Procedure III.
Data Table III
Number of Added
Drops
pH of Non-Buffer Solution
(Water)
pH of Buffer Solution
0
7.00
7.00
1
2
3
4
5
Observations and Questions
[3] What happens to the pH of the water as you add drops of the acid solution (Data Table III)?
What is the chemical basis of this change in the pH of the water as acid is added (i.e. what is
happening to the H+ ion concentration)?
Answer:
[4] Calculate the percent change of pH for water using the formula below. Show your work for
maximum points.
Percent Change of pH = 100% x ( pH at 5 drops – pH at 0 drops ) / ( pH at 0 drops )
Answer:
4
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[5] Calculate the percent change of pH for the buffer using the formula below. Show your
calculations for maximum points.
Percent Change of pH = 100% x ( pH at 5 drops – pH at 0 drops ) / ( pH at 0 drops )
Answer:
[6] What happens to the pH of the buffer as you add drops of acid? How do the changes seen
in the buffer solution compare to those seen in the water solution? Be specific.
Answer:
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Procedure IV – Adding Base Solution to the Buffer Solution
Complete the table below using your data from Procedure IV.
Data Table IV
Number of Added
Drops
pH of Non-Buffer Solution
(Water)
pH of Buffer Solution
0
7.00
7.00
1
2
3
4
5
Observations and Questions
[7] What happens to the pH of the water as you add drops of the base solution (Data Table
IV)? What is the chemical basis of this change in the pH of the water as base is added (i.e.
what is happening to the H+ ion concentration)?
Answer:
[8] Calculate the percent change of pH for water using the formula below. Show work for
maximum points.
Percent Change of pH = 100% x ( pH at 5 drops – pH at 0 drops ) / ( pH at 0 drops )
Answer:
6
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[9] Calculate the percent change of pH for the buffer using the formula below. Show work for
maximum points.
Percent Change of pH = 100% x ( pH at 5 drops – pH at 0 drops ) / ( pH at 0 drops )
Answer:
[10] The buffer solution is said to “resist” a change in pH. Compare the percentage changes for
the water solution and the buffer solution. Do these percentages support a resistance to
change for the buffer solution? Explain your answer.
Answer:
[11] In your own words and with proper terminology, explain the chemical basis of how the
buffer resists pH changes when the base is added. (HINT: Answers should describe how
buffers prevent the base from binding with free-floating H+ ions.)
Answer:
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[12] Design an experiment testing the impact of different pH levels on plant growth.
a) Background Information and Question of Interest: Start by giving some background
information, specifically describing what scientific observations or evidence led you to
want to conduct your experiment. Next, state the question you are interested in
answering through your experiment design. Be as specific as possible.
Answer:
b) State your hypothesis. Include what you are comparing (experimental vs control groups)
and what you will measure. As a reminder, your hypothesis should be written as a
statement, not a question.
Answer:
c) Describe your experimental design. How will you conduct your experiment? How will
you introduce replication? What factors will you keep constant (i.e. control variables)?
Answer:
d) State your groups and variables. Be specific.
•
•
•
•
•
Independent Variable:
Dependent Variable:
Control Variables:
Experimental Group:
Control Group:
e) Provide pretend results.
Answer:
f) State your conclusion. Your conclusion should specifically state whether or not your
hypothesis is supported by the pretend results.
Answer:
8
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Data Sheet: Activity – Biomolecules
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Procedure I – Group 1: Known Sample Solutions
Complete the table below using your data from Procedure I. For each sample solution (A-E)
indicate any color change that occurs when a test solution is added by putting an X in the
corresponding table cell. Fill in the last column (Biomolecule Classification) using data found
under the Activity Form tab. Hint: The color of a reaction is not an important factor for the
exercise outside of indicating that a reaction occurred.
Data Table I (Indicate the presence of a reaction with an X in the corresponding table cell)
Sample
Solution
Test
Solution
1
Reaction
Test
Solution
2
Reaction
Test
Solution
3
Reaction
Test
Solution
4
Reaction
Test
Solution
5
Reaction
Biomolecule
Classification
A
B
C
D
E
Observations and Questions
[1] Write a hypothesis statement for the experiment you conducted for Procedure I.
Answer:
[2] Which variable represents the independent variable? What information helped you to come
to that decision? What variable represents the dependent variable? What information helped
you come to that decision?
Answer:
2
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[3] Would you characterize this experiment as qualitative or quantitative? What information
helped you to come to that decision?
Answer:
[4] Refer to your completed Data Table I and place the appropriate answer to each of the
statements below.
Answers: amino acid, starch, fat, sugar or starch, protein or amino acid
Statements:
Test Solution _____ reacts with
Biomolecule(s)
1
2
3
4
5
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Procedure II – Group 2: Unknown Sample Solutions
Complete the table below using your data from Procedure II. For each sample solution (A-E)
indicate any color change that occurs when a test solution is added by putting an X in the
corresponding table cell. Next, use Data Table I to determine the biomolecule classification for
each sample solution. Hint: compare the color changes in both tables to make your
determinations.
Data Table II (Indicate the presence of a reaction with an X in the corresponding table cell)
Sample
Solution
Test
Solution
1
Reaction
Test
Solution
2
Reaction
Test
Solution
3
Reaction
Test
Solution
4
Reaction
Test
Solution
5
Reaction
Biomolecule
Classification
A
B
C
D
E
Observations and Questions
[5] In Procedure II, did any of your unknown sample solutions (A, B, C, D, E) contain sugars? If
yes, which one? What information helped you to come to that decision?
Answer:
[6] In Procedure II, did any of your unknown sample solutions (A, B, C, D, E) contain protein? If
yes, which one? What information helped you to come to that decision?
Answer:
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[7] Using the laboratory tests in this experiment, were you be able to distinguish amino acids
from proteins? Explain why or why not.
Answer:
[8] Using the laboratory tests in this experiment, were you be able to distinguish between
starch and sugar? Explain why or why not.
Answer:
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Data Sheet: Activity – Osmosis
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Procedure I – Test Solution 1: Water
Complete the tables and questions below using your data and information found under the
Background tab
Data Table I Note: Difference in Final Volumes = Final Volume of Test Sol – Final Volume of Water
Trial
Starting
Volume of
Test
Solution
(L)
1
1.28
2
1.28
Starting
Volume of
Water
(L)
Final
Volume of
Test
Solution
(L)
Final
Volume of
Water
(L)
Difference
in Final
Volumes
(L)
Observations and Questions
[1] Given that the final heights (and volumes) are the same for the water and test solution,
what can you conclude about the tonicity of the solution? Explain your reasoning, describing
what this means regarding the amount of solutes found in each of the two solutions.
Answer:
[2] As discussed in the Background material, water is an important biological molecule. Do you
expect water to continue to flow across the semipermeable membrane after osmotic
equilibrium is reached? Why or why not?
Answer:
2
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Procedure II – Test Solution 2: Guanine solution
Complete the tables and questions below using your data and information found under the
Background tab
Data Table II Note: Difference in Final Volumes = Final Volume of Test Sol – Final Volume of Water
Trial
Starting
Volume of
Test
Solution
(L)
1
1.28
2
1.28
Starting
Volume of
Water
(L)
Final
Volume of
Test
Solution
(L)
Final
Volume of
Water
(L)
Difference
in Final
Volumes
(L)
Observations and Questions
[3] Why did the height (and volume) change in the test solution? What is the basis for the
increase in the volume in the test solution? Conclude by stating whether the guanine solution
is hypertonic, isotonic, or hypotonic relative to the water.
Answer:
[4] State a hypothesis describing what you think would happen if both starting volumes were
the same. Test your hypothesis by doing a data run. Describe your results and conclude by
stating whether your hypothesis is supported or not by the results.
Answer:
[5] Why is the difference in final volumes the same (or very close to the same) for both trials?
Answer:
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Procedure III – Test Solution 3: Cytochrome C solution
Complete the table and questions below using your data and information found under the
Background tab (see the Summary of Needed Formulas section) and Activity Form tab
Data Table III Note: Difference in Final Volumes = Final Volume of Test Sol – Final Volume of Water
Trial
Starting
Volume of
Test
Solution
(L)
1
1.28
2
1.28
Starting
Volume of
Water
(L)
Final
Volume of
Test
Solution
(L)
Final
Volume of
Water
(L)
Difference
in Final
Volumes
(L)
Observations and Questions
[6] Based on your data and observations from procedures II and III, which of the two test
solutions has the highest solute concentration? Explain your answer.
Answer:
[7] Concentration Calculation:
Using your Trial 1 data from procedures II and III, and the known concentration of guanine,
calculate the concentration of the cytochrome c solution. Hint: See the Background tab for the
needed formula, and the Activity Form tab for the known guanine concentration
Answer:
4
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Data Sheet: Activity – Enzymes
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Procedure I – Enzyme Reaction Rate – Enzyme Concentration
Dependence
Complete the table below using your data and information found under the Background tab
(see the Summary of Needed Formulas section)
Oxygen
Concentration
Change Data
(ppt)
Elapsed
Time
(s)
Trial
Concentration
Level
1
2.5%
20.0
2
5.0%
20.0
3
10%
20.0
Enzyme
Reaction Rate
(ppt/s)
Observations and Questions
[1] Sample Calculation: Show your enzyme reaction rate calculation for Trial 1. Include the
units of measure.
Calculation:
[2] Convert enzyme concentrations of 2.5%, 5.0%, and 10% to ppt units.
Hint: See the Solutions and Concentration section under the Background tab.
Answer:
[3] For Procedure I/Table I, identify:
The independent variable:
The dependent variable:
The control variables:
2
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[4] Create either a bar graph or a line graph of the data from procedure I. Place the
independent variable on the x-axis (abscissa) and the dependent variable on the y-axis
(ordinate). Include axis titles and units. The scatter plot option in Excel works best for line
graphs.
Insert graph here:
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3
Procedure II – Enzyme Reaction Rate – Temperature Dependence
Complete the table below using your data and information found under the Background tab
(see the Summary of Needed Formulas section)
Oxygen
Concentration
Change Data
(ppt)
Elapsed
Time
(s)
Trial
Temperature
(C)
1
20.0
20.0
2
30.0
20.0
3
55.0
20.0
Enzyme
Reaction Rate
(ppt/s)
Observations and Questions
[5] Given the preliminary results observed, state a hypothesis for a replication of the procedure
II experiment.
Answer:
[6] [a] What is the equation for the chemical reaction in this experiment?
Answer:
[b] Why can the change in oxygen concentration be used as a measure of enzyme activity in
this experiment?
Answer:
[7] Using the data you reported in the Procedure II Table above, describe the effect of
temperature on the reaction rate.
Answer:
4
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[8] Create either a bar graph or a line graph of the data for Procedures II. Include axis titles
and units.
Insert graph here:
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Procedure III – Enzyme Reaction Rate – pH Dependence
Complete the table below using your data and information found under the Background tab
(see the Summary of Needed Formulas section)
Oxygen
Concentration
Change Data
(ppt)
Elapsed
Time
(s)
Trial
pH
Level
1
6.0
20.0
2
7.0
20.0
3
9.0
20.0
Enzyme
Reaction Rate
(ppt/s)
Observations and Questions
[9] Create either a bar graph or a line graph of the data for Procedures III. Include axis titles
and units.
Insert graph here:
[10] Compare the plot of the data for Procedures I, II, and III. Describe the similarities and
differences among the three plots.
Answer:
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[11] What conclusions can be drawn about the effects of environmental factors (i.e. enzyme
concentration, temperature, and pH) on the reaction rate after comparing the plots from the
three different procedures? In other words, how do external environmental factors influence
enzyme activity? Is there an optimal range? Explain.
Answer:
[12] In these procedures you measured the activity of a specific enzyme. If you measured the
activity of other enzymes in response to different temperatures and pH values, would you
expect the same results? Why or why not?
Answer:
[13] Choose one of the factors that impact reaction rate (enzyme concentration, temperature,
or pH) and, in your own words, provide a plausible biological explanation for your experimental
results for that factor.
Answer:
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Data Sheet: Activity – Enzymes
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Procedure I – Enzyme Reaction Rate – Enzyme Concentration
Dependence
Complete the table below using your data and information found under the Background tab
(see the Summary of Needed Formulas section)
Oxygen
Concentration
Change Data
(ppt)
Elapsed
Time
(s)
Trial
Concentration
Level
1
2.5%
20.0
2
5.0%
20.0
3
10%
20.0
Enzyme
Reaction Rate
(ppt/s)
Observations and Questions
[1] Sample Calculation: Show your enzyme reaction rate calculation for Trial 1. Include the
units of measure.
Calculation:
[2] Convert enzyme concentrations of 2.5%, 5.0%, and 10% to ppt units.
Hint: See the Solutions and Concentration section under the Background tab.
Answer:
[3] For Procedure I/Table I, identify:
The independent variable:
The dependent variable:
The control variables:
2
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[4] Create either a bar graph or a line graph of the data from procedure I. Place the
independent variable on the x-axis (abscissa) and the dependent variable on the y-axis
(ordinate). Include axis titles and units. The scatter plot option in Excel works best for line
graphs.
Insert graph here:
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3
Procedure II – Enzyme Reaction Rate – Temperature Dependence
Complete the table below using your data and information found under the Background tab
(see the Summary of Needed Formulas section)
Oxygen
Concentration
Change Data
(ppt)
Elapsed
Time
(s)
Trial
Temperature
(C)
1
20.0
20.0
2
30.0
20.0
3
55.0
20.0
Enzyme
Reaction Rate
(ppt/s)
Observations and Questions
[5] Given the preliminary results observed, state a hypothesis for a replication of the procedure
II experiment.
Answer:
[6] [a] What is the equation for the chemical reaction in this experiment?
Answer:
[b] Why can the change in oxygen concentration be used as a measure of enzyme activity in
this experiment?
Answer:
[7] Using the data you reported in the Procedure II Table above, describe the effect of
temperature on the reaction rate.
Answer:
4
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[8] Create either a bar graph or a line graph of the data for Procedures II. Include axis titles
and units.
Insert graph here:
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Procedure III – Enzyme Reaction Rate – pH Dependence
Complete the table below using your data and information found under the Background tab
(see the Summary of Needed Formulas section)
Oxygen
Concentration
Change Data
(ppt)
Elapsed
Time
(s)
Trial
pH
Level
1
6.0
20.0
2
7.0
20.0
3
9.0
20.0
Enzyme
Reaction Rate
(ppt/s)
Observations and Questions
[9] Create either a bar graph or a line graph of the data for Procedures III. Include axis titles
and units.
Insert graph here:
[10] Compare the plot of the data for Procedures I, II, and III. Describe the similarities and
differences among the three plots.
Answer:
6
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[11] What conclusions can be drawn about the effects of environmental factors (i.e. enzyme
concentration, temperature, and pH) on the reaction rate after comparing the plots from the
three different procedures? In other words, how do external environmental factors influence
enzyme activity? Is there an optimal range? Explain.
Answer:
[12] In these procedures you measured the activity of a specific enzyme. If you measured the
activity of other enzymes in response to different temperatures and pH values, would you
expect the same results? Why or why not?
Answer:
[13] Choose one of the factors that impact reaction rate (enzyme concentration, temperature,
or pH) and, in your own words, provide a plausible biological explanation for your experimental
results for that factor.
Answer:
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7