Hominids from Sahelanthropus tchadensis to A. garhi

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Hominids from Sahelanthropus tchadensis to A. garhi

We define the Hominid, what were the hypothesis on becoming bipedal. Who were the first homonids?

Sahelanthropus tchdensis

Orrorin tugenensis

Ardipithecus kadabba

Ardipithecus ramidus

Australopithecus anamensis

Australopithecus afarensis

Australopithecus (Kenyathropus) platyops

Australopitecus garhi

A. aethiopicus, A. boisei, africanus, robustus

tool use by A. garhi.  Why is brain size important?

The long fingers show still in the trees occasionally, and the double arch and the rounded heel, shows emphasis on bipedal.

Using all these homonids tell the story about our evolution.  Who were our ancestors in all these homonids?

SO NOW WE DIVE INTO THE EARLY HOMO GENUS. WHO ARE THE EARLY HOMO, WHAT TOOLS DID THEY USE? WHAT DIFFERENCE DEFINES THE HOMO GENSUS? THE BRAIN, IT BEGINS TO EXPAND. THE HOMO ERECTUS SPREAD OUT ALL OVER THE OLD WORLD, IS IT IN OUR GENES TO CONSTANTLY MOVE AND SEEK OUT? FIRE, WHAT HAPPENED TO OUR TEETH AND OUR JAWS? WHAT WAS THE IMPORTANCE OF THIS? OUR TOOLS BECAME MUCH, MUCH MORE SOPHISTICATED. HOW AND IN WHAT WAYS DID THEY BECOME MORE SOPHISTICATED? FINALLY, HOW HUMAN LIKE ARE THE HOMO ERECTUS?

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Our Origins
Discovering Physical
Anthropology
Second Edition
by
Clark Spencer Larsen
Chapter 11
Clark Spencer Larsen
Our Origins
DISCOVERING PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
Chapter 11
The Origins and Evolution of Early
Homo
©2011 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Homo habilis
⬧ The Path to Humanness: Bigger Brains,
Tool Use, and Adaptive Flexibility
–
–
–
First discovered by Louis Leakey at
Olduvai Gorge
Change took place 3.0–2.5 mya
Found in Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia,
Malawi, South Africa
Homo habilis
⬧ Homo habilis and Australopithecus:
Similar in Body Plan
–
Immediate ancestor unconfirmed
•
–
–
Tim White suggests A. garhi
Bigger brain, smaller chewing complex
Body plan similar to that of
australopithecines
Figure 11.5a Homo Habilis
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Homo habilis
⬧ Homo habilis’s Adaptation: Intelligence
and Tool Use Become Important
–
–
Anatomical evidence from the hand
bones suggests precision grip.
Tools becoming fundamental to
survival, unlike for australopithecines
Homo habilis
⬧ Habitat Changes and Increasing Adaptive
Flexibility
–
–
–
Spread of warm season grasses and
increasing habitat diversity.
Skull and tooth morphology suggest
dietary variability in Homo habilis.
Stone tools important for obtaining
food resources as well as for processing
foods.
Homo erectus
⬧ First discovered by Eugène Dubois in
Java
⬧ Fossils date from 1.8–0.3 mya
⬧ Homo erectus in Africa
–
African fossils dated to 1.8–0.3 mya
Homo erectus
⬧ Homo erectus in Africa
–
Nariokotome skeleton
•
•
•
•
•
An 80% complete skeleton
Short arms, long legs
Likely a young male
Would have stood 6 feet tall in
adulthood
Cranial capacity over 900 cc
Figure 11.8 Nariokotome
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Homo erectus
⬧ Homo erectus in Africa
–
–
Footprints discovered at Ileret and
dated to 1.5 mya provide evidence of
fully modern walking
Bodo skull
•
•
Stone tool marks on the left cheek, eye
orbit, and nasal bones
Ritual or cannibalism?
Homo erectus
⬧ Homo erectus in Asia
–
–
Fossils dated to 1.8 mya–0.3 mya
Earliest evidence found in Dmanisi,
dated to 1.7 mya
•
–
Resemblance to East African Homo
erectus
Also found in Indonesia, Sangiran, and
China, indicating a rapid spread
through Asia
Figure 11.21 Peking Man
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Homo erectus
⬧ Fire: Expanding the Human World
–
Zhoukoudian cave site in China
•
•
•
•
Dated to 600,000–400,000 yBP
Evidence for controlled fire usage
Burned stone tools, plants, charcoal,
etc.
Fire acted as an agent to ease chewing
and initial digestion.
–
Some argue that this increased the
energy available to early humans.
Figure 11.20 Cave at Zhoukoudian
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Homo erectus
⬧ Homo erectus in Europe
–
–
Fossils dated to 1,200,000–400,000 yBP
Earliest evidence is from Sierra de
Atapuerca site of Sima del Elefant
•
•
Partial human mandible and teeth
Animal bones showing cut marks
Homo erectus
⬧ Homo erectus in Europe
–
Other early evidence from Gran Dolina,
dated to 800,000 yBP:
•
•
Stone tools, animal remains, hominid
fossils
Stone-tool cut marks on animal and
hominid fossils
Figure 11.22a Gran Dolina
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Figure 11.24a The Cutmarks on this Bone were Made
by Stone Tools
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Homo erectus
⬧ Evolution of Homo erectus
–
–
–
–
Increase in body size is one main difference
between H. erectus and H. habilis.
The increase took place rapidly, perhaps in as
little time as 2.0–1.7 mya.
Climate change and its impact on the food
supply may be one reason for the change.
Most significant impact was likely increased
access to animal food sources (protein) from
hunting.
Homo erectus
⬧ Evolution of Homo erectus
–
–
Not limited to genus Homo: dating of
stone tools indicates australopithecines
may have been able to butcher animals as
well.
Tool manufacture and the development of
social structures to facilitate group
cooperation in hunting were critical.
•
•
Acheulian tool complex is represented by a
variety of tools and tool materials.
Acheulian tools are more refined than the
Oldowan tools.
Figure 11.25b Olorgesailie-The Stone Tools
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Figure 11.26 Butchering
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Homo erectus
⬧ Patterns of Evolution
–
–
African fossils are the most robust and
are similar to Dmanisi forms.
Earlier forms have smaller brains than
forms dated later.
•
•
Cranial capacity ranges from 650 cc to
1200 cc.
Skull robusticity declined.
Homo erectus
⬧ Patterns of Evolution
–
–
Reliance the use of tools changed
structure of faces and jaws as a result
of food processing.
Changes in social structure and
dispersal patterns, and increasing
reliance on culture for survival
Chapter 11: Clicker Questions
Homo habilis differs from earlier
australopithecines because
a) it had a large chewing complex.
b) it could walk on two legs.
c) it had a larger brain.
d) All of the above
Chapter 11: Clicker Questions
The first hominid species to disperse from Africa,
where it originated, was
a) A. anamensis.
b) A. afarensis.
c) H. habilis.
d) H. erectus.
Chapter 11: Clicker Questions
H. erectus’s change in limb proportions, to a body
with short arms and long legs, indicates
a) retention of climbing and brachiating abilities.
b) fully modern bipedal locomotion.
c) a life spent in the trees.
d) quadrupedal walking.
Chapter 11: Clicker Questions
The rapid spread of H. erectus out of Africa can
be attributed in part to
a) material culture and tool use.
b) environmental degradation in Africa.
c) language capabilities.
d) All of the above
Chapter 11: Clicker Questions
The main reason that H. erectus increased in
stature and body size over H. habilis is
a) lack of disease.
b) access to animal protein.
c) need to see over tall grasses.
d) All of the above
Chapter 11: Clicker Questions
If you wanted to know what the landscape was
like when Homo erectus walked Earth a
million years ago, you might try to find
evidence by studying
a) the fossilized bones of contemporaneous local
animals.
b) microorganisms from the ocean floor.
c) the plants available for Homo erectus to
consume.
d) All of the above
Art Presentation Slides
Chapter 11
Chapter Opener
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Figure 11.1 Eugène Dubois
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Figure 11.2 Dutch East Indies
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Figure 11.3a Java Man-A Cranium
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Figure 11.3b Java Man-A Nearly Complete Femur
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Figure 11.3c Java Man-The Location of his Excavations
Along the Solo River
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Figure 11.4a Homo Habilis-OH 24
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Figure 11.4b Homo Habilis-OH 7
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Figure 11.4c Homo Habilis-KNM-ER 1813
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Figure 11.5a Homo Habilis
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Figure 11.5b Homo Habilis
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Figure 11.6 Homo Erectus Sites
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Figure 11.7 Australopithecus Boisei vs. Homo Erectus
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Figure 11.8 Nariokotome
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Figure 11.9 Nariokotome Skull
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Figure 11.10a Exposed Surface Showing Numerous Animal
and Hominid Footprints
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Figure 11.10b Site Drawing Showing just the Hominid Footprints
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Figure 11.11 Daka Partial Cranium
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Figure 11.12 Bodo Cranium
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Figure 11.13a One Million Years Ago:
The Daka Landscape of the Middle Awash, Ethiopia
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Figure 11.13b One Million Years Ago:
The Daka Landscape of the Middle Awash, Ethiopia
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Dental Development Occurs from the Crown to the Root
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Visible under magnification, each Horizontal Line on this
Australopithecine Tooth is a Growth Increment Representing
Eight–Nine Days
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Figure 11.14 Olduvai Cranium
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Figure 11.15 Ritual Defleshing?
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Figure 11.16 Dmanisi
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Figure 11.17 First Migration
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Figure 11.18 Sangiran Homo Erectus
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Figure 11.19 Zhoukoudian
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Figure 11.20 Cave at Zhoukoudian
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Figure 11.21 Peking Man
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Figure 11.22a Gran Dolina
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Figure 11.22b Gran Dolina
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Figure 11.23 Atapuerca 3
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Figure 11.24a The Cutmarks on this Bone were Made
by Stone Tools
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Figure 11.24b Animal Tooth Marks and Cutmarks are Visible
on the Shaft of this Antelope Humerus
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Figure 11.25a Olorgesailie-The Acheulian Site in Kenya
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Figure 11.25b Olorgesailie-The Stone Tools
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Figure 11.26 Butchering
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These Side and Frontal Views of the Human Pelvis Show
the Planes through which the Infant Passes
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In Human Birth, Assistance Generally is Needed to Help Ease
the Infant’s Large Head out of the Birth Canal
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Living Primates
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Hominid Fossils
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This concludes the slide set for Chapter 11
Our Origins
Discovering Physical Anthropology
Second Edition
by
Clark Spencer Larsen