use SQ4R to write

i want you to use SQ4R  to write chapter 9: Motivation and emotion

from psychology Ajourney book.

no pages requairedment but it should cover all the chabter.

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Chapter 9
Motivation and Emotion

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Motivation
Dynamics of behavior that initiate, sustain, direct, and terminate actions

What makes us start, persist, focus on, and stop what we do?

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Types of Motives
Primary (or Biological) Motive: Innate (inborn) motives based on biological needs we must meet to survive
Stimulus Motive: Innate needs for stimulation and information (but not necessary for survival)
Secondary (or Learned) Motive: Based on learned needs, drives, and goals

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

A Model of Motivational Activities
Model of how motivated activities work
Need: Internal deficiency; causes
Drive: Energized motivational state (e.g., hunger, thirst); activates a…
Response: Action or series of actions designed to attain a…
Goal: Target of motivated behavior
Incentive Value: Goal’s appeal beyond its ability to fill a need

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Hunger: Big Mac Attack?
Homeostasis: Body equilibrium; balance
Hypothalamus: Brain structure; regulates many aspects of motivation and emotion, including hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior
Lateral Hypothalamus: If turned on, an animal will begin eating; if destroyed, an animal will never eat again!
Ventromedial Hypothalamus: Stops eating behavior

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Figure 9.2
FIGURE 9.2 In Walter Cannon’s early study of hunger, a simple apparatus was used to simultaneously record hunger pangs and stomach contractions.

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Figure 9.3
FIGURE 9.3 Location of the hypothalamus in the human brain.

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Figure 9.4
FIGURE 9.4 This is a cross section through the middle of the brain (viewed from the front of the brain). Indicated areas of the hypothalamus are associated with hunger and the regulation of body weight.

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

More on Eating Behavior (Hungry Yet?)
Neuropeptide Y (NPY): Substance in the brain that initiates eating
Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1): Substance in brain that terminates eating
Set Point: Proportion of body fat that is maintained by changes in hunger and eating; point where weight stays the same when you make no effort to gain or lose weight

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

The Final Word on Eating Behavior
Leptin: Substance released by fat cells that inhibits eating
External Eating Cues: External stimuli that tend to encourage hunger or elicit eating; these cues may cause you to eat even if you are stuffed (like Homer Simpson, who eats whatever he sees!)

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Behavioral Dieting
Weight reduction based on changing exercise and eating habits and not on temporary self-starvation
Some keys
Start with a complete physical
Exercise
Be committed to weight loss

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Behavioral Dieting (cont’d)
Observe yourself, keep an eating diary, and keep a chart of daily progress.
Eat based on hunger, not on taste or learned habits that tell you to always clean your plate.
Avoid snacks.
Reward yourself if you change eating habits and punish yourself if you do not.

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Taste
Taste Aversion: Active dislike for a particular food
VERY difficult to overcome

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa
Active self-starvation or sustained loss of appetite that seems to have psychological origins
Control issues seem to be involved
Very difficult to effectively treat
Affects adolescent females overwhelmingly

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Figure 9.6
FIGURE 9.6 Women with abnormal eating habits were asked to rate their body shape on a scale similar to the one you see here. As a group, they chose ideal
figure is much thinner than what they thought their current weights were. (Most women say they want to be thinner than they currently are, but to a lesser degree than women with eating problems.) Notice that women with eating problems chose an ideal weight that was even thinner than what they thought men prefer. This is not typical of most women. Only women with eating problems wanted to be thinner than what they thought men find attractive

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Eating Disorders: Bulimia Nervosa (Binge-Purge Syndrome)
Excessive eating usually followed by self-induced vomiting and/or taking laxatives
Difficult to treat
Prozac approved by FDA to treat bulimia nervosa
Affects females overwhelmingly

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Causes of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa
Anorectics and bulimics have exaggerated fears of becoming fat; they think they are fat when the opposite is true!
Bulimics are obsessed with food and weight; anorectics with perfect control.
Anorectics will often be put on a “weight-gain” diet to restore weight.

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Thirst and Pain
Extracellular Thirst: When water is lost from fluids surrounding the cells of the body
Intracellular Thirst: When fluid is drawn out of cells because of increased concentration of salts and minerals outside the cell
Best satisfied by drinking water
Pain Avoidance: An episodic drive
Distinct episodes when bodily damage takes place or is about to occur

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Sex Drive
Estrus: Changes in animals that create a desire for sex; females in heat
Estrogen: A female sex hormone
Androgens: Male hormones

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Figure 9.7
FIGURE 9.7 These graphs show the frequency of sexual intercourse for American adults. To generalize, about one third of the people surveyed have sex twice a week or more, one third a few times a month, and one third a few times a year or not at all. The overall average is about once a week

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Sexual Behavior and Orientation
Erogenous Zones: Areas of the body that produce pleasure and/or provoke erotic desires (genitals, breasts, etc.)
Sexual Orientation: Degree of emotional and erotic attraction to members of the same sex, opposite sex, or both sexes
Heterosexual: Attracted romantically and erotically to the opposite sex
Homosexual: Attracted romantically and erotically to the same sex
Bisexual: Attracted romantically and erotically to both sexes

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Human Sexual Response: Masters and Johnson
Sexual response can be divided into four phases that occur in the following order:
Excitement: Initial signs of sexual arousal
Plateau: Physical arousal intensifies
Orgasm: Climax and release of sexual tension
Resolution: Return to lower levels of sexual tension and arousal

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Arousal: The need for stimulation

7.bin

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Stimulus Drives
Reflect needs for information, exploration, manipulation, and sensory input
Sensation Seeking: Trait of people who prefer high levels of stimulation (e.g., the contestants on “Eco-Challenge” and “Fear Factor”)
Yerkes-Dodson Law: If a task is simple, it is best for arousal to be in the middle; if the task is complex, lower levels of arousal provide for the best performance

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Figure 9.11
FIGURE 9.11 (a) The general relationship between arousal and efficiency can be described by an inverted U curve. The optimal level of arousal or motivation is higher for a simple task (b) than for a complex task (c).

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

How to Cope With Test Anxiety
Preparation
Relaxation
Rehearsal
Restructuring thoughts

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Circadian Rhythms
Cyclical changes in bodily functions and arousal levels that vary on a 24-hour schedule
Preadaptation: Gradual matching of sleep-waking cycles to a new time schedule before an anticipated circadian rhythm change (e.g., trying to adjust to new time zone to avoid jet lag)

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Figure 9.12
FIGURE 9.12 Core body temperature follows a circadian rhythm. Most people reach a low point 2 to 3 hours before the time they normally wake u
Page It’s no wonder that both the Chernobyl and Three-Mile Island nuclear power plant accidents occurred around 4 A.M. Rapid travel to a different time zone, shift work, depression, and illness can disrupt the body’s core rhythm, with disturbing effects

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Figure 9.13
FIGURE 9.13 Time required to adjust to air travel across six time zones. The average time to resynchronize was shorter for westbound travel than for eastbound flights.

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Learned Motives
Social Motives: Acquired by growing up in a particular society or culture
Need for Achievement (nAch): Desire to meet some internal standard of excellence
Need for Power: Desire to have impact or control over others

*
People tend to describe this in themselves in terms of the extrinsic motivation involved – the attainment of rewards.
There is also an intrinsic need for achievement, the accomplishment of goals for their own sake.

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Measure Your Own Need for Achievement
We’ll use two measures
Caution—be aware of the social desirability response bias
Use meta-cognitive skills—”Do I honestly feel this way or am I just trying to look good?”

*
***Test your own need for achievement –Huffman p. 447 Test 1—on Elmo camera
Before you begin, beware of the social desirability response bias—People’s tendency to act in ways that they believe others will approve of (Rosenberg, 1969).
Given our strong cultural emphasis on independence and achievement, most people’s responses to the following tests might reflect not only their appraisal of their achievement needs, but also a tendency to say good things about themselves.
Researchers are constantly on guard against social desirability biases contaminating their measurements.
However, when taking and scoring your own tests, there are few safeguards against this response bias. Thus, you must rely on critical thinking skills. As you take these tests, use meta-cognition (thinking about your won thoughts) to monitor your responses. Ask yourself “Do I honestly feel this way, or am I just trying to look good?”
Critical thinking helps us overcome our personal biases and self-deceptive reasoning…Using metacognition will result in a more accurate measurement of your need for achievement.

Take both Test 1 and Test 2.
Then score both tests. See Huffman p. 393

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

8.bin

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Scoring
Test 1
Count the number of “yes” responses
The more “yes” responses, the higher your need for achievement
Test 2
Give yourself a point each time any of the following is mentioned:
Defining a problem
Solving a problem
Obstructions to solving a problem
Techniques that can help overcome the problem
Anticipation of success or resolution of the problem

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Achievement Motivation
Characteristics of those high in need for achievement
moderate risk takers
Avoid goals that are too easy or too hard
Complete difficult tasks
Earn better grades
Tend to excel in chosen occupations
Attribute success to ability; failure to insufficient effort
More likely to renew efforts when they perform poorly
Can you think of some disadvantages of a direct, objective test like this?

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Measuring the Need for Achievement
TAT
Measuring the need for achievement is complex and difficult to do.
It involves looking at not only how much, but also why some people achieve more than others.
A projective personality test, the Thematic Apperception Test or TAT, has been used for this purpose.

*
TAT
The stories that people make up in response to the pictures in the test are analyzed for themes related to achievement motivation.
It is a moderately useful procedure, although the need for achievement and actual achievement both correlate with IQ scores too, so IQ predicts actual achievement just as well as the TAT does.

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

TAT—Thematic Apperception Test
Developed by Henry Murray, personality theorist
Projective device consisting of 20 drawings (black and white) of various situations
People must make up stories about the people in it
Central themes are examined and interpreted
Good at revealing feelings about a person’s social relationships
Disadvantages?

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Abraham Maslow and Needs
Hierarchy of Human Needs: Maslow’s ordering of needs based on presumed strength or potency; some needs are more powerful than others and thus will influence your behavior to a greater degree
Basic Needs: First four levels of needs in Maslow’s hierarchy
Lower needs tend to be more potent than higher needs
Growth Needs: Higher-level needs associated with self-actualization

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Figure 9.14
FIGURE 9.14 Maslow believed that lower needs in the hierarchy are dominant. Basic needs must be satisfied before growth motives are fully expressed. Desires for selfactualization are reflected in various metaneeds (see text).

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Types of Motivation
Intrinsic Motivation: Motivation coming from within, not from external rewards; based on personal enjoyment of a task

Extrinsic Motivation: Based on obvious external rewards, obligations, or similar factors (e.g., pay, grades)

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Emotions
State characterized by physiological arousal and changes in facial expressions, gestures, posture, and subjective feelings
Physiological Changes: Include heart rate, blood pressure, perspiration, and other involuntary bodily responses
Emotional Expression: Outward signs of what a person is feeling
Emotional Feelings: Private emotional experience

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Plutchik’s First Four Primary Emotions
Most basic emotions are:
Fear
Surprise
Sadness
Disgust

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Plutchik’s Last Four Primary Emotions (cont’d)
Anger
Anticipation
Joy
Acceptance

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Figure 9.15
FIGURE 9.15 Primary and mixed emotions. In Robert Plutchik’s model, there are eight primary emotions, as listed in the inner areas. Adjacent emotions may combine to give the emotions listed around the perimeter. Mixtures involving more widely separated emotions are also possible. For example, fear plus anticipation produces anxiety.

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Figure 9.16
FIGURE 9.16 Folklore holds that people who work or attend school on a weekly schedule experience their lowest moods on “Blue Monday.” Actually, moods tend to be generally lower for most weekdays than they are on weekends. The graph shown here plots the average daily moods of a group of college students over a 5-week period. As you can see, many people find that their moods rise and fall on a 7-day cycle. For most students, a low point tends to occur around Monday or Tuesday and a peak on Friday or Saturday.

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Brain and Emotion
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Neural system that connects brain with internal organs and glands
Sympathetic Branch: Part of ANS that activates body for emergency action
Parasympathetic Branch: Part of ANS that quiets body and conserves energy

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Figure 12.2
The autonomic nervous system consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, which sometimes act in opposing ways and sometimes cooperate. The sympathetic nervous system readies the body for emergency action; the parasympathetic nervous system supports digestive and other nonemergency functions.

*
The Role of the Autonomic Nervous System
The autonomic nervous system is the division that controls the functioning of the internal organs.
The ANS has two subdivisions, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
The sympathetic nervous system is comprised of two chains of neuron clusters just to the left and right of the spinal cord.
It increases the heart rate, breathing rate, production of sweat, and flow of adrenaline.
It prepares the body for intense activity, “fight or flight” and other stress-related behaviors. It is the “crisis management” center.
The parasympathetic nervous system consists of neurons with axons extending out from the medulla and the lower spinal cord.
These axons connect to neuron clusters near the internal organs.
The parasympathetic nervous system is the long-term survival center, promoting rest by decreasing heart rate, digestion, and other functions that keep an organism alive in the long-term.

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Figure 12.4 the ultimate rush PARASYMPATHETIC REBOUND
After the stimulus eliciting the sympathetic response is removed, that response is reduced, and the opposing parasympathetic response is enhanced. This is why people sometimes feel faint at the end of an exciting experience.

*
The Two Divisions of the ANS
Both systems are active, and the shifting between the two systems helps to keep the body in a balanced condition called homeostasis.
Emergencies mainly activate the sympathetic nervous system, but also may involve some parasympathetic activity (i.e., being frightened causes an individual to lose bowel or bladder control.)
The Two Divisions of the ANS
We generally cannot directly control autonomic responses, but we can influence them by voluntary cognition and behavior, for example, athletes learn to control breathing and focus their concentration for improved aim.

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Sudden Death
After strong emotional shock, sympathetic system becomes too active
Results in excessive stress
Parasympathetic Rebound
After shock, parasympathetic system overreacts
lowers blood pressure too much
Slows heart to a stop

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Lie Detectors
Polygraph: Device that records heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and galvanic skin response (GSR); lie detector
GSR: Measures sweating
Irrelevant Questions: Neutral, unemotional questions in a polygraph test
Relevant Questions: Questions to which only someone guilty should react by becoming anxious or emotional
Control Questions: Questions that almost always provoke anxiety in a polygraph (e.g. “Have you ever taken any office supplies?”)

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Figure 12.7b
The polygraph, a method for detecting nervous arousal, is the basis for the so-called “lie detector” test. The polygraph operator (a) asks a series of nonthreatening questions to establish base-line readings of the subject’s autonomic responses (b), then asks questions relevant to an investigation. The underlying assumption is that an increase in arousal indicates nervousness, which in turn indicates lying. Unfortunately, a large percentage of innocent people become nervous and therefore appear to be lying.

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Body Language (Kinesics)
Study of communication through body movement, posture, gestures, and facial expressions
Facial Blends: Mix of two or more basic expressions

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Three Types of Facial Expressions
Pleasantness-Unpleasantness: Degree to which a person is experiencing pleasure or displeasure
Attention-Rejection: Degree of attention given to a person or object
Activation: Degree of arousal a person is experiencing

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Figure 9.19
FIGURE 9.19 When shown groups of simplified faces (without labels), the angry and scheming faces “jumped out” at people faster than sad, happy, or neutral faces. An ability to rapidly detect threatening expressions probably helped our ancestors survive.

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Theories of Emotion
James-Lange Theory: Emotional feelings follow bodily arousal and come from awareness of such arousal.
Cannon-Bard Theory: The thalamus (in brain) causes emotional feelings and bodily arousal to occur at the same time.
Schachter’s Cognitive Theory: Emotions occur when a label is applied to general physical arousal.
Attribution: Mental process of assigning causes to events; attributing arousal to a certain source.
Facial Feedback Hypothesis: Sensations from facial expressions and help define what emotion someone feels.

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

FIGURE 12.9
According to the James-Lange theory, physiological arousal determines the nature of an emotion. According to Schachter and Singer’s theory, physiological arousal determines the intensity of an emotion, but not which emotion is experienced.

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Figure 9.21
FIGURE 9.21 Theories of emotion.

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

A Modern View of Emotion
Each of these theories has some truth, so can we combine them in a way that makes sense?

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Figure 9.23
FIGURE 9.23 A contemporary model of emotion.

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Happiness
Subjective Well-Being (SWB): When people are satisfied with their lives, have frequent positive emotions, and have relatively few negative emotions
Are these factors related to happiness?
Wealth: No relation
Education: Not really
Marriage: Not really
Religion: Minimally

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 9

Happiness Factors (cont’d)
Aging: Happiness does not decline with age.
Sex: Men and women do not differ in happiness.
Work: No.
Personality: If you have a “sunny disposition,” you are more likely to be happy.