WSSS Feeding Habits and Locomotion in Fish Essay

you have learnt about feeding habits in P05(lesson 5) and today P06(lesson 6) you have learnt about locomotion. How are they linked? Relate feeding habits to locomotion giving specific examples.

When explaining how to locomotion and feeding habits relates, can use the notes provided ( talk about their mouth structure, body structure, tails, how they move, organisms that live different layers of the sea ( benthos, nektons, planktons) how it affects their feeding etc.)

for specific examples: Online research when giving one specific example on the choosen marine organism, how their feeding habits and locomotion relates.

OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE
A229: MARINE BIOLOGY
PROBLEM 06 – THEY GOT TO MOVE IT, MOVE
IT!
Activity Owner: Marie Tan
Approved by: Dr Laura Yap
Module Chair: Pong Yoke Fong
OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Have you ever experienced that a lot more effort is
needed to walk across a pool than walking along a beach
of the same distance?
In the water, your body experiences a force known as
drag. The drag on your legs and body requires that you
use more energy as you try to move the same distance in
the water.
Do you think marine animals will experience similar
forces in their habitat? How do they overcome these
challenges?
OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE
AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT
• Water is denser than air
• Eliminates need for strong supportive skeleton required by large terrestrial animals
• However, water is also viscous. This poses some challenges
OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE
FLUID DYNAMICS
Zooplanktons
Phytoplanktons
Plankton:
Drifters
Nekton:
Swimmers
(include Neuston;
surface drifters)
Benthos:
Bottom
dwellers
Source: https://www.oceanclassrooms.com/ms101_u4_c1_sa_3
OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE
FLUID DYNAMICS
In any fluid, there are two competing forces:
• Viscous forces
• Inertial forces
Viscous forces
Inertial forces
Sticky
Relates to inertia – tendency of moving
object to continue moving when no force is
applied to it
Keep fluid together and moving in
smooth streamlines
Make a fluid break up into uneven
streamlines
As viscosity increases, molecular
Allow object to ‘drop’ through the fluid like a
stickiness keeps different parts of a fluid stone in water – in other words, not go with
from separating easily, any object in
the flow
fluid less able to move unless
surrounding fluid also moving
OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE
Yaw
Pitch
Buoyancy (stationary)
or Lift (swims)
Roll
Drag
Thrust
Roll
Weight
Pitch
Yaw
Forces
2 paired forces
3 moments of force
OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE
FLUID DYNAMICS
• The Reynolds number (Re) is a dimensionless measure of the relative importance of
inertial and viscous effects of a fluid and on objects in a fluid.
• Under high Re, objects tend to keep on moving when a force is applied to them because
inertial forces dominate
• Under low Re, objects do not move unless a force is applied because viscous forces
dominate
V = velocity
l = size
p = density
μ = dynamic viscosity
Assuming seawater at constant temperature, p and μ are
constant, Re increases with increasing velocity or size
OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE
FLUID DYNAMICS
• Re > 1000 : inertia forces predominate
• Re < 1: viscous forces predominate • In the same sea water, depending on their sizes and velocity, objects’ motions are subjected to different conditions. • A small paramecium swimming in still water can stop swimming, seemingly instantaneously • A large fish swimming fast can propel itself and ‘coast’ along because of inertia • Some organisms can live in both conditions: A copepod feeding is moving slowly and lives at low Re but when swimming at high speed to escape a predator, it operates at higher Re OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE FLUID DYNAMICS OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE BUSTING A MOVE Plankton generally have greater density than water. That means they will eventually sink in a water column! As they are weak swimmers and unable to go against winds and currents, how do they cope? 1. Flotation mechanisms 2. Changes in surface of resistance OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE FLOTATION MECHANISMS • Replace heavy chemical ions in body fluids with lighter ones • Maintain same osmotic condition with seawater while becoming lighter with respect to seawater • e.g. Noctiluca, a dinoflagellate, contains ammonium chloride which is iso-osmotic with seawater but less dense. OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE FLOTATION MECHANISMS • Development of gas-filled floats, e.g. gas-filled floats of Portuguese manof-war, swim bladders • Liquid-filled floats, e.g. oil droplets under copepods carapace OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE CHANGES IN SURFACE OF RESISTANCE The smaller the organism, the greater the surface area relative to volume. By remaining small, plankton organisms offer far more surface area of resistance to sinking per unit of volume of living material than if they are large. The other way of increasing surface of resistance is changing the shape of the body (evolve flattened body shapes or appendages.) Development of spikes and body projections. OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE CHANGES IN SURFACE OF RESISTANCE (a) Velaman (b) Phyllirhoe (b) Phyllosoma larva (d) Ceratium Copyright © 2022 by Republic Polytechnic, Singapore OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE HOW ANIMALS CAN OVERCOME FLUID DYNAMIC • Drag-based swimming • Lift-based swimming • Jet propulsion OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE DRAG-BASED SWIMMING • Flagellar: • Bacteria or Eukaryotic flagella • Long, threadlike and few in numbers. • E.g. Euglena • Ciliary: • Short hair-like appendages • More numerous compared to flagella • E.g. Paramecium • Setal paddles: • Moveable appendages with passive hair-like protrusions. • E.g marine worms Setal paddles OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE DRAG-BASED SWIMMING • Paddling with a single bilateral pair of appendages • E.g. Copepod • Paddling with serially arranged bilaterally paired appendages • E.g. Artemia OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE LIFT-BASED SWIMMING • Paired lateral propulsors : Body and Caudal Fin swimming (BCF) & Median and Paired Fin swimming (MPF) • E.g. Osteichthyes • Single caudal propulsor: Tail or flukes • E.g. Dolphins OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE PAIRED LATERAL PROPULSORS • Swimming modes used by fish along a undulation– oscillation continuum. Black areas indicate surface used for propulsion. • Vertical lines show overlapping propulsive surfaces between swimming modes. OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE SINGLE CAUDAL PROPULSOR: TAIL OR FLUKES • Sea otters are unique among marine mammals in their ability to lie on their backs during surface swimming. Propulsion is provided by either simultaneous or alternate strokes of the hindlimbs. When on the surface, sea otters can also swim ventral surface (belly) down using the hind paws for propulsion. • Seals and cetaceans use lift-based propulsion that may involve fore flippers (sea lion), lateral body undulation (seal), or dorsoventral undulation (dolphin). Drag-based: Paddling muskrat Lift-based: Sea Lion Lateral body oscillation: Harp seal Dorsoventral undulation: Dolphin OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE BENTHIC LOCOMOTION • Sea stars move using a water vascular system. • Water comes into the system via the madreporite. It is then circulated from the stone canal to the ring canal and into the radial canals. • The radial canals carry water to the ampullae and provide suction to the tube feet. OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE BENTHIC LOCOMOTION https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9rxf_2EgwfE OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UvsYwnZUis0 OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE JET PROPULSION • Jet propulsion: used by sea jellies, cephalopods and salps Rear – rear method • Water drawn in from rear of animal and expelled from rear. • Contracting of the umbrella-shaped bells causes water to rapidly squirt out of the bell, generating enough force for them to dart around using jet propulsion. • To travel by jet propulsion, a cephalopod such as a squid or octopus will fill its muscular mantle cavity with water and then quickly expel the water out of the funnel. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=23qzi88k3aM OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE JET PROPULSION Front – rear method • Water drawn in from one end and expelled at the other end. • A salp (plural salps, also known colloquially as “sea grape”) or salpa (plural salpae or salpas) is a barrel-shaped, planktonic tunicate. • It moves by contracting, thereby pumping water through its gelatinous body, one of the most efficient examples of jet propulsion in the animal kingdom. • https://youtu.be/yfYV3ba5yR0?t=10 OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ NON-SENSITIVE WHAT DID YOU LEARN TODAY? • Compare and contrast the different types of locomotion (e.g. flagellation, jet proposal, undulation of body or coordinated rhythmic movement of appendages) in key aquatic taxa (e.g. protists, mollusks, crustaceans, osteichthyes) • Relate, with specific examples, on the different morphological adaptations of aquatic organism to the type of locomotion exhibited • Explain how the locomotive strategies of aquatic organisms correspond to their life habits. OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ SENSITIVE NORMAL A229 Marine Biology Worksheet 06: They got to move it, move it! Fluid dynamic 1. Comparing water and air, which is denser? Water. 2. As water flows around and over organisms of various shapes in the water, it begins to change its flow pattern. The force on an object that resists its motion through a fluid is called drag. a) Drag force occurs through two mechanisms. With this Link 1, identify the two mechanisms. Viscous Drag force. Inertial Drag force. b) The Reynolds number (Re) is an expression of the ratio of inertial force and viscous force. These are influenced by the animal’s size. Where ρ = density, μ = dynamic viscosity, V is the velocity and l is the size of the animal Figure 1: Reynolds number With a high Re, the inertia forces will dominate. With low Re, the viscous forces will dominate. Assuming seawater is at constant temperature, ρ and μ are constant (in figure 1), arrange the animals in the order of increasing Re. Giant Grouper, Paramecium, Tuna swimming at top speed, Copepod, Whale. Copyright © 2022 by Republic Polytechnic, Singapore Page 1 of 3 OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ SENSITIVE NORMAL Paramecium, Copepod, Giant Grouper, Tuna, Whale c) What is the rationale behind this arrangement you have in part (b)? Re is proportional to the product of velocity and size, hence organisms with larger body size and higher velocity will have higher Re. 3. Plankton generally have greater density than water, hence they will eventually sink in the water column. a) How do they cope living in the sea? Link 2 Planktons have many different ways to stay afloat. Spikes, like those on a radiolarian, help to distribute its weight over a large surface area and slow its sinking. Many organisms, such as copepods and diatoms, produce oil to keep them afloat. They replace heavy chemical ions to lighter ions to prevent them from sinking. The Portuguese man-o-war uses an air-filled sac to stay afloat. b) Some of them have flagella and cilia. Explain how these appendages can help them from sinking. Organisms such as dinoflagellate use its center flagellum to rotate around their axis while the lower flagellum pushes water away from the cell allowing the organism to move forward and not sink. locomotion: Cilia will beat while Flagella whips. c) As part of the zookplankton, how does the copepod and artemia swim in the water column? They swim by continuously vibrating their feeding appendages or by repeatedly beating their swimming legs, resulting in a series of small jumps to move in the water column. Copepod: First antenne, bilateral, to paddle Artemia: use paired appendages to swim 4. Recall from P05, how do bigger organisms such as Osteichtyes swim? Copyright © 2022 by Republic Polytechnic, Singapore Page 2 of 3 OFFICIAL (CLOSED) \ SENSITIVE NORMAL They have mucus glands on their scales to allow them to reduce drag in the water, they also have paired fins to help with balance and swimming and a streamlined body. Body-caudal fin swimming [BCF] - uses their body medium and paired fin swimming [MPF] -flaps their fins to move in the water 5. Bigger marine mammals that do not have paired fins use a different type of locomotion. Explain how they swim in the water? Link 3 They swim using either their flippers, paddles or their caudal flukes. Lateral pelvic oscillation is a type of swimming seen in true seals and is carried out by rapidly alternating their hind flipper position side to side much like a biological propeller. [Mostly use their forelimbs to swim] 6. Watch the videos in this Link 4 & Link 5, recall and describe how benthic organisms such as the sea stars and flatfishes move around. Sea Star: Sea stars have hundreds of tube feet which are present at the bottom surface of each arm. They fill these feet with seawater, allowing the sea stars to move around. Flatfish: Their fins imitate the movements of a centipede where their fin rays move in a “wave-like sequence” which is achieved by bunching up a few fin rays to form a “fin-foot” to move forward. The water buoyancy supports their weight making it not true walking but instead swimming. Flatfishes have fin rays which are used to “swim” across the seafloor. They swim in a horizontal manner by bunching up a few fin rays which act like a foot. 7. Another type of locomotion in marine animals is jet propulsion. Identify the animals which use jet propulsion and explain how do they do that. Cephalopoda ,eg (squid, octopus,cuttlefish and nautilus) and sea jellies They take in water through their siphon to store within their muscular mantle cavity like a water bottle filled with pressure. During this process they also bring in the oxygenated water through their gills and they move by expelling the water quickly out through their siphon. LIke what happens to the water bottle when the pressure escapes the bottle. propelling the animal through the water Copyright © 2022 by Republic Polytechnic, Singapore Page 3 of 3 Homocercal • Homocercal tail has equal size lobes • It is symmetrical. • It includes rounded, truncate, emarginate, forked and lunate tail. • Most common caudal fin shape in fishes. Three main functional components to swimming Accelerating: • Maximized by propulsions generated by strong caudal fin • Allows for rapid movements Cruising: • Achieved by continued undulation of the body • Lunate tail “sheds” water easily, minimizing disruptive turbulence at posterior Maneuvering: • Best accomplished by disc or diamond shaped body, which permits body flexure and sudden change of direction. Body Shape • Fish have body shapes that are suited for where they live and feed. Each shape is advantageous for a different lifestyle. • Fusiform • Depressiform • Filiform • Compressiform • Sagittifrom • Taeniform • Globiform • Anguilliform Fusiform • Rounded or Torpedo shaped • Streamlined body • Ideal for acceleration, continual cruising • Oval cross section • Fish with this body shape are well adapted for feeding and survival in open water because the fusiform shape creates minimal drag as the fish swims through the water • Fish with fusiform shape • Tunas, Mackerel, Swordfish, Sailfish, and Marlin. Depressiform • Flattened or flat shape • Normally live or rest on the bottom of the sea floor • Flap their fins up and down to swim through the water • Fish with Depressiform: • Flounders, Halibut, Rays, and Skates Filiform • Long and skinny or filament-like. • Slither through the water like a snake • Fish with this body shape: • Pipe fish Compressiform • Compressiform fish are compressed laterally from side to side. • Allowing the fish to maneuver easily and accelerate in short bursts • Fish with a compressed body shape rely on quickness and agility • This body shape is well suited for schooling, maneuvering around coral reefs, and living around wrecks or rocks (fit into small spaces). • Fish with this body shape: • include many species of reef fish and moon fish Sagittifrom • Arrow shaped body • Sagittifrom fishes are ambush predators (from a hiding place) • Ability to strike and accelerate in very short bursts. • Fishes with this body shape: • Garfish, Pikefish, Needlefish and Barracuda. Taeniform • Ribbon shaped • Laterally compressed • This shape is useful for hiding in crevices • Not fast swimmers but great in maneuvering • Fish with Taeniform shape: • Oarfish, Ribbonfish, Hairtail. Globiform • Globe-like shaped • Fish with this shape look very round. • They are slow swimmers, and some species have modified their fins to use for walking across the bottom of the sea bed. • Globiform fishes includes: • Frogfish , Lumpfish, and Pufferfish. Anguilliform • Eel-like fishes. • Elongated bodies, blunt or wedge shaped heads, and tapering or rounded tails. • They often have long dorsal and anal fins, and sometimes are completely lacking in the paired fins. • Slender shape body allows them to resist current forces as they move through the water. • Anguilliform fishes include: • Eels, Hagfishes, and Lamprey. Fish swimming modes Streamlined = less drag, more speed Disc shaped = increased drag, however, allows fish to turn rapidly Adaptations of a fish for locomotion 1. Creates propulsive force to move through water: ➢ Most common way is undulatory mechanism ➢ Side-to-side motion created by alternate contractions of body musculature, first on one side and then the other While bony fish have rigid skeleton for muscular attachment and contraction in swimming, larger sharks strengthen their cartilaginous skeletons with mineral matter within cartilage and with external mineral plates Adaptations of a fish for locomotion 2. To overcome water resistance and move efficiently in water, a fish has: ➢ A streamlined shape ✓ to reduce water resistance ➢ Scales on the body facing backwards (towards caudal fin) ✓ to reduce water resistance ➢ Its body surface covered in mucus ✓ to reduce water resistance and friction Caudal fin shapes • The caudal fin helps a fish to propel and maneuver, by generating swimming power and to assist in braking, turning, or stopping. • Caudal fins appear in a variety of shapes, and the shape determines how fast a fish can swim and where it lives • The various types of caudal fins: • Homocercal • Heterocercal • Continuous