Science Worksheet

Use the PowerPoint presentations and any credible information that you find online. If you use online information, please cite your sources

1- Who exactly is a hazardous materials, (Hazmat), employee? In practice, how many employees could be considered Hazmat employees?

2- Hazmat Drivers have special requirements to deliver hazmat material. What are some of the special requirements and how much does the driver have to complete their training?

3- Generally, there are three, (3), levels of training for most workers. What are these levels and what makes them different in training requirements?

4- Aside from the three levels of initial training explain what Function Specific Training involves?

5- Training is extremely important in the hazmat world. Explain and describe the different times and purposes of the training.

6- There are two basic types of training available to the hazmat worker. One is a traditional class and the other is an online format. What type of workers would best learn from both types of training, (new and older workers)?

7- How important is the records that are generated by training? What a some of the requirements of recordkeeping in hazmat?

8- In the PowerPoint presentation, one slide shows the cost of violations, with a minimum fine of $493.00 per day. Explain why this amount of money could grow to a much bigger amount.

9- What is the method that the Department of Transportation, (DOT), requires for conducting training?

10-Classification of hazmat is important. Most of the initial testing is done through what series of tests? What organization is responsible for the methods of testing?

11-In everyday working conditions, the hazmat worker can find the classification of most hazmat by referring to what document? In what section of that document would the worker expect to find that information?

12-Most hazardous materials exhibit only one hazard, such as a 2.1 Flammable Gas. However, it is possible what else is required?

13-Multiple hazards are extremely dangerous when shipping hazmat. Explain a “Primary Hazard and a Secondary Hazard”.

14-Explain the differences between I, II, and II packing groups. If a worker needed a PG II but had none, what would an alternative be?

15-Selecting what is likely the most important function of hazmat shipping?

16-How does not having the proper shipping name, (PSN), affect the rest of the shipping process?

1- Who exactly is a hazardous materials, (Hazmat),
employee? In practice, how many employees could
be considered Hazmat employees?
2- Hazmat Drivers have special requirements to deliver
hazmat material. What are some of the special
requirements and how much does the driver have to
complete their training?
3- Generally, there are three, (3), levels of training for
most workers. What are these levels and what makes
them different in training requirements?
4- Aside from the three levels of initial training explain
what Function Specific Training involves?
5- Training is extremely important in the hazmat
world. Explain and describe the different times and
purposes of the training.
6- There are two basic types of training available to the
hazmat worker. One is a traditional class and the
other is an online format. What type of workers would
best learn from both types of training, (new and older
workers)?
7- How important is the records that are generated by
training? What a some of the requirements of
recordkeeping in hazmat?
8- In the PowerPoint presentation, one slide shows the
cost of violations, with a minimum fine of $493.00 per
day. Explain why this amount of money could grow to
a much bigger amount.
9- What is the method that the Department of
Transportation, (DOT), requires for conducting
training?
10Classification of hazmat is important. Most of the
initial testing is done through what series of
tests? What organization is responsible for the
methods of testing?
11In everyday working conditions, the hazmat
worker can find the classification of most hazmat by
referring to what document? In what section of that
document would the worker expect to find that
information?
12Most hazardous materials exhibit only one
hazard, such as a 2.1 Flammable Gas. However, it is
possible for what else to be required?
13Multiple hazards are extremely dangerous when
shipping hazmat. Explain a “Primary Hazard and a
Secondary Hazard”.
14Explain the differences between I, II and II
packing groups. If a worker needed a PG II but had
none, what would an alternative be?
15Selecting what is likely the most important
function of hazmat shipping?
16How does not having the proper shipping name,
(PSN), affect the rest of the shipping process?
Safety Function and The Law
1
The safety and health function in most
organizations is all-inclusive.
2
In most organizations, the safety and
health professional is part of the
management team and serves in a
leadership role to guide the safety and
health efforts of the organization.
3
You’ll Work at
All Levels… Contacting Every Worker.
4
You will be working very closely with
business people
(like MBA people)
5
Not to mention everyone else in town
and the community
(Fire, police, EOM and many others)
6
Your job will be vastly easier if you
know what makes people do what the
do.
7
You’ll Work at
All Levels… Contacting Every Worker.
8
Safety + Human Resources
(a marriage made in…)
9
Safety + Human Resources
(a marriage made in…)
10
Safety
Before and After
The 1970s
(can’t practice while you play)
11
Real World
It’s effect on HSE + HR
12
Real World
FLMA/ADA/Etc
13
Real World
Workers Compensation
14
Real World
Is Work Comp the only road that’s
available to an injured worker?
15
Real World
Onboarding and BOQ Testing
16
Real World
Onboarding and BOQ Testing
(you hire’em, you own’em)
17
Orientation
(the first experience with safety rules)
18
Scheduled Safety Training
I’m overworked!!
19
Personal Data
That’s not my job!!
20
Personal Data
That’s not my job!!
21
Hazardous Materials
Table
Hazmat Table
(172.101)
The Hazardous Materials
Table lists materials that have
been identified as hazardous
by the U.S. Department of
Transportation. The Table will
provide you with most of the
information you will need to
prepare your hazmat shipment for transportation.
Classification (173.2)
Determining whether a material is hazardous is the first challenge you face in the hazmat transportation process. Once you
have determined a material is hazardous, you can proceed to
the Hazardous Materials Table and continue on in the process.
What exactly is a hazardous material?
49 CFR 171.8 defines a hazardous material as a material that
is “capable of posing an unreasonable risk to health, safety, and
property when transported in commerce.” A material is considered “hazardous” if it meets one or more of the hazard class
definitions in the hazmat regulations and/or is a hazardous substance, hazardous waste, marine pollutant, or elevated temperature material.
Nine hazard classes are listed in the hazmat regulations, and
some of those classes are broken down into divisions, as well
as a category known as “Other Regulated Material” or “ORM-D.”
1
Hazmat Table
Class
Division
No. No. (if any)
None
None
Forbidden materials
173.21
Forbidden explosives
173.54
1
1.1
Explosives (with a mass explosion
hazard)
173.50
1
1.2
Explosives (with a projection hazard)
173.50
1
1.3
Explosives (with predominantly a
fire hazard)
173.50
1
1.4
Explosives (with no significant blast
hazard)
173.50
1
1.5
Very insensitive explosives; blasting agents
173.50
1
1.6
Extremely insensitive detonating
substances
173.50
2
2.1
Flammable gas
173.115
2
2.2
Non-flammable compressed gas
173.115
2
2.3
Poisonous gas
173.115
Flammable and combustible liquid
173.120
3
2
Name of class or division
49 CFR
reference for
definitions
4
4.1
Flammable solid
173.124
4
4.2
Spontaneously combustible material
173.124
4
4.3
Dangerous when wet material
173.124
5
5.1
Oxidizer
173.127
5
5.2
Organic peroxide
173.128
6
6.1
Poisonous materials
173.132
6
6.2
Infectious substance (Etiologic
agent)
173.134
7
Radioactive material
173.403
8
Corrosive material
173.136
9
Miscellaneous hazardous material
173.140
None
Other regulated material: ORM-D
173.144
Hazmat Table
If you run into a situation where the hazmat you are working with
meets the definition of more than one hazard class, refer to
173.2a — Classification of a material having more than one
hazard.
Using the Hazardous Materials Table (172.101)
Once you have determined that you are shipping a hazardous
material, the single, most important step in using the Hazardous
Materials Table and beginning to prepare your shipment is to
make sure you choose the correct proper shipping name. Once
you have located it in the Table, you will be able to find the
shipping information you need in the corresponding columns.
Column 1 — Symbols (172.101)
Column 1 has 6 symbols that are used to identify hazmat with
special shipping instructions.
The 6 symbols are:
Symbol
Meaning
+
Fixes the proper shipping name, hazard class, and packing
group without regard to whether the material meets the definition of that class or packing group, or meets any other hazard
class definition.
A
Restricts the application of the requirements to materials offered
for transportation by aircraft — unless the material is a hazardous substance or hazardous waste.
G
Identifies proper shipping names for which one or more technical names must be entered in parentheses, in association with
the basic description.
D
Identifies proper shipping names which are appropriate for domestic transportation, but which may be inappropriate for international transportation.
I
Identifies proper shipping names which are appropriate for international transportation. An alternate proper shipping name may
be selected when only domestic transportation is involved.
W
Restricts the application of the requirements to materials offered
for transportation by vessel — unless the material is a hazardous substance or hazardous waste.
3
Hazmat Table
Column 2 — Hazmat descriptions and proper
shipping names (172.101)
Column 2 lists the descriptions and proper shipping names that
can be used to describe hazardous materials. It is important to
remember that the proper shipping names are the ones shown
in Roman type, not italics.
However, words and punctuation marks in italics may be used
in addition to the proper shipping name. They are not required
to be used in your proper shipping name description. It is your
choice.
Sample from the Hazardous Materials Table
Symbols
(1)
Hazardous materials
descriptions andproper
shippingnames
(2)
Pentachloroethane
Pentachlorophenol
Pentaerythrite tetranitrate (dry)
Pentaerythrite tetranitrate
mixture, desensitized, solid,
n.o.s. or Pentaerythritol tetranitrate mixture, desensitized, solid, n.o.s. or PETN
mixture, desensitized, solid,
n.o.s., with more than 10 percent but not more than 20
per- cent PETN, by mass
Hazard
class or
Division
Identification
Numbers
(3)
(4)
6.1 UN1669
6.1 UN3155
Forbidden
4.1 UN3344
PG
(5)
Label
Codes
Special
provisions
(§172.102)
(6)
II 6.1
II 6.1
(7)
IB2, T7, TP2
IB8, IP2, IP4,
T3, TP33
II 4.1
118, N85
(8)
Packaging
(§173.***)
Excep- Nontions
bulk
(8A)
(8B)
153
202
153
212
None
214
Bulk
(8C)
243
242
None
What happens when you can’t find the technical name of
the hazmat in Column 2?
It is possible the material may not be hazardous. If it is, you
must select a generic or n.o.s. name that most accurately
describes the hazmat.
If a name has not already been picked or determined, it may be
a good idea to talk with your supervisor/manager to make certain the right name is selected.
Column 3 — Hazard class or division (172.101)
Column 3 shows the hazard class or division that
corresponds to the proper shipping name. Because the
hazard class or division number will help determine how a
hazmat is packaged
4
Hazmat Table
and labeled, it is very important that the one listed for the
selected proper shipping name matches the material being
transported. This is especially true when more than one
hazard class or division is shown.
Sample from the Hazardous Materials Table
Symbols
Hazardousmaterials
descriptions andproper
shippingnames
(1)
Hazard
class or
Division
Identification
Numbers
PG
(3)
(4)
(5)
(2)
D G Compounds, cleaning liquid
8 NA1760
Label
Codes
(6)
I 8
III 8
3 NA1993
(7)
A7, B10, T14,
TP2, TP27
B2, IB2, N37,
T11, TP2,
TP27
IB3, N37, T7,
TP1, TP28
T11, TP1
IB2, T7, TP1,
TP8, TP28
B1, B52, IB3,
T4, TP1, TP29
II 8
D G Compounds, cleaning liquid
Special
provisions
(§172.102)
I 3
II 3
III 3
(8)
Packaging
(§173.***)
Excep- NonBulk
tions
bulk
(8C)
(8A)
(8B)
None
201
243
154
202
242
154
203
241
150
150
201
202
243
242
150
203
242
The word “Forbidden” will be located in Column 3 when
the
hazmat in question is too hazardous to be
transported. Keep in mind, however, that the prohibition may
not apply if the hazmat is diluted or stabilized.
Column 4 — Identification numbers (172.101)
Column 4 displays a proper shipping name’s UN, NA, or ID
identification number. Numbers preceded by “UN” mean the
proper shipping name is appropriate for both domestic
and in- ternational transportation, while numbers preceded
by “NA” mean the proper shipping name is for domestic
transportation only, as well as to and from Canada.
Sample from the Hazardous Materials Table
Symbols
Hazardous materials
descriptions and proper
shippingnames
(1)
Hazard
class or
Division
Identification
Numbers
(3)
(4)
PG
Label
Codes
(5)
(6)
Special
provisions
(§172.102)
(7)
(8)
Packaging
(§173.***)
Excep- NonBulk
tions
bulk
(8A)
(8B)
(8C)
(2)
D Diesel fuel
3 NA1993
III None
I Diesel fuel
3 UN1202
III 3
144, B1, IB3,
T4, TP1, TP29
144, B1, IB3,
T2, TP1
150
203
242
150
203
242
Numbers preceded by the letters “ID” are associated with
proper shipping names recognized by the ICAO Technical Instructions.
5
Hazmat Table
Column 5 — Packing group (PG) (172.101)
Column 5 provides the PG number that corresponds to the
proper shipping name and hazard class of the hazmat. The
packing group tells you the degree of danger a hazmat presents
during transportation.
If more than one packing group is shown for a proper
shipping name, you will have to refer to the class-specific
sections in Part 173 (173.121 for Class 3, 173.125 for Class
4, etc.), to determine the packing group for your material.
• Packing Group I indicates great danger.
• Packing Group II indicates medium danger.
• Packing Group III indicates minor danger.
You will notice that no PG number is assigned to Class 2, Class
7, limited quantity and some Division 6.2 and Class 9 materials.
Sample from the Hazardous Materials Table
Symbols
(1)
Hazardousmaterialsdescriptions
andpropershippingnames
(2)
Engines, internal combustion,
or Engines, fuel cell,
flammable gas powered
Engines, internal combustion,
or Engines, fuel cell,
flammable liquid powered
G Environmentally hazardous
substances, liquid, n.o.s.
Hazard
class or
Division
Identification
Numbers
PG
(3)
(4)
(5)
Label
Codes
Special
provisions
(§172.102)
(6)
(7)
(8)
Packaging
(§173.***)
Exceptions
Nonbulk
Bulk
(8A)
(8B)
(8C)
9 UN3166
9
135
220
220
220
9 UN3166
9
135
220
220
220
9 UN3082
III 9
8, 146, 335,
IB3, T4, TP1,
TP29
155
203
241
Column 6 — Labels (172.101)
Column 6 identifies the label codes that correspond with
the hazard warning label(s) that must be applied to the
hazmat’s packaging, unless the material is excepted from
the labeling requirements.
6
Hazmat Table
Sample from the Hazardous Materials Table
Symbols
Hazardous materials
descriptions andproper
shippingnames
(1)
(2)
Carbon dioxide, refrigerated
liquid
AW Carbon dioxide, solid or Dry
ice
Carbon disulfide
Carbon monoxide, compressed
D Carbon monoxide, refrigerated liquid (cryogenic liquid)
Hazard
class or
Division
Identification
Numbers
(3)
(4)
PG
(5)
2.2 UN2187
Label
Codes
(6)
2.2
9 UN1845
III None
3 UN1131
I 3, 6.1
2.3,
2.1
2.3,
2.1
2.3 UN1016
2.3 NA9202
Special
provisions
(§172.102)
(7)
(8)
Packaging
(§173.***)
Excep- NonBulk
tions
bulk
(8C)
(8A)
(8B)
306
304
217
217
314,
315
240
B16, T14, TP2,
TP7, TP13
4
None
201
243
None
302
4, T75, TP5
None
316
314,
315
318
T75, TP5
What happens when more than one label code is listed?
The first code indicates the primary hazard; additional
codes indicate subsidiary or secondary hazards. See the
Labeling topic for additional information on primary and
subsidiary haz- ards
Column 7 — Special provisions (172.101)
Column 7 is where you will find special provisions that provide
specific instructions about the hazmat. The codes in Column
7 are found in Section 172.102.
Sample from the Hazardous Materials Table
Symbols
Hazardous materials
descriptions andproper
shippingnames
(1)
Hazard
class or
Division
Identification
Numbers
PG
(3)
(4)
(5)
Label
Codes
Special
provisions
(§172.102)
(6)
(7)
(8)
Packaging
(§173.***)
Excep- NonBulk
tions
bulk
(8C)
(8A)
(8B)
(2)
Borneol
4.1 UN1312
+ Boron tribromide
8 UN2692
Boron trichloride
Boron trifluoride
2.3 UN1741
2.3 UN1008
III 4.1
A1, IB8, IP3,
T1, TP33
I 8, 6.1 2, B9, B14,
B32, N34, T20,
TP2, TP13,
TP38, TP45
2.3, 8 3, B9, B14
2.3, 8 2, B9, B14
None
213
240
None
227
244
None
None
304
302
314
314,
315
7
Hazmat Table
A number listed by itself means it applies to multi-modal
trans- portation; the various letters used and what they
apply to are:
Code
Applies to
A
Transportation by aircraft
B
Bulk packagings, other than UN, IM specification portable tanks,
or IBCs
IB or IP Transportation in IBCs
N
Non-bulk packaging
R
Transportation by rail
T
Transportation in UN or IM specification portable tanks
TP
Additional UN or IM specification portable tank information, as
required
W
Transportation by water
Column 8 — Packaging (172.101)
Column 8 is made up of three separate columns of packaging
authorizations:
• 8A is for exceptions.
• 8B is for non-bulk packaging.
• 8C is for bulk packaging.
If the word “None” is shown in any of the three columns, the
exception or that type of packaging — non-bulk and/or bulk —
is not authorized, except as may be provided in the Special
provisions column.
Sample from the Hazardous Materials Table
Symbols
Hazardousmaterials
descriptions andproper
shippingnames
(3)
(1)
8
Hazard Identificaclass or
tion
Division Numbers
(4)
PG
Label
Codes
(5)
(6)
(2)
Magnesium peroxide
5.1 UN1476
II 5.1
Magnesium phosphide
4.3 UN2011
Magnesium, powder or Magnesium alloys, powder
4.3 UN1418
I 4.3,
6.1
I 4.3,
4.2
II 4.3,
4.2
III 4.3,
4.2
Special
provisions
(§172.102)
(7)
(8)
Packaging
(§173.***)
Excep- NonBulk
tions
bulk
(8C)
(8A)
(8B)
IB6, IP2, T3,
TP33
A19, N40
152
212
242
None
211
None
A19, B56
None
211
244
A19, B56, IB5,
IP2, T3, TP33
A19, B56, IB8,
IP4, T1, TP33
None
212
241
None
213
241
Hazmat Table
You’ll notice that, at the top of Column 8, there is §173.*** in
parentheses. The numbers listed in the three columns of Column 8 should be substituted for the three asterisks following
173.
For example, if 152 is listed in Column 8A, you would
reference
§173.152 for exceptions.
Column 9 — Quantity limitations (172.101)
Column 9 lists quantity limitations for passenger-carrying
air- craft or rail cars in Column 9A, and cargo aircraft only
in Column 9B. The quantities shown are the maximum
quantities you can offer for transport in a single packaging.
Sample from the Hazardous Materials Table
Symbols
(1)
Hazardousmaterials
descriptionsandproper
shippingnames
(2)
Sodium monoxide
Hazard Identificaclassor
tion
Division Numbers
(3)
(4)
8 UN1825
PG
Label
Codes
(5)
(6)
II 8
Sodium nitrate
5.1 UN1498
III 5.1
Sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate mixtures
5.1 UN1499
III 5.1
Sodium nitrite
5.1 UN1500
III 5.1,
6.1
Sodium pentachlorophenate
6.1 UN2567
II 6.1
Special
provisions
(§172.102)
(8)
Packaging
(§173.***)
(9)
Quantity
limitations
PassenCargo
ger
aircraft
aircraft/rail only
Exce
ptions
Nonbulk
Bulk
(7)
IB8, IP2,
IP4, T3,
TP33
A1, A29,
IB8, IP3,
T1, TP33
(8A)
154
(8B)
212
(9A)
(8C)
240 15 kg
(9B)
50 kg
152
213
240 25 kg
100 kg
A1, A29,
IB8, IP3,
T1, TP33
A1, A29,
IB8, IP3,
T1, TP33
IB8, IP2,
IP4, T3,
TP33
152
213
240 25 kg
100 kg
152
213
240 25 kg
100 kg
153
212
242 25 kg
100 kg
If you see the word “Forbidden,” the hazmat may not be offered
or transported in the mode listed.
9
Hazmat Table
Column 10 — Vessel stowage (172.101)
Column 10 lists the various authorized locations for hazmat
stowage aboard a vessel. Column 10A specifies stowage locations on passenger and cargo vessels; Column 10B lists additional requirements for specific types of hazardous materials.
Sample from the Hazardous Materials Table
Symbols
Hazardousmaterials
descriptionsand proper
shippingnames
Hazard
classor
Division
Identification
Numbers
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
PG
Label
Codes
Special
provisions
(§172.102)
(6)
(7)
(5)
Ferrosilicon, with 30
percent or more but less
than 90 percent silicon
4.3 UN1408
III 4.3,
6.1
Ferrous arsenate
6.1 UN1608
II 6.1
(8)
Packaging
(§173.***)
(10)
Vessel stowage
Exceptions
Nonbulk
Bulk
Location
(8A)
(8B)
(8C)
(10A)
A1, A19,
B6, IB8,
IP4, IP7,
T1, TP33
IB8, IP2,
IP4, T3,
TP33
151
213
240 A
153
212
242 A
D Ferrous chloride, solid
8 NA1759
II 8
IB8, IP2,
IP4, T3,
TP33
154
212
240 A
D Ferrous chloride, solution
8 NA1760
II 8
B3, IB2,
T11, TP2,
TP27
154
202
242 B
Ferrous metal borings
or Ferrous metal shavings or Ferrous metal
turnings or Ferrous
metal cuttings in a form
liable to self-heating
Fertilizer ammoniating
solution with free
ammonia
4.2 UN2793
III 4.2
A1, A19,
IB8, IP3,
IP7
None
213
241 A
2.2 UN1043
2.2
306
304
314, E
315
N87
Other
(10B)
13, 40,
52, 53,
85, 103
40
40
The codes in 10A are:
Code
10
Meaning
A
The material may be stowed “on deck” or “under deck” on both
passenger and cargo vessels.
B
A material may be stowed “on deck” or “under deck” on a cargo
vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one
passenger per each three meters of overall vessel length. A material may be stowed “on deck only” on passenger vessels in which
the number of passengers specified in the previous sentence is
exceeded.
C
The material must be stowed “on deck only” on both cargo and
passenger vessels.
Hazmat Table
Code
Meaning
D
A material must be stowed “on deck only” on a cargo vessel and
on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited
to not more than the larger of 25 passengers or one passenger
per each three meters of overall vessel length. The material is
prohibited on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of
passengers in the previous sentence is exceeded.
E
A material may be stowed “on deck” or “under deck” on a cargo
vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one
passenger per each three meters of overall vessel length. The
material is prohibited from carriage on passenger vessels in
which the limiting number of passengers in the previous sentence
is exceeded.
The numerical codes in 10B are found in 176.84(b).
11
Shipping Papers for
Next Time!
A shipping paper provides a record of
what is being transported and provides
first responders with necessary
information for emergency response.
HM shipping papers must be within the
driver’s reach with the seat belt on and
visible to first responders entering the
vehicle.
Shipping Papers
(Part 172, Subpart C)
Shipping papers serve a number of functions, such as providing key information about the
hazmat
being
transported.
Emergency response is one important thing to consider when
you fill out a shipping paper.
Someone’s life may depend on
it. What you put on the shipping
paper could provide emergency
responders the information
needed to make the difference
between life and death if an incident occurs.
Shipping papers are required for
each and every hazmat shipment, for all modes of transportation, unless specifically excepted by the Hazardous Materials
Regulations.
How can you tell if a hazmat is excepted from
shipping papers?
Unless it is a hazardous waste, hazardous substance, or marine
pollutant, the following materials do not require shipping papers
• A material that has an “A” or a “W” in Column 1 of the
Hazardous Materials Table, except when offered by air or
water.
• A limited quantity, except when offered /transported by air
or water.
• A Category B infectious substance prepared in accordance
with 49 CFR 173.199.
• Before January 1, 2021, a package of ORM-D material
when offered by highway, rail, or vessel.
13
Shipping Papers
• A material of trade.
In most cases, shipping papers must be prepared by the person
who is offering the hazmat for transport. While the hazmat regulations do not specify what kind of a form you should use for
shipping papers, the regulations are pretty specific about what
information should be provided.
Here is an example of a typical form and the information
needed:
© Copyright 2 0 1 0 J. J. KEL L ER & ASSOCI ATES, INC. ® , Neenah, W I • USA • (800) 327-6868 • jjkeller.com • Printed in the United States
CONTAINS HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
STRAIGHT BILL OF LADING – ORIGINAL – NOT NEGOTIABLE
Carrier
Shipper’s No.
Carrier’s No.
SCAC
RECEI VED, subject to individually determined rates or contracts that have be e n agreed upo n in writing between the carrier a nd shipper, if applicable, otherwise to the rates, classifications a nd rules that have be e n
established by the carrier a nd are available to the shipper, o n request; a nd all applicable state a nd federal regulations;
at
, date
from
the Property described below, in apparent good order, except as noted (contents and condition of contents of packages unknown), marked, consigned, and destined as indicated below which said company (the word company being understood throughout this
contract as meaning any person or corporation in possession of the property under the contract) agrees to carry to delivery at said destination, if on its route, or otherwise to deli ver to another carrier on the route to said destination. It is mutually agreed as to each carrier
of all or any of said Property over all or any portion of said route to destination and as to each party at any time interested in all or any of said Property that every service to be performed hereunder shall be subject to all the conditions not prohibited by law, whether
printed or written, herein contained, including the conditions on the back hereof, which are hereby agreed to by the shipper and accepted for himself and his assigns.
TO:
FROM:
Shipper
Street
Origin
Zip
Zip
Route
Vehicle
Number
Delivering Carrier
Number and Type
of Packages
2
drums
HM
X
I.D.
Number
UN1654
1
c ase
NICOTINE
X
UN1133
Remit COD to:
Address:
City:
Class or
Rate
II
200 lbs.
3
II
25 lbs.
10 lbs.
Adhesives
State:
Weight
(subject to
correction)
6.1
Brushes
1
box
Zip:
Subject to Secti on 7 of conditions, if this
shi pment is to be deli vered to the c onsi gnee
w i t hou t r ec our se on the c onsi gn or , the
consignor shall sign the following statement:
The carrier shall not make deli very of this
shi pm ent wi thout pay ment of fr ei ght and all
other lawful charges.
NO TE: W he re t he ra te is de pe nde nt o n v a lue, s hi ppe rs a re re qui re d to s t a te specifically in writing
t he a gree d o r dec la re d va lue of t he pro pe rty . The a gree d o r dec la re d va lue of t he pro pert y is
he re by specifically s t a t e d by t he s hi ppe r to be no t e xc e e ding $
Pe r
(Signature of Consignor)
PLACARDS
REQUIRED
This is to certify that the above-named materials are properly classified, described, packaged, marked
and labeled, and are in proper condition for transportation according to the applicable regulations of
the Department of Transportation. Per Michael Greene
SHIPPER:
CODAMT:
COD FEE:
$
Collect □
TOTAL CHARGES:
NOT E: Liability Limitation for loss or d a m a ge in this s h ip m e nt m a y b e applicable. Se e 4 9 U.S.C.
14706(c)(1)(A) a n d (B).
PER:
U.S. D OT Hazmat
Reg. Number
Pkg. Total Quantity
(mass, v olume, or
Grp.
activity)
Hazard
Class
Description of Articles
$
Prepaid □
$
FREIGHT CHARGES:
□
PLACARDS
SUPPLIED
CONTAINS HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
CONTAINS HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Consignee
Street
Destination
□
Prepaid
BY SHIPPER
□
□
Collect
BY CARRIER
DRIVER’S
SIGNATURE:
CARRIER:
Michael Greene
DAT E: 06/01/2010
PER:
8-BLS-A3 371 (Rev. 9/10)
DATE:
NAME OR CONTRACT NUMBER
OR OTHER UNIQUE IDENTIFIER:
EMERGENCY RESPONSE
TELEPHONE NUMBER:
(800) 123-4567
A12345
CONTAINS HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Hazmat entries (172.201)
Hazmat entries must be easily identified on the shipping paper.
If both hazardous and non-hazardous materials are listed on the
same shipping paper, the hazmat entries must be:
• Entered first, or
• Identified with an “X” or “RQ,” as appropriate, in a column
that is designated “HM,” or
14
Shipping Papers
• Entered in a contrasting color (hazmat entries may be
highlighted only on shipping paper copies).
Hazmat description (172.202)
The hazmat you are offering or transporting must be described
using the information contained in the Hazardous Materials
Table. The information required for the shipping description
must include:
• The identification number.
• The proper shipping name.
• The hazard class or division number.
• The subsidiary hazard class or division number entered in
parentheses.
• The packing group (PG), if any.
• The total quantity of the hazmat, by net or gross mass,
capacity, or as otherwise appropriate.
• Number and type of packages.
The first five items listed above are a hazardous material’s basic
description.
The subsidiary hazard class or division number is not required
when the corresponding subsidiary hazard label is not required.
The total quantity of the hazmat, may be entered either before,
after, or both before and after the material’s basic description. It
must also indicate the appropriate unit of measure, which may
be abbreviated (gal, lbs, kg, etc.).
For domestic shipments, primary and subsidiary hazard class or
division names may be entered following the numerical hazard
class or division, or following the basic description.
Total quantity is not required for empty hazmat packaging, cylinders of Class 2 hazmat and bulk packagings. However, some
indication of total quantity for Class 2 cylinders and bulk packagings must be shown (10 cylinders or 1 cargo tank).
Abbreviations are not usually allowed in the proper shipping
name, except for “ORM” (Other Regulated Material), and abbreviations that actually are part of the description in Column 2
of the Hazardous Materials Table (TNT, PCB).
15
Shipping Papers
Additional information
Additional information about the hazmat may be entered on the
shipping paper, provided it is put after the basic description and
is not inconsistent with the required description.
Technical names (172.202 & 172.203)
If the proper shipping name has the letter “G” in Column 1 of the
Hazardous Materials Table, the technical name must be entered
in parentheses along with the basic description. The word “contains” or “containing” may be used, as needed.
Example:UN1993,Flammable liquids, n.o.s. (contains Xylene
and Benzene), 3, II.
Reportable quantity (172.203)
The letters “RQ” must be entered before or after the basic description if the hazmat is a hazardous substance. The letters
“RQ” may be placed in the HM column instead of an “X.”
Number and Type
of Packages
1
drum
HM
I.D.
Number
RQ UN2809
Description of Articles
Mercury
Hazard
Class
8
Quantity
Pkg. Total
(mass, volume,
Grp.
or activity)
III
Weight
(subject to
correction)
400 lbs.
Limited quantity (172.203)
When a shipping paper is required, limited quantity materials
must have the words “Limited Quantity” or the abbreviation “Ltd.
Qty.” following the basic description.
16
Shipping Papers
Poisonous inhalation materials (172.203)
The words “Poison-Inhalation Hazard” or “Toxic-Inhalation Hazard” followed by “Zone A,” “Zone B,” “Zone C,” or “Zone D,” for
gases, or “Zone A” or “Zone B” for liquids must be entered on the
shipping description for hazmat poisonous by inhalation (PIH).
The word “Poison” or “Toxic” or the phrase “Poison-Inhalation
Hazard” or “Toxic Inhalation Hazard” need not be repeated if it
already appears in the shipping description.
Marine pollutants (172.203)
The words “Marine Pollutant” must be included with the basic
description for a marine pollutant when the proper shipping
name does not tell you it is a marine pollutant.
Number and Type
of Packages
1
drum
HM
I.D.
Number
UN2570
Description of Articles
Cadmium Compounds
Hazard
Class
6.1
Quantity
Pkg. Total
(mass, volume,
Grp.
or activity)
III
Weight
(subject to
correction)
450 lbs.
Elevated temperature material (172.203)
The word “HOT” must be placed in front of the proper shipping
name if the hazmat is an elevated temperature material.
Special permits (172.203)
“DOT-SP” followed by the appropriate special permit number
must be entered on the shipping paper so it is clearly associated
with the description of the hazmat with the special permit.
Emergency response telephone number
(172.604)
Most shipping papers are required to have a telephone number
listed that can be called in an emergency. It must be the number
of the person offering the material for transportation or an
agency that is capable of, and accepts responsibility for, providing detailed emergency response information about the hazardous material(s) on the shipping paper.
17
Shipping Papers
The number must be entered on the shipping paper immediately
following the description of the hazmat or entered once on the
shipping paper in a visible location, indicating it is for emergency
response information, provided the number applies to each
hazmat listed.
SHIPPER:
PER:
CARRIER:
Michael Greene
DAT E: 06/01/2010
8-BLS-A3 371 (Rev. 9/10)
DATE:
PER:
NAME OR CONTRACT NUMBER
OR OTHER UNIQUE IDENTIFIER:
EMERGENCY RESPONSE
TELEPHONE NUMBER:
(800) 123-4567
A12345
CONTAINS HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Emergency response telephone number requirements do not
apply to limited quantities of hazmat offered for transportation
and materials properly described under the following shipping
names:
• Battery powered equipment
• Battery powered vehicle
• Carbon dioxide, solid
• Castor bean
• Castor flake
• Castor pomace
• Consumer commodity
• Dry ice
• Engines, internal combustion
• Fish meal, stabilized
• Fish scrap, stabilized
• Krill meal, PG III
• Refrigerating machine
• Vehicle, flammable gas powered
• Vehicle, flammable liquid powered
• Wheelchair, electric
For emergency assistance involving hazmat, agencies are
listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. The agencies all
requested to be listed as providers of emergency response
18
Shipping Papers
information and agreed to provide emergency response information to all callers. Each provides advice 24 hours a day, 7
days a week, for anyone requesting assistance at the scene of
an incident.
Agencies and the telephone numbers listed are:
CHEMTREC, (800) 424-9300
CHEM-TEL, INC., (800) 255-3924
INFOTRAC, (800) 535-5053
3E COMPANY, (800) 451-8346
Upon receipt of a call of an incident, the agency contacted will
provide immediate advice and contact the shipper for more
detailed information, as well as request assistance at the scene,
as necessary. Contact the various agencies for more information about fees and services provided.
The National Response Center may also be called at (800)
424-8802.
If the number is that of the person offering the material for
transportation, the number must be monitored at all times the
hazmat is being transported. The person must be knowledgeable of the hazards and characteristics of the hazmat, and must
have emergency response and incident mitigation information
for the material, or have immediate access to someone who
does.
Answering machines, beepers/pagers, and voice mail are not
acceptable!
NOTE: Effective October 1, 2010, the offeror/shipper name or
the emergency response information provider’s contract number or unique identifier must be included on the shipping paper
if an emergency response telephone number is used, unless the
offeror/shipper name is prominently displayed elsewhere on the
shipping paper.
Shipper’s certification (172.204)
The shipper’s certification certifies that the hazmat has been
prepared in accordance with the regulations. The certification
must be printed manually or mechanically on the shipping
paper.
19
Shipping Papers
Retention (172.201 & 177.817)
Shippers are required to retain a copy or electronic image of
each hazmat shipping paper for two years after the material is
accepted by the initial carrier. Carriers must retain the shipping
paper copy for one year after the material is accepted. Each
shipping paper must include the date of acceptance by the
carrier.
Hazardous waste manifests must be retained for three years by
the shipper, by the initial carrier, and each subsequent carrier for
three years from the date the waste was accepted by the initial
carrier.
20
Training Requirements
1
A hazmat employee is anyone
whose job function affects
the transportation of hazmat
in any way.
In practice, that term
includes the clerk who
develops shipping papers or
the administrative staff who
maintains those documents
according to DOT recordkeeping requirements.
2
It is the person who applies labels to boxes, or
determines the materials’ hazards, and the
person who writes the emergency response
information or packs the boxes.
3
It is important to note that truck drivers who
haul hazardous freight are also hazmat
employees.
4
Not only is a hazmat endorsement required on
their commercial driver’s license (CDL) for
hazmat shipments requiring placards, but they
must also have DOT training. Hazmat drivers
must receive their initial DOT training within 90
days of employment
5
DOT hazmat training requirements, give some
thought to your operation and consider which
roles in your company could affect the safe
transport of hazardous materials at any stage.
6
Every hazmat
employee in the
U.S. is required to
undergo a
minimum of
training including:
7
✓General Awareness of hazardous materials
including the risks and how to recognize them,
✓Function Specific training relevant to their job
function
✓Security Awareness training to explain the risk
of terrorism and unauthorized persons gaining
access to the hazmat they have onsite and how
to prevent that from occurring.
8
Safety Training
✓ Safety Training to prevent exposure
✓In depth security training, general company
and site-specific training
✓Response training to security risks or breaches
9
The good news is that some of the training is the
same for all roles. General Awareness training,
for example, will be pretty much the same
information regardless of the job the employee is
performing.
10
Function Specific training, however, is the bulk
of the requirement, and this must be specific to
the function being performed. That means
someone whose only job is to generate hazmat
shipping papers will have very different training
than a rail car loader.
11
Hazardous Materials Technician
Hazardous Materials Technician (HMT) is a five-day
course that prepares Operations-level responders for
Technician-level Hazardous Materials (HAZMAT)
certification.
12
Hazardous Materials Technician
This 40-hour course, based on NFPA® 1072: Standard for
Hazardous Materials/Weapons of Mass Destruction
Emergency Response Personnel Professional
Qualifications and NFPA® 472 standards, provides
participants with HAZMAT-specific response knowledge
and skills, enabling them to respond safely and effectively
to a suspected incident at the hazardous materials
technician level.
13
✓Plan a response to a hazardous materials
incident
✓Identify hazardous material container damage
✓Identify hazardous materials
✓Estimate size of an endangered area
✓Terminate the incident
14
✓Perform decontamination operations
✓Don and doff personal protective equipment level A
✓Don and doff personal protective equipment level B
✓Contain a leak in a 55-gallon drum
✓Contain a leak in a pressurized container
✓Contain a leak in a MC 306/DOT 406 Dome Cover
15
The procurement staff that purchases your
placards and gaskets will have very different
training than the packaging staff preparing small
packages for air shipment.
16
Handlers will include information such as the
properties of the materials they are handling, the
appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE)
they will need to stay safe, proper handling
procedures and precautions,
17
as well as steps to
take if they are
exposed to the
material and how
to use the
mitigation
equipment like
eyewash stations,
for example.
18
The amount and type of training necessary
entirely depends on what that role will be. If all
you expect an employee to do is to notify their
supervisor or the security department of the
security breach, the training will be quite
19
If the employee is in a managerial role and is
expected to take more extensive action, such as
dealing with the threat of violence and
contacting local authorities, the training will be
more involved.
20
Training Frequency
21
Initial training must be provided to new hazmat
employees or those that have changed job
functions within 90 days of the start of their
employment or new role.
22
If they must assume their duties immediately
then under direct supervision of a qualified
person— meaning someone who has already
been trained and can demonstrate sufficient
competency to properly oversee someone else’s
work.
23
Once the initial training has been completed,
DOT hazmat training must be repeated at least
every three years, unless the employee’s job
function changes or the regulations which
govern their tasks changes.
24
Many companies will go into much greater detail
during initial training but keep it short and sweet
during recurrent training.
By that time, the employee has been doing the
job for several years, and many of the employees
will have had recurrent training many times.
25
Recurrent training is required for two important
reasons:
(1) to refresh important information or safety
precautions, especially if the facility has had
any accidents or injuries in recent years,
(2) to update the employees about any changes
to regulations or company policies that will affect
their job function.
26
It is the decision of each hazmat employer to
decide how to train their employees. Oftentimes,
larger companies will have an in-house training
department to train their staff on all topics they
will need, both hazmat and beyond.
27
There are two drawbacks to this choice to
consider.
(1) In-house training provides only one
perspective.
(2) in some cases, the trainers have never been
field employees. They have not performed
the jobs of the people they are performing.
28
Many companies will try to get the best of both
worlds by sending one or two of their own
people to a public workshop hosted by an
outside training firm and then expect those
employees to come back and train everyone else
on what they learned.
29
The downside to this approach is three-fold. The
company assumes:
(1) The training class provides the employee with
sufficient knowledge and expertise to be able
to successfully pass it on to his or her coworkers,
30
(2) the employee gleans all necessary
information from the class that applies to their
company and its employees,
(3) they will be able to convey information
without error. These are risky assumptions.
31
Therefore, online training
is best reserved for the
more experienced
employees who have
completed recurrent
training a few times and
just need a refresher and
an update on changes.
32
The U.S.
government, the
mantra is “if you
didn’t document
it, you didn’t do
it.” That is never
truer than when
it comes to
training records.
33
You must document and retain those records for
a specified period, you also must record it
properly since specific information must be on
the training record for it to be valid.
34
The documents may be kept manually or
digitally, but you must ensure that all required
information is present on the record, regardless
of its format.
35
The training
records must be
readily available
upon request
from a DOT
inspector.
36
A hazmat employer must keep U.S. DOT training
records for three years, or until the next
refresher class is taught, whichever comes first.
37
If a hazmat employee leaves your company, their
training record must be kept for 90 days after
they leave. If you maintain training records for
longer than required, DOT may inspect them
and write violations for any defects they
identify.
38
Hazmat employees should be given a copy of
their training records for each class they
complete successfully. That is not a regulatory
requirement, but a good practice since that
training is still valid if he or she should go to a
new employer while their training is current.
39
1. Employee’s Name
2. Most recent completion date of the training
3. A description, copy or location of the training
materials used
4. Name and address of the trainer
5. A certification statement by employer that
the employee has been trained and tested.
40
This is usually a sentence on the certificate that
says something like,
“As a representative of ABC Chemical Company,
Inc., I hereby certify that the abovenamed
employee has been trained and tested in
accordance with the requirements at 49 CFR
Subpart H (Hazmat Training Regulations @ § §
172.700-704).”
This would then be signed by the employee’s
supervisor or another authorized representative
of the company either manually or digitally.
41
Fines and Penalties for Training violations
One of the most frequent violations issued by
government regulators in the hazmat industry is
a failure to train the right people on the right
material at the right intervals.
42
If you have questions, you can reach out to your
regulator or seek assistance from an outside
consultant to help you evaluate your company’s
needs.
43
Effective July 31, 2019, any
violations assessed for training
related non-compliance start at a
minimum of $ 493 per person,
per day. This can add up quickly.
44
A company with 10 hazmat employees. They
were due for their refresher on the first of this
month. It’s now the 15th of the month and all 10
employees are now 14 days past due for their
training. 10 employees x 14 days past due x $
493 minimum fine = $ 69,020 to start..
45
If this is not your first time getting this violation,
or there was a spill or an injury because of this
delayed training, a larger fine may be assessed.
By regulation, it cannot be less than $ 69,020.
46
A hazmat employer must ensure that each of its
hazmat employees is tested by appropriate
means on the training subjects covered. The DOT
does not specify how to conduct the testing.
47
The DOT
does not
specify
how to
conduct
the
testing.
48
Offering the test in a traditional written form of
true and false, or multiple-choice questions.
Challenging an employee to assemble, fill, and
close a package; and then mark and label it
properly.
49
Asking the employee to identify errors on a mock
DOT hazmat shipping paper.
Presenting a hypothetical shipment and asking
the employee to select the proper placards he or
she must offer the driver
Observing the employee prepare a rail siding
and pump product into a rail car using a quality
control checklist.
50
The hazmat employer has the right to decide
what testing method is best for the company’s
hazmat employees.
Regardless of the methodology, the test, answer
master, and test results should be part of the
training materials and available to the DOT
inspector.
51
Naming
Choosing a Proper Shipping
Name
1
Selecting the correct Proper Shipping Name
(PSN) is arguably the most critical function in the
process of offering hazmat into transportation.
2
The PSN will drive every subsequent step
regarding this shipment— including the mode of
transportation allowed; the quantity that can be
shipped; the type of packaging authorized; the
labels, markings, and placards; and shipping
paper requirements.
3
Choose the PSN Only from
Column 2 of the §172.101 HazMat Table
4
The regulations require you to choose the most
specific and accurate name available that best
describes the material being shipped.
5
Chosen from column 2 of the §172.101 hazmat table.
This list is organized alphabetically. You may not alter
the name shown except for specific allowed variations
like those listed below. You cannot make up your own
name no matter how reasonable.
6
In ROMAN TYPE. Italicized words are not authorized.
Italicized words following Roman type are optional,
however. It is your choice to use them or not.
7
Show the same way they are written in the table. You
are not allowed to abbreviate, use chemical formulas or
acronyms, or leave out Roman type words. If an “or”
separates names in Roman type, you may choose the
form that best suits your material.
8
Modified only in these permissible ways:
✓Singular or plural (e.g., battery or batteries)
✓ Punctuation is optional (nos or n.o.s.)
✓“Toxic” can be replaced with “poison” or “poisonous”
when only domestic (U.S.) transportation is involved.
✓The word “liquid” or “solid” may be used to describe
the physical form of the material being shipped.
9
PSN Must be Modified as follows when applicable
✓If the material is a hazardous waste and the word
“waste” is not included in the PSN, (e.g., a class 9
Hazardous waste liquid, NOS or Hazardous waste solid,
NOS), you must add it preceding the proper shipping
name.
10
PSN Must be Modified as follows when applicable
✓Mixtures and solutions must have the word “mixture”
or “solution” added to the PSN as appropriate, with a
few exceptions.
✓The word “sample” must appear as part of the PSN
when you are shipping a material, other than a waste,
for the purposes of hazard class testing.
11
✓The PSN you choose must match the actual hazards of
the material for hazard class, subsidiary
hazard class(es), Packing Group, and physical form.
The only exception to this cardinal rule is when the PSN
that best describes your material has a “+” in Column 1 of
the hazmat table.
12
13
14
Caution
Do not select an alternative name to get regulatory
relief if you don’t like the transportation options given
by the name that most closely represents your material.
This is a very serious violation of the regulations and can
result in stiff civil penalties and possibly even criminal
penalties.
15
16
1. Generic Proper Shipping Names
A “G” in column 1 means the entry is a generic proper
shipping name. You must add the technical name( s) of
the constituents that predominantly contribute to the
hazards (one, or at least two if there are two or more) in
parenthesis following the PSN.
17
2. Naming Mixtures
Mixture means a material composed of more than one
chemical compound or element. Solution means any
homogeneous liquid mixture of two or more chemical
compounds or elements that will not undergo any
segregation under conditions normal to transportation.
18
Two or More Hazardous Materials
Some mixtures and solutions are so common, the DOT
has included a PSN for them on the hazmat table.
Examples include “Chlorate and borate mixtures,”
“Butadienes and Hydrocarbon mixture,” and
“Hydrofluoric and sulfuric acid mixtures.”
19
Two or More Hazardous Materials
Some mixtures and solutions are so common, the DOT
has included a PSN for them on the hazmat table.
Examples include “Chlorate and borate mixtures,”
“Butadienes and Hydrocarbon mixture,” and
“Hydrofluoric and sulfuric acid mixtures.”
20
To Be Continued
21
Classification
And how it works
1
Classifying hazardous materials involves
determining the hazards of your material or
article, then assigning it a hazard class or
division.
2
This determination is typically done through
testing, such as flashpoint and boiling point
testing for Flammable Liquids, destruction of skin
and metal corrosion for corrosives, and lethal
exposure values for poisons.
3
4
Most tests follow prescribed methodologies such
as those developed by ASTM (American Society
for Testing and Materials) or ISO (International
Organization for Standardization).
5
If test results fall within defined thresholds for
any of the hazard classes, the substance or
article is a hazardous material. (This is true
regardless of the quantity of the material.)
6
If test results fall within defined thresholds for
any of the hazard classes, the substance or
article is a hazardous material. (This is true
regardless of the quantity of the material.)
7
Most materials in today’s workplace are
accompanied with a Safety Data Sheet, SDS.
Finding the classification can be gotten from this
document.
8
9
Establishing the severity of the hazard can be
established by referring to the SDS.
10
Packing group I: substances presenting high danger; Packing group II: substances
presenting medium danger; and. Packing group III: substances presenting low danger.
11
There are nine main hazard classes (1– 9) and
some of those are further broken down into
divisions.
12
The divisions are represented with decimal
points, such as 2.3 or 6.1. If there is no decimal,
it is simply referred to as the hazard class, such
as 3 or 8.
13
Most hazardous materials exhibit only one
hazard, such as a 2.1 Flammable Gas. However, it
is possible for a material to exhibit more than
one hazard.
14
The most dangerous of the multiple hazards is
called the “Primary Hazard.” Any other hazards of
that material are called “Subsidiary Hazard( s).”
A Flammable Liquid, Class 3, is a subsidiary poison inhalation hazard.
… Example: A Flammable Liquid, Class 3, is a subsidiary poison
inhalation hazard.
15
A Flammable Liquid, Class 3, is a subsidiary poison inhalation hazard.
… Example: A Flammable Liquid, Class 3, is a subsidiary poison
inhalation hazard.
16
“Nitrogen Trioxide” is a Poison Gas, Division 2.3,
an Oxidizer, Division 5.1, and a Corrosive, Class 8.
Again, the poison gas is the most dangerous
hazard that this material exhibits so it is the
Primary Hazard.
17
Many hazard classes and divisions are further
divided up into various categories that tell us
how dangerous a material is relative to other
materials in the same hazard class.
Packing Groups
18
Packing Groups (PG) are primarily used to
determine how strong a package you need for
the relative level of danger. Packing Groups,
always expressed as Roman numerals
19
20
PG III— low level hazard (minor danger),
requires strong packaging (stronger than what is
needed for general, non-hazardous freight).
21
PG II— medium level hazard (medium danger),
requires stronger packaging (stronger than what
is needed for a PG III material).
22
Not all hazard classes have Packing Groups.
Class I *
All Class I is now shipped in PGII
23
Hazard Zones
24
Hazard Zones are exclusively used to express the
relative level of danger for Poison Inhalation
Hazards (PIH), which are also known as Toxic
Inhalation Hazards (TIH).
25
Hazard Zones only apply to Divisions 2.3 (poison
gas) and 6.1 (poison, other than a gas). Class 6.1
poison inhalation hazards are PG I
26
Division 2.3* materials are never assigned
Packing Groups. (Note: you may have poisons
that are not inhalation hazards and are therefore
not assigned hazard zones; they can be oral or
dermal hazards of PG I, II, or III.)
*Poison Gas
27
Division 2.3* materials are never assigned
Packing Groups. (Note: you may have poisons
that are not inhalation hazards and are
therefore not assigned hazard zones; they can be
oral or dermal hazards of PG I, II, or III.)
*Poison Gas
28
Hazard Zone
PIH/ TIH materials of Division 2.3 Poison Gas can
be assigned Hazard Zone A, B, C, or D, with A
being the greatest relative danger and D being
the least.
PIH/ TIH materials of Division 6.1 Poisons can be
assigned Hazard Zone A or B only, with A being
the greatest relative danger and B being the
least.
29
Hazard Zone
If the material is a poison inhalation hazard, your
shipment will be subject to additional
requirements for marking, labeling, placarding,
and shipping papers.
30
To Be Continued
31
Ethanol Industry
Safety Perspective
CCCHST REFRESHER
2008
HMTRI
KIRKWOOD COMMUNITY
COLLEGE
Ethanol Industry Expanding
 1980’s
 Measurable Ethanol Production: 200 million gallons per year
 Midwest States: Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska
 1990’s
 Ethanol Production Process efficiencies
 Molecular Sieves replace Benzene systems
 2000’s
 Expanding past Midwest
 Average plant size up from 40 to 100 million gal/year
 Today
Fuel Ethanol Use
 Midwest gasoline blended at all octane levels
Traditional Markets
 Northeast Market: Reformulated Gasoline
 MTBE replacement
 Western States
 Oregon 10% mandate
 California moving from 6% to 10% blends
 Southeast States
 Effort to increase ethanol blended with all gasolines

United States Transportation Fuels
 Gasoline Market- 140 Billion Gallons per year
Ethanol – 8.4 Billion Gallons per year
 E85- 120 million Gallons per year
 Domestic production expected to be 13.6 billion gallons/
year by 2009

 Diesel Market- 40 Billion Gallons per year

~200 million gallons Biodiesel
Ethanol Production
The Ethanol Production Process
Basic ingredients:
Cereal Grains + water + heat + enzymes + yeast
1 Bushel of #2 Yellow Dent Corn produces:
2.7 Gallons of 200 Proof Ethanol
17 Pounds of Distillers Dried Grains
17 Pounds of Carbon Dioxide
Feed Stock
Alpha Amylase Enzyme
Gluco Amylase Enzyme
Cooking
Steam
Cooling
Cooling Water
Saccharification
Cooling
Cooling Water
CO2
Yeast
Yeast Propagation
Cooling Water
Non volatiles
Fermentation
Beer Stripping
Beer Rectification
Cooling Water
Steam
Cooling Water
190 Proof
Steam
Dehydration
Cooling Water
200 Proof
Natural Gasoline
Denature
Storage & Transportation
Rust Inhibitor
Cooking & Fermenting
 …basically just making
“beer” with cooling water &
steam…
 Typically brewing to 10% 15% ethanol
 Beer don’t burn!
 Probably least hazardous
process area in the plant
Production Hazards
 Flammable Liquids


Ethanol
Denaturant, typically Natural Gasoline, Unleaded
Gasoline
 Grain Handling


Corn
Dust Collection
 Process Chemicals

Acids/ Caustics/ Surfactants
ETHANOL

Derived from fermenting corn (“moonshine”) or other organics – sugar, switchgrass, etc

Burns cleaner than gas – but with 2/3 the energy

Gasohol – E-10 (10% ethanol, 90% gasoline)

2006 there were 6 million E85 cars (flexible fuel cars)

Current US production – 6.4 billion gallons/year

Projected production in 2009 – 12.5 billion gallons/year

Average plant production capacity – 100 million gallons/year

E85 blending projected at 50 million gallons/year
Fuel Ethanol Properties
 Content: E95, 95% Ethanol, 5% Denaturant: Natural




Gasoline, Unleaded, Naphtha
Characteristics
 Boiling Point: 78°C
 Vapor Pressure: 44@ 20°C
 Completely miscible with water
MSDS
Compatibility- alcohol resistant materials
E85 very similar to this product, higher denaturant
Ethanol/EBF – A Closer Look
 LEL = 3% (EBF 1.4%)
 UEL = 19% (EBF 16%)
 Miscible in water (hydrophilic)
 Flash point = 55 F
 Vapor Desity = 1.59 (heavy)
 Auto Ignition = 973 F\
 Can have oxygenates (MTBE/ETBE)
How Alternative Fuels Compare
Product
AutoIgnition
Flash
Point
LEL/UEL
UN/NA
ERG
Guide
Foam
Ethanol
685 F
55 F
3.3% 19%
1987
127
AR
E 85
495 F
-55 to 55
F
1.4% 19%
1993
128
AR
536 F
-45 F
1.4% 7.6%
1203
128
AFFF* or
AR
Biodiesel
B100
n/a
>321 F
n/a
n/a
B-2
>494 F
140 F
1.3% 6%
1993
128
AFFF or
AR
B 20
1131 F
150 F
1% – 7%
1993
128
AFFF or
AR
E-10
(gasohol)
AFFF or
AR
Ethanol Plant Flammable Liquids
 Distillation/ Storage Area: Class I, Division I Safety




190 Proof Ethanol present in first distillation process
 Little if any storage, in process flow
200 Proof Ethanol present in anhydrous process
 Small day tank storage, typical 95%
 UN 3475 used for all transportation for E85
 Ethanol content >10%,