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Is anyone can complete these documents due today 8:00 PM?
There are almost 90 questions include choice question and gap filling.
Name:
Sec:
C
hapter 2: The Chemistry of Life
Module 2.1
A
ll life is made of molecules, which are made of atoms.
1.
The scientific study of matter is chemistry.
2.
Fill in the table regarding the states of matter by providing an example of each that is
NOT
in your book.
Solid
Liquid
Gas
E
xample
3.
Match the following terms with their correct definitions:
matter, atom, molecule, element, compound
a.
The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of its specific type of matter:
b.
A substance that cannot be broken into a simpler substance:
c.
Anything that occupies space and takes up mass:
d.
Substances with two or more elements in a fixed ratio:
e.
Atoms that are bonded to one another:
4. Fill in the following diagram that illustrates the relationship between compounds and elements:
a.
b.
5. Neapolitan ice cream is vanilla, chocolate, and strawberry combined in a 1:1:1 ratio.
B
riefly explain how Neapolitan ice cream is a good analogy for compounds.
6. Complete the following diagram with regard to chemical reactions:
Module 2.2 All matter consists of chemical elements.
7.
are substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
8. What elements are in the compound NaCl (table salt)?
9. Is H2O (water) an element? If not, explain your answer.
10. Where can you find all of the elements listed by atomic number?
11. Complete the following diagram of an element from the periodic table:
12. Which of the following elements make up the majority of organisms?
a.
|_| Carbon
b.
|_| Hydrogen
c.
|_| Oxygen
d.
|_| Nitrogen
e.
|_| All of the above
13. Fill in the following table regarding elements found in organisms:
Required in large amounts
Required in small amounts
Required in tiny amounts
% contribution to your cells
Example
Module 2.3 Atoms are composed of subatomic particles.
14.
Atoms are made of smaller substances referred to as .
15. An atom comprises what three smaller substances:
1.
2.
3.
16. Complete the following table regarding atoms:
Subatomic particle
Mass
Charge
17. Match the following terms to the proper characteristic. Some terms may be used more than once:
Nucleus, proton, electron, neutron, electron shell, subatomic particles
a.
Has no mass:
b.
Found in the nucleus:
c.
Center of the atom:
d.
Contains electrons:
e.
In constant motion:
f.
Protons, electrons, neutrons:
18. Complete the following diagram of the atom:
19. An atom of carbon has six protons. What if you change the number of protons to seven? Is it still carbon? Explain your answer.
20.
vary in the number of electrons.
21. Briefly explain how you can have two atoms of carbon, yet each have a different atomic weight.
22. Atoms are considered to be electrically neutral (no overall electric charge) unless stated otherwise. If you have an ion (an atom with an electric charge), what subatomic particle has to vary? Breifly explain why.
23. Complete the following table by filling each line with the correct volume:
Element
Atomic Number
Mass Number
Number of Protons
Number of Neutrons
Number of Electrons
Carbon-12
12
6
Nitrogen-14
7
7
Chlorine-35
35
17
Oxygen-16
8
Carbon -14
Module 2.4 Atoms are held together by chemical bonds.
24.
What are the three ways in which atoms can interact with one another with respect to their electrons?
1.
2.
3.
25. An attractive force that holds two atoms together is generically referred to as a(n):
a.
|_| molecule
b.
|_| chemical bond
c.
|_| electron cloud
d.
|_| compound
26.
Complete the following diagram illustrating ionic bonds. Atom X gives one |_|electron to each atom Y. What are the ions that form as a result? Put the charges under each atom.
27. Which of the following would be considered a covalent bond?
a.
|_| double bond
b.
|_| single bond
c.
|_| triple bond
d.
|_| all of the above
28. Methane is to a nonpolar covalent bond as H2O is to a(n):
a. |_| chemical bond
b.
|_| ionic bond
c.
|_| polar covalent bond
d. |_| triple bond
29. Complete the following diagram illustrating chemical bonds:
a.
b.
c.
d.
D
C
B
A
30. Match the following terms to their definition:
Ionic bond, covalent bond, polar covalent bond, nonpolar covalent bond, hydrogen bond
a.
A weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen and a slightly negative atom:
b.
Two atoms sharing electrons:
c.
Atoms sharing electrons equally:
d.
A bond that forms between oppositely charged atoms:
e.
A bond based on the unequal sharing of electrons:
31. Label the different bonds on the following diagram:
Module 2.5 The structure of water gives it unique properties.
32.
True or False. If false, make a true statement: Electrons are shared equally between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms in a molecule of water.
33. Label the following diagram with the following terms:
Hydrogen bond, unequal sharing of electrons, – charge, + charge
A
E
D
C
B
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
34. Briefly explain what would happen to a large body of water (think Lake Superior) if ice didn’t float.
35.
Because water is , it is able to dissolve many of life’s important substances.
36. Oils are nonpolar substances (molecules formed by nonpolar covalent bonds) that do not interact with water. Explain why oils are not attracted to water, whereas a substance like NaCl (table salt) is attracted to H2O. Hint: Think of why water molecules are attracted to each other.
37. Which of the following is a unique property of water?
a.
|_| cohesion
b.
|_| floating as ice
c.
|_| being a crucial solvent
d. |_| all of the above
Name:
Sec:
C
hapter 2: The Chemistry of Life
Module 2.6 The pH is a measure of the acidity of a solution.
1.
A
solution where the water is the solvent is called a(n) solution.
2.
Label the diagram with the following terms: hydroxide ion, hydrogen ion
3.
What are two negative effects of too much acid in nature?
4. Complete the pH scale with the following terms/phrases: greater H+, lower H+, H+ = OH-
5. As the pH increases the [H+] ____, and as the pH decreases the [H+] ____.
a.
|_| decreases; increases
b.
|_| increases; decreases
c.
|_| increases; stays the same
d.
|_| decreases; stays the same
6. Complete the following table regarding acids and bases:
Acids
B
ases
E
ffect on [H+] when dissolved in H2O
pH range
Example
7. The pH in your cells is droppin
g.
You have buffers to minimize this change in pH. Briefly explain what the buffer would do in this situation with respect to the H+ concentration in your cells.
Module 2.7 All life on earth is based on carbon.
8.
The element is essential to an organic compound.
9. What is meant by the term carbon skeleton, and how can carbon skeletons vary?
10. Is the following molecule an organic compound?
11. The oxygen atom in ethyl alcohol forms a polar covalent bond with the carbon atom.
D
oes ethyl alcohol readily interact with water? (Hint: revisit module 2.5 if necessary)
12. Explain why the circled elements comprise functional groups.
13.
help to determine the overall properties of molecules.
14. Complete the table that describes the four classes of large biological molecules:
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
F
unction
Example
Module 2.8 Most biological macromolecules are polymers.
15.
Much of your mass consists of large biological molecules called .
16. What is the process by which polymers are broken into monomers?
a.
|_| metabolism
b.
|_| dehydration synthesis
c.
|_| macromolecules
d.
|_| hydrolysis
17. A common polymer is starch. We break starch down for use as an energy sourc
e.
Is starch digestion hydrolysis or dehydration synthesis?
18. Complete the following diagram using the following terms: dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis
A.
B.
19. Which of the following best describes the following process:
G
lucose + Glucose Maltose + H2O
a.
|_| polarity
b. |_| hydrolysis
c. |_| metabolism
d. |_| dehydration synthesis
20. What term is missing from the arrow of the following diagram, which illustrates dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis:
21.
is the total of all reactions that take place in your cells.
22. How are dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis opposites of each other?
Module 2.9 Carbohydrates are composed of monosaccharides.
23. Which of the following is not a characteristic of carbohydrates?
a.
|_| Energy source for animals
b.
|_| Inclusion of monosaccharides
c.
|_| Use as a structure in plants
d.
|_| All of the above
24.
The monomers of carbohydrates are .
25. Glucose is a monosaccharide. Is glucose also a carbohydrate? Explain your answer.
26.
Glucose and fructose both have the molecular formula C6H12O6, yet they are different molecules. Glucose and fructose are .
27.
Two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis would form a(n) . List two examples of a disaccharide:
1.
2.
28. Complete the following illustration regarding monosaccharides and polysaccharides. Mark those polysaccharides that glucose is used to construct with an “*”.
29. Complete the following table regarding monosaccharides and polysaccharides.
Starch
Glucose
Cellulose
Glycogen
Monomer or Polymer?
Function
Module 2.10 Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules.
30.
The one feature common to all lipids is that they are .
31. A tanker is carrying crude oil from Alaska to a port in California. During the trip, the ship’s hull is ruptured and spills the crude oil into the Pacific Ocean. The oil sits on top of the water and does not mix with it. What characteristic must be true about the oil?
32. A cell’s membrane consists, in large part, of a molecule called a phospholipid. Does a phospholipid “love” or “fear” water? Briefly explain your answer.
33. Complete the following diagram of a phospholipid:
B
A
a.
b.
34. The two layers of phospholipid that make up a cell’s membrane are arranged so that they are facing tail to tail. What would be the effect of this interior core of phospholipid tails? Hint: Keep in mind what you already know about phospholipid tails.
35. True or False. If false, make a true statement: Cholesterol is used within the cell to help maintain the structure of the cell’s membrane.
36. Which of the following is a lipid?
a.
|_| triglycerides
b.
|_| cholesterol
c.
|_| anabolic steroids
d.
|_| all of the above
37. Are both steroids and triglycerides in your body? If so, give a function performed by each.
Module 2.11 Your diet contains several different kinds of fats.
38. There are two kinds of triglycerides. What are they?
39. Which fatty acid tail from the following diagram is saturated? Which one is unsaturated? Explain how you know.
A
B
a.
b.
40. Saturated means that an object can hold no more of something. Explain why the terms saturated and unsaturated are good descriptors for the molecules they describe.
41. You are a biochemist working for a food manufacturer. You are working to identify a new fat you discovered in a plant from a rainforest in Brazil. During your investigation, you determine that the fat tends to be a liquid at room temperature, and biochemical analysis reveals to few hydrogen atoms for the amount of carbon that is present. What kind of fat have you likely discovered?
42. An unsaturated fat can be turned into a solid or semi-solid state by:
a.
|_| omega-3 fatty acidification
b.
|_| hydrophilic
c.
|_| hydrogenation
d.
|_| unsaturation
43. Two students are discussing triglycerides. One student tells the other that all fats are bad for your health. The second student disagrees. Which student is correct and why?
Module 2.12 Proteins perform many of life’s functions.
44.
A protein’s determines its function.
45. Which are the monomers from which large proteins are constructed:
a.
|_| polymers
b.
|_| amino
acids
c.
|_| polypeptides
d.
|_| peptide
bonds
46. Amino acids are joined by what type of covalent bond:
a. |_| peptide
b.
|_| protein
c.
|_| carboxyl
d. |_| amino
47. You are a biochemist working for a pharmaceutical company. You are identifying a new molecule you have isolated for a species of bat. You determine that the molecule contains a carboxylic acid group and a group of atoms that would give the molecule unique hydrophilic properties. The power goes out before you finish your analysis. Based on what you know so far, what kind of molecule is it? What else might you have learned from it if the power had not gone out?
48. True for False, If false make a true statement: Amino acids are joined together through a dehydration synthesis reaction forming a peptide bond.
49. Complete the table on protein structure:
Polypeptide
Folded chain
Multiple Chain
Description
50. Proteins serve many functions within your body. List three functions served by proteins in your body. Additionally, list a specific protein that performs that function.
1.
2.
3.
51. Protein shape is crucial to its proper function. Students have difficulty grasping this idea and how changing shape affects its function. Briefly explain how the words tasty and nasty can serve as a good analogy for a teacher trying to explain the concept to students.
Module 2.13 Enzymes speed chemical reactions.
52.
A protein that accelerates a chemical reaction is a(n) .
53. True or False, if false make a true statement: A chemical reaction changes the shape of the enzyme permanently.
54. Complete the following diagram regarding enzymes and substrates.
B
D
C
A
a.
b.
c.
d.
55. Explain what would happen if you altered the shape of an enzyme’s active site. Remember that an enzyme is a protein.
56. The amount of energy needed to perform a chemical reaction is the:
a.
|_| activation energy
b.
|_| substrate energy
c.
|_| active site
d.
|_| inhibition site
57. Complete the following diagram, which illustrates the effect of enzymes on activation energy.
C
G
F
E
D
B
A
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
58. In pole vaulting, the higher the bar is placed, the more difficult is to clear it. Explain why this is a good analogy to help students understand enzymes and activation energy.
