Reflect

One page: George Orwll’s Reflect on what he says. also look for examples of what Owrwell discusses in your world

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r

r

back to th e m w h e n n e c e s s a r y

ave ra g e , bu t a r e fa ir ly r e p r e s e n ta tiv e s a m p le

s

. I n u m b e r th e m s o th a t I c a n r e fe r

v ario u s o f th e m e n ta l v ic e s ]r o m w h ic h w e n o w s u
f fe r . T h e y a r e a little b e lo w th e

ba d – I c o u ld h a v e q u o te d fa r w o r s e if I h a d c h o
s e n

– b u t b e c a u s e th e y illu s tra te

T he s e fiv e p a s s a g e s h a v e n o t b e e n p ic k e d o u
t b e c a u s e th e y a r e e s p e c ia lly 3

gu ag e a s it is n o w h a b itu a lly w r itte n

.

w ill h a v e b e c o m e c le a r e r . M e a n w h ile , h e r e a r e fiv e s p e c im e n s o f th e E n g lis h la n

–

to th is p r e s e n d % a n d I h o p e th a t b y th a t tim e th e m e a n
in g o f w h a t I h a v e s a id h e r e

ffiv o lo u s a n d is n o t th e e x c lu s iv e c o n c e r n o f p r o fe s s io n a l w r ite r s . I w ill c o m e b a c k

ste p to w a r d s p o litic a l r e g e n e r a tio n s o th a t th e fig
h t a g a in s t b a d E n g lis h is n o t

the se h a b its o n e c a n th in k m o r e c le a r ly , a n d to th in k c le a r ly is a n e c e s s a r y fir s t

can b e a v o id e d if o n e is w illin g to ta k e th e n e c e s s a r y tr o u b le . If o n e g e ts r id

o f

pec ially w ritte n E n g lis h , is fu ll o f b a d h a b its w h ic h s p r e a d b y im ita tio n a n d w h ic h

fo o lish th o u g h ts . T h e p o in t is th a t th e p r o c e s s is r e v e r s ib le . M o d e r n E n g lis h , e s
–

are fo o lis h , b u t th e s lo v e n lin e s s o f o u r la n g u a g e m a k e s it e a s ie r fo r u s to h a v e

to th e E n g lis h la n g u a g e . It b e c o m e s u g ly a n d in a c c u r a te b e c a u s e o u r th o u g h ts

m o re c o m p le te ly b e c a u s e h e d r in k s . It is r a th e r th e s a m e th in g th a t is h a p p e n in g

m ay ta k e to d
rin k b e c a u s e h e fe e ls h im s e lf to b e a fa ilu r e

, a n d th e n fa il a ll th e

pro d u c in g th e s a m e e f fe c t in a n in te n s ffie d fo r m , a n d s o o n in d e fin ite ly . A m a n

vid u a l w rite r . B u t a n e fİ e c t c a n b e c o m e a c a u s e , r e in fo r c in g th e o r ig in a l c a u s e a n d

an d e c o n o m ic c a u s e s It is n o t d u e s im p ly to th e b a d in n u e n c e o f th is o r th a t in d i-

N o w , it is c le a r th a t th e d e c lin e o f a la n g u a g e m u s t u ltim a te ly h a v e p o litic a l

in sh u m e n t w h ic h w e s h a p e fo r o u r o w n p u rp o s e

s .

this lie s th e h a ll
L
c o n s c io u s b e lie f th a t la n g u a g e is a n a tu r a l g r o w th a n d n o t a n

pre fe r
ń n g c a n d le s to e le c tr ic lig h t o r h a n s o m c a b s to a irp la n e s . U n d e r n e a th

tha t a n y suggle a g a in s t th e a b u s e o f la n g u a g e is a s e n tim e n ta l a r c h a is m
, lik e

th e a rg u m e n t r u
n s – m u s t in e v ita b ly s h a r e in th e g e n e r a l c o lla p s e . It fo llo w s

ac tio n d o
a n y th in g a b o u t it . O u r c iv iliz a tio n is d e c a d e n Ł a n d o u r la n g u a g » s o

gu a g
e is in a b a d w a y , b u t it is g e n e r a lly a s s u m e d th a t w e c a n n o t b y c o n s c io u s

M o st p e o p le
w h o b o th e r w ith th e m a tte r a t a ll w o u ld a d m it th a t th e E n g lis h ]a n

–

1984 (19 4
9
) . 7M s e s s a o n e o f th e rn o r e h » ıo u s o f th e tto e n lie th c e n tu ry r e la te s

slo p p y
tııin k iw a n d w r it in g w ith Þo łit ic a l o p p r e s s io n .

Jlected in t
h e stıtir ic Ja b le A n im a l F a r m ( 1 9 4 5 ) a M in th e b le a k

, f« tu r is t ic n o d e t

exp er
ie tıce a d isd a in o f to ta lita r ia n a n d irn p e r ia tis tic

\ te m s . Th is a ttih łd e is r p

ı922 to ı9 2 7 in B u r ın a , Jbırg h t in th e S p a n is h c ŕ u il W b a n d a c q u ir e d 加 m h &

n o u e list

,

e s s a yķ t, a n d jo u n ta lis t. O r w e ll se r u e d w ith th e Į n d ia n I m p e r ia l P o lic e 加 m

G e o r � e O rw e ıı ( 1 9 0 3
– 19 5 0 ) w a s th e Þs e itd o n y n o f E r ic A r th ıır B ıa ir

, a n E n g lish

G e o rg e O r w e u

P o litic s a n d th e E n g lis h La n g u a g e

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5

P e tty
– b o u r g e o is ie t o c h a u v in is t ic fe r v o r o n b e h a lf o f th e lig h t ą g a in s t th e

c a ū o n
, to fo u l in c e n d ia r is m

, to m e d ie v a l le g e n d s o f p o is o n e d w e lls , to ]e g a ıize

r is in g tid e o f th e m a s s r e v o lu tio n a r y m o v e m e n t h a v e tu r n e d to a c ts o f p r ow »

c a p ta in s , u n ite d in c o m m o n h a tr e d o f S o c ia lis m a n d b e s t ia l h o r r o r o f th e

4 . A ll th e

‘

b e s t p e o p le

”

ir o m th e g e n d e m e n
‘

s c lu b s
, a n d a ll th e Jr a n tic f · a s c isr

– E s s a y o n p s y c h o lo g y in p o litic s (N e w Y o r k )

h a ll o f m ir ro r s fo r e ith e r p e r s o n a lity o r ir a te r n ity ?

Is n o t th is th e v e r y p ic tu r e o f a s m a ll a c a d e m ic ? W h e r e is th e r e a p la c e in this

m u tu a l r e fle c tio n o f th e s e sesecure in te g r itie s . R e c a ll th e d e ó n itio n o f low

da n g e r o u s . B u t o n th e o th e r s id e , th e s o c ia l b o n d its e lf is n o th in g b u t the

in te n s ity , th e r e is little in th e m th a t is n a tu r a l
, ir r e d u c ib le , o r c u ltu rally

o f c o n sc io u s n e s s a n o th e r in s titu tio n a l p a tte r n w o u ld a lte r th e ir n u m b e r and

tr a n s p a r e n t fo r th e y a r e ju s t w h a t in s titu tio n a l a p p r o v a l k e e p s in th e fo refront

fo r it h a s n e ith e r c o n flic t n o r d r e a m . Its d e s ir e s
, s u c h a s th e y are, a r e

3 . 0 n th e o n e s id e w e h a v e th e Jr e e p e r s o n a lity b y d e ıin itio n it is n o t n e urotic

P ro fe s s o r L a n c e lo t H o g b e n U n lea ib ssa)

w h ic h p r e s c rib e s s u c h e g r e g io
u s c o llo c a tio n s o f v o c a b le s a s th e b a si c þ$t

qw ith fo r to le r a te o r 9 14t a t a lo ss fo r b e iu ild e r

2 . A bo v e a ll, w e c a n n o t p la y d u c k s a n d d r a k e s w ith a n a tiv e b a tte ry of jđion s

pofessor H a r o ld L a s k i (e s s a y in F n ted o m o í E rp ra n o*)

th a t je s u it s e c t w h ic h n o tM n g c o u
ld in d u c e h im to to le r a te

.

I o
lindr

,

e x p e ń e n c e e
v e n m o r e b itte r in e

a c h y e a r , m o r e a lie n (s ic ) to th , F
f’

s e e m e d n o t u n lik
e a s e v e n te e n th

« e n tu r y S h e l】e y h a d n o t
,
. .

ıq

,

2 4

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pa s s iv e v o ic e is w h e r e v e r p o s s ib l
e u s e d i

n p r
e fe r e n c

e to th e

a

c tiv e , a n d n o u nge n e ral- p u rp o s e s v e r b s u c h a s p

r o tìe , s e
r u e , Jo n pn , pla y ,

r e n der. In a d d itio
n , th e

sim p le v e rb s . In s te a d o f b e in g a s in g
le w o r d ,

s u c h a s b r e a k ,
s to p , s po il, m e n d ,

a te n d e n cy to , s e r n e tk e p u rp o s
e o f e tc . E tc .

T h e k e y n o te i

s

th e e lim in a tio

n o fbo u e th e efle ct o f, pla y a ıe a d in g p a
r t (r o te ) in ,

ī n a ke itselelt, ta k e ell
e c t , e x hibit

u n a c c e p ta b le , m a ke c o n ta c t tu ith ,
be s u b je c te d to , g i

u e ris e to , g iu e g r o
u n d s J o n

sw w w e try . c h a r a c te r is tic p h r a
s e s a r e r e n d e

r in o þe m
tiu e , m ilita te a g a

in st, þr o u e
sam e ū m e p a d e a c h s e n te

n c e w ith e x tr
a s y lla

b le s w h ic h g
iv e it a n a p p e a r

a n c e o f
The se s a v e th e tr o u b le o f p ic k in g o u t

a p p r
o p r ia

te v e r b s a n d
n o u n s , a n d a t th e 6

O p e ra û o r s , o r V e r b a l F a l s e I
i n ıb s

o ń g in a l p h r a s e .

th in k w h a t h e w a s s a y in g w o u ld b
e a w a r e o f th is , a n d w o u ld a v o id p e

r v e r tin g
tha t b re a k s th e h a m m e r , n e v e r th e o t

h e r w a y a b o u t :
A w r ite r w h o s to p p e d to

im p lic a ū o n th a t th e a n
v il g e ts th

e w o r s t o f it . In r e a l life it is a lw a y s th e a n
v il

An o th e r e x a m p le is th e h a m m e r
a n d th e a n u il, n o w a lw a y s u s e d w ith th e

aw a r e o f th e fa c t . F o r e x a m p le , to e
th e lin e is s o m e tim e s w r itte n to w th e lin e

.

tw iste d o u t o f th e ir o r ig i
n a l m e a n in g w ith o u t th o s e

w h o u s e th e m e v e n b e in g

n o t in te r e s te d
in w h a t h e is s a y in g . S o m e m e ta p h o r s n o w c u r r e n t h a v e b e e n

in c o m p a tib le m e
ta p h o r s a

r e fr e q u e n tly m ix e d , a s u r e s ig n th a t th e w r ite r is
w ith o u t k n

o w le d g e o f
th e ir m e a n in g (w h a t is a

”

r ift,
”

fo r in s ta n c e ? ) , a n d
on th e o rd

e r o f th e d a y , A c h iu e s
‘

h e e l, s a l a n s o n g , h o tb e d . M a n y o f th e s e a r e u s e d
n o a x e to g

r irıd , g r ist to th e īn ill , fts h in g in tr o u b le d w a te r s , r ift w ith in th e h łte ,
lin e , r i? ro 1łg

h s lıo d o D e r , s ta n d s h o u ıd e r to s h o u ld e r 1» ith , pla y in to th e h a n d s o f,
emselves. E x a

m p le s a r ee .
R in g th e c h a n g e s o n , ta k e u p th e c u d g e ls fo r , to e th e

m e re ly
u s e d b e c a

u s e th e y s a v e p e o p le th e tr o u b le o f in v e n tin g p h r a s e s fo r

hu g e d u
m p o f

w o r n o u t m e ta p h o r s w h ic h h a v e lo s t a ll e v o c a tiv e p o w e r a n d a r e

u se d
w ith o u t

lo s s o f v iv id n e s s . B u t in b e tw e e n th e s e tw o c la s s e s th e r e is a
tio n ) h

a s in e f
fe c t r e v e r te d to b e in g a n o r d in a r y w o r d a n d c a n g e n e r a lly b e

o n th
e o th e

r h a n d a m e ta p h o r w h ic h is te c h n ic a lly

·

d e a d
”

(e . g . , ir o n r e s o lu –
A n e w

ly
in v e n te

d m e ta p h o r a s s is t s th o u g h t b y e v o k in g a v is u a l im a g e , w h ile 5

Dyin g
M e ta p h

o r s

Gť o
tg

e W
W · ”

1 2 5

T
ıre 1l /

p o ū ti
c s a n d th e E n g ıis h L a n g u a g e

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‘
A n in te r e s tin g illu s tr a tio n o f th is is th e w a y in w h ic h th e E n g lis h flo w e r n a m e s w h ic h w e r e in u s e

w o r d s th a t w ill c o v e r

o n e
‘

s
m e a n in g . T h e r e s u lt, in g e n e r a l, is a n in c r e a s e in

r o o t w ith th e a p p r o p r ia te a f lix a n d
, w h e r e n e c e s s a r y , th e – iz e fo r m a tio n . It is

a n d h u n d r e d s o f

.

o th e r s c o n s t a n t ly g a in g r o u n d fr o m th e ir A n g lo
– sa x o n

lik e e x p e d ite
, a m e lio r a te

, þr e d ic t
, e a lra n e o tts

, d e l a c in a 初 试 c ıa n d e slin e , s u ba q u eo ıs

fo r e ig n p h r a s e s n o w c u r r e n t in E n g lis h . B a d w r ite r s
, a n d e s p e c ia lly s c ie n tific,

s c h a u u n g , a r e u s e d to g iv e a n a ir o f c u ltu r e a n d e le g a n c e . E x c e p t fo r th e u se ńrl

ja c k b o o t
, c la ń o n . F o r e ig n w o r d s a n d e x p r e s s io n s s u c H a s c u l d e s a c

, a n c in

u s e d to d ig n ity th e s o r d id p r o c e s s e s o f in te r n a tio n a l p o litic s , w hile w ritin g that

histo r ic
, u n lo r g e tta b ıe , tr ilłm Þłıa n t , a g e – o ıd , in e u ita b ıe

. In e x o r a b .
, Ueritie,U,

e E m in a te
, liq u id a te , a r e u s e d to d r e s s u p s im p le s ta te m e n ts a n d g iv e an air of

7 W o r d s ħk e Þiıe n o m e n o n
, e ıu n e n t , in d iu id u a ı fa s n o u n ), o bie c tiu e

, c a teıorica!

P r e t e n tio u s D ic t io n

囲四国
1 2 6 C h a p te r 2 C r itic a l W ritin g pocess

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12 7

w D itte r s w e e t o f r e s ig n a tio n .
”

(ř » e try Q u a r te r ly )

n o ‘ ” t ric h e , to . e . . f

‘ ” tu th . . fr u n g . , e jlh e

‘

. ° _
‘

T
‘” n o t [O l h e , W iħ , n o ,

Łiclesia s te s
E n g lis h o f th e W o r s t S o r t . H e r e is a w e ll- k n o w n v e r s e * o m

giv e a n o th e r e x a m p le o f t h e k in d o f w r itin g th a t th e y le a d to . T his tim e it m u s t

case s m o re o r le s s d is h o n e s tly a r e c la s s
, lo la lita r ia n

, s c ie n c e
, Þr o g r e s s iu e , r e a c –

m ad e w ith in te n t to d e c e iv e . O th e r w o r d s u s e d in v a r ia b le
‘

m e a n in g s , in m o s t

State m e n ts lik e M a ?s h a l P é la i n z{ıa s a t r u e p a tn o t
, D ze S o u ie t p r e s s is th e T r e e s t

tie d d o w n to a n y o n e m e a n in g . W o r d s o f th is k in d a r e o f te n u s e d in a c o n –

are p ra is in g it C o n s e q u e n tly th e d e fe n d e r s o f e v e r y k in d o f r é g im e c la im th a t

o n ly is th e r e n o a g r e e d definition
, b u t th e a tte m p t to m a k e o n e is r e s is te d ir o m

are sim i'” r ‘” a b u s e d . T h e w o r d Fas”s'” h a s n o w Ëfi£j*įtiįla h io tic , r e a lis tic , jłts tic e , h a v e e a c h o f th e m s e v e r a l d if fe r e n t m e a n in g s w h ic h

w e re in v o lv e d , in s te a d o f th e ja r g o n w o r d s xjx . . . .
, :

. . . ii s :
‘

ate ly s
trik in g th in g a b o u t M r . X

‘

s
w o r k is its

p e c u lia r d e a d n e s s
,

”

th e r e a d e r

th e s e n s e
ex p e

c te d to d o s o b y th e r e a d e r . W h e n o n e c r itic w r ite s
,

‘

m e o u ts ta n d in g fe a –

tha t th e y
n o t o n ly d o n o t P o in t to a n y d is c o v e r a b le o b je c t

, b u t a r e h a r d ly e v e n

In c e r t
a in k in d s o f w r itin g , P a r tic u la r ly in a r t c r itic is n l a n d lite r a r y c r itic is n i

, it 8

is n o rm
a l to c o m e a c r o s s lo n g P a s s a g e s w h ic h a r e a lm o s t c o I n p le te ly la c k in g in

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a r r a n g e d a s ĥ
‘

b X
y o ”

, ň x ï i . H –

– s y lt i.

i ã v ‘ ” u o n c e y o u h a v e th e h a b it- to s a y l rım y o p in io m

y e t u n iv e r s a l
, a n d o u tc ro p s of

s rm p lic ity w ill o c c u r h e r e a n d th e r e in th e w o r s t- w ritte n p a g e . S till. If yo u o r [

w a n t
.

To e x a g g e r a te . T his k in d o f w r itin g is n o t
E n g lis h . Į do no t

s h o r te n e d v e r s io n o f th e m e a n in g c o n ta in e d in th e fir s t . Y e t w ith o u t a d o u b t it is

ph ra s e Çtim e a n d c h a n c e
·

) th a t c o u ld b e c a lle d v a g u e . T h e s e c o n d c o n ta in s not

a n d o n e ir o m G r e e k . M e fir s t s e n te n c e c o n ta in s s ix v iv id im a g e s , a n d o n ly one

n e s s . N o w a n a ly z e th e s e tw o s e n te n c e s a little m o r e c lo s e ly . T h e first co n tains

c o n te m p o ra r y p h e n o m e n a
”

– w o u ld e v e r ta b u la te h is th o u g h ts in th a t p rec ise

dis c u s s in g – n o o n e c a p a b le o f u s in g p h r a s e s lik e

°

o bje c tiv e c o n sid e ra tio n of

III
·

O

ra c e
, ba ttle , br e a d – – dis s o l , e n b th e v a g u e p h r a s e

°

s u c c e s s o r k

T his is a p a r o d y , bu t n o t a v e r y g r o s s o n e . E x h ib it (3 ) a b o

1o H e r e it is in m o de rn E n g lis h

12 8
C ha p te r 2 C ritic a l W ritin g pwess and

C

ıi=

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F P o li
tic s a n

d th e E n g lis h
L a n g u a g e

1 2 9

o ıo g y h a s g o n e s o m e d is ta n c e
to w a r d

s tu r n
in g h

im s e lf
in to a

m a c h i
n e . M e a pthe m . A n d th is is n o t a lto g e t h e r fa

n c ifu l.
A s p e a k e

r w h o
u s e s th

a t k in d
o f p h

r a s e

ìs n o t w a tc h in g a liv e h u m
a n b e in g

b u t s o m
e k in d

o f d u m
m y

a fe e lin g
w h ic h

of th e too ıid
, s ta n d s h o u ld e r

Io s h o u ld
e p

– o n e o f
te n h a s

a
‘

c u ń o u s
fe e lin £

th a t o n e
w he n o n e w a tc h e s s o m e tir e d

h . c k . n
th ” latfo r ‘ X X } . J>'”eopłes

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w ith o u t tr ia l
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a n d s e n t tr u d g in g a lo n g th e r o a d s w ith n o m o r e th a n th e y c a n c a r r y T h is is caJ1ed

bu lle ts T h is is c a lle d P a c tjić a tio n . M illio n s o f p e a s a n ts a r e r o b b e d o f th e ir fan n

th e c o u n tr y s id e , th e c a ttle m a c h in e g u n n e d , th e h u ts s e t o n ó r e w ith in c e ndim

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to c o n s is t la rg e ly o f e u p h e m is m , q u e s tio n
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n o t s q u a r e w ith th e p
r o fe s s e d a im s o f p o litic a l p a r t ie s . T ħu s p o litic a l language

bu t o n ly b y a rg u m e n ts w h ic h a r
e to o b r u ta l fo r m o s t p e o p le to fa c e , a n d w h ich d,

de p o r ta tio n s , th e d r o p p
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m b o m b s o n Ja p a n , c a n in d e e d b e d efen

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gu ag e im p lie s m o r e th a n th is , a n d p e r h a p s it is b e s t to s ta r t b y s a y in g w h a t it d o e s

un h sh io n a b le . B u t a ll th e s e a r e m in o r p o in ts . T h e d e fe n s e o f th e E n g lis h la n
–

phra se s a n d s tr a y e d s c ie n tffic w o r d s , a n d , in g e n e r a l, to m a k e p r e te n tio u s n e s s

du ce th e a m o u n t o f L a tin a n d G r e e k in th e a v e r a g e s e n te n c e , to d r iv e o u t fo r e ig n

it sh o u ld a ls o b e p o s s ib le to la u g h th e m o t u n
– fo r m a tio n o u t o f e x is te n c e ,

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sim i】a fly b e g o t ń d o f if e n o u g h p e o p le w o u ld in te r e s t th e m s e lv e s in th e jo b a n d

jee rs o f a fe w jo u r n a lis ts . T h e r e is a lo n g lis t o f fly – blo w n m e ta p h o r s w h ic h c o u ld

w e re ex p lo r e e lle ry a u e n u e a n d le a u e n o s to n e u n tu r n e d
, w h ic h w e r e k ille d b y th e

pro c e s s b u t o w in g to th e c o n s c io u s a c tio n o f a m in o r ity – T w o r e c e n t e x a m p le s

Si】】y w o rd s a n d e x p r e s s io n s h a v e o f te n d is a p p e a r e d , n o t th r o u g h a n y e v o lu tio n a r y

era l to n e o r s p ir it o f a la n g u ą g e g o e s , th is m a y b e tr u e , b u t it is n o t tr u e in d e ta il.

w h o d e n y th is
w o u ld a r g u e , if th e y p r o d u c e d a n a r g u m e n t a t a ll

, th a t ]a n g u

I sa id e a r lie r th a t th e d e c a d e n c e o f o u r la n g u a g e is p r o b a b ly c u r a b le . T h o s e 1 7

thetiz e s a p o r tio n o f o n e
‘

s b ra in .

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phra s
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in to th e fa m ilia r d r e a r y p a tte r n . T h is in v a s io n o f o n e
‘

s m in d b y r e a d y – m a d e

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2 0

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w r ite th e k in d o f s tu ff th a t I q u o te d in th o s e f iv e s p e c im e n s a t th e b e g in n in g
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io n a b le . O n e c o u ld k e e p a ll o f th e m a n d s till w r ite b a d E n g lis h , b u t o n e c o u ld n o t

c h a n g e o f a ttitu d e in a n y o n e w h o h a s g r o w n u s e d to w r it in g in th e s ty le n o
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B r e a k a n y o f th e s e r u le s s o o n e r th a n s a y a n y th in g o u tr ig h t b a r b a r o u s .

th in k o f a n e v e r y d a y E n g lis h e q u iv a le n t .

t . N e v e r u s e a fo r e ig n p h r a s e , a s c ie n tffic w o r d o r a ja rg o n w o r d if y o u c a n

i«. N e v e r u s e th e p a s s iv e w h e r e y o u c a n u s e th e a c tiv e .

iii. If it is p o s s ib ıe to c u t a w o r d o u L a lw a y s c u t it o u t.

ii. N e v e r u s e a lo n g w o r d w h e r e a s h o r t o n e w ill d o .

u s e d to s e e in g in p rin t

i. N e v e r u s e a m e ta p h o r , s im ile o r o th e r fig u r e o f s p e e c h w h ic h y o u a re

c o v e r m o s t c a s e s

r u le s th a t o n e c a n r e ly o n w h e n in s ti
n c t fa ils . I th in k th e fo llo w in g r u le s w ill

c a n o fte n b e in d o u b t a b o u t th e e f fe c t o f a w o r d o r a p h r a s e , a n d o n e n e ed s
p h r a s e s , n e e dle s s r e p e titio n s , a n

d h u m b u g a n d v a g u e n e s s g e n e r a lly . B u t o ne

T his la s t e ffo r t o f th e m in d c u ts o u t a ll s ta
le o r m ix e d im a g e s , a ll p re fa b ń cated

a n d d e c id e w h a t im p r e s s io
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s w o r d s a r e lik e ly to m a k e o n a n o th e r p e rson .
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·

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a d d to th e e s s a y ?

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w e ll, in p a r a g r a p h 1 0 ,

4 . Ide n tiljr a n e x a m p le o f h y i»o th e ū c a l r e a
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e e s s a y . H o w d o e s it
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o f d e f i n i t i o n d o e s h e t
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is e s s a y is d e fi

n itio n . W n a t im p o r ta n t
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‘

s a tte m p t to w ń te c o n c r e t
e ly .

2 . 0 r w e ll c la im s th a t c o n c r e te la n g u a g e is s u p e r io
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th o u g h t
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2 . Ac c o r d in g

to O r w e ll,
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th o u g h t c o r r u p ts la n g u a g e
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su m m a r iz e
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m ig h t O r w e ll th in k a b o u t th e w o r d s th e s e p o litic ia n s u s e d – a n d th is Æ p h ic display

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a tiv e e s s a y o n th
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c e s s ? H o w a r e th e ir to p iL s

in th e ir a p p r o a c h to th e to p ic .

liv e s . W rite a c o m p a r a tiv e e s s a y in w h ic h y o u a n
a ly z e th e

s im ila r itie s a n d d iffe r e n c ť s

5 . T a n n e n
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im p a c t o f la n g
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ap p r o a c h . H o w m ig h t M a r tin
‘

s p ie c e b e h e lp fu l to w r ite r s ? C o
n s id e r h is u s e o f h u m o r

4 . Co m p a r e a n d c o n tr a s t M a r tin
‘

s s a d r ic ta k e o n h o w to w r ite w ith E lb o w
‘

s o r M u r ra y s
tra n sitio n ū o m in s p ir a tio n to c r a ft.

E ye
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s o th a t y o u c a n w r ite a c o h e r e n t e s s a y o n w r itin g th a t ta k e
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th e r e a d e r .

e ss a y c o n
trib u te to th e a b ility o f th e a u th o r to c o m m u n ic a te d if fic u lt s u b je c ts in a m a n –

la n g u a g e (s). M a k e s o m e g e n e r a l o b s e r v a tio n s a b o u t h o w th e s ty lis tic e le m e n ts o f a n
B o r d e r

”

a n d e x a m in e h o w th e y u s e n a r r a tio n in a d d r e s s in g th e c o m p le x s u b je c t o f
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he re m a in
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c iv iľ w h ile a r g u in g a g a in s t a c o n te m p o r a r y v ie w h e s e e m s to a b h o r ? N e
2 . Stu d y th e to

n e o f S c h le s in g e r
‘

s e s s a y m e C u lt o f E th n ic ity
”

(in C h a p te r 1 ) . H o w d o e s
th e s e w rite rs e

m p lo y to d e m o n s tr a te th e ir p r o c e s s e s .

e x a m p le , r
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