Fork lefter project 2

hello I need:

read the client brief file first.
A hand sketch and then the sketch.
Soled work and auto-cad drowning of the Fork lefter, and a PDF file far A3 and A4 for both program.
I need the table of specification for mild steel and the source in Harvard Referencing .
I need a calculation of the center of gravity the reactions and the tension the calculation for the Fork lefter and the DC motor with will operate the fork left.
I need a calculation of the center of gravity the reactions and the tension the calculation for the Fork lefter and the DC motor with will operate the fork left. calculation typed in word with list of the simple meaning.
A steel cable will be used to move the Fork.
the material of the project will be mild steel or Aluminium.
read the attachment file for information of the sign.
read the client brief file first.

16SMCE411/16SCVE410–EngineeringDesign &

Management Implementation

Project Brief

Movable Electric Stacker (Lift and Stack Pallet)

(Sample picture)

Project Brief

You are working as design engineer at ACK workshop. You get a Request for Proposal (RfP) from the

School of Engineering (client). The RfP includes initially the design of a Movable Electric Stacker model.

This model will be produced later by another production firm that is selected by the client.

The client (represented by your professor) has no constraints regarding the material to be used. Each

member of the design team must individually develop a design idea, calculate reaction forces and forces at

the joints, draw it with suitable CAD software including all necessary details, and submit it later as drawing

folder. All dimensions must be in mm. Your design team needs to discuss advantages and disadvantages of

each design idea, decide on one of the designs using an engineering method, and prepare the design and

production documents. The group final design idea must be also analysed by using appropriate software (e.g.

Multiframe), and by performing detailed hand calculations. Software analysis is required only for the final

portfolio technical report. All detailed workshop and assembly drawings and documents need to be

presented and submitted to the production team by the beginning of week 6. The necessary material needed

to construct the model must be purchased by the design team as well. Purchased material is reimbursed by

submitting the receipts to ACK before the end of the semester. Furthermore, in order to qualify for

reimbursement, your purchase order needs to be approved by your professor.

Production teams must ensure that all necessary material and information to construct the model are

received from the designer teams by the end of week 6.

Requirements:

1. A stable user-friendly product must be created.

2. The total height of the stacker with all components is 800 mm.

3. The stacker should be movable along flat surfaces.

4. The forks length should not exceed 400 mm. This applies to the straddle legs as well.

5. The forks must be lifted by using a single DC motor.

6. The cross-sectional area of each fork must be rectangular, not exceeding the dimensions 40 mm x 20 mm.

7. The minimum lifting height of the fork is 400 mm.

8. The minimum load capacity of the stacker is 5 kg. Testing weight has a cross-section of 400 mm x 400
mm

9. The product (lifting height) x (load capacity) must be maximized.

10. The masts need to include trusses.

11. Joints could be either pin joints (using nuts and bolts) or welded or a combination of both.

12. No balancing weights are allowed on the back side of the stacker. However, stabilizing plates with a
maximum length of 150-200 mm can be used.

13. The product must not be painted and all work must be carried out on-campus (i.e. in workshop)

14. The model has to be ready for testing at the beginning of week 13.

15. Budget: 50.- KD per team (please hold receipts for purchased items to submit them to Client for
reimbursement before the end of the semester).

Students can enter the workshop only with safety overall and safety shoes. Using workshop machines is only

allowed under supervision of the workshop staff.

This is a team work. All team members are responsible for the produced model.

Developed

by Learning Advisers and Librarians © UniSA, November 2009 1

The Harvard Author-Date Referencing System

Referencing, or citing, means acknowledging the sources of information and ideas you have used in an

assignment (e.g. essay or report). This is a standard practice at university and whenever you write an

assignment that requires you to find and use information, you are expected to reference the source of

the information in your writing. Sources could include books, journal or newspaper articles, pictures,

diagrams or items from the internet. The two most common types of referencing systems used are:

 author-date systems—such as the Harvard system, APA and MLA

 numeric systems—such as Chicago or Turabian, Vancouver and Footnote.

There are a number of variations of the Harvard system and this Guide presents one consistent version

which is based on Snooks & Co (eds) 2002, Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn,

Wiley & Sons, Australia. The first part of the Guide outlines the main rules for referencing; the second

part contains frequently asked questions and the final part contains examples of a range of reference

types.

Why do we reference?

Academic assignments require wide reading so that the current thinking about a particular topic can be

identified. Ideas expressed by other people reinforce the arguments you present in your assignment.

The referencing in your assignment:

 shows the range of ideas and approaches that you have found and thought about

 gives your acknowledgement of where these ideas came from

 shows where your reader can locate the sources you have used

 avoids plagiarism. Plagiarism is presenting someone else’s ideas and/or the way they express

their ideas, as if they are your own. Plagiarism can be unintentional and appropriate

referencing helps writers to avoid this.

Citation management software

Citation management software such as RefWorks and EndNote enables you to establish your own

database of references, store and transfer them from the database to your own documents (e.g. an

assignment). There is further information about this software in the ‘Managing References’ link on the

Library’s homepage.

Developed by Learning Advisers and Librarians © UniSA, November 2009 2

How do you reference?

In-text reference

Every time you use someone else’s ideas or information an intext reference must be included (this is

sometimes called a citation). For example when you:

 paraphrase (express someone else’s idea in your own words)

 summarise (express someone else’s idea concisely in your own words)

 quote (express someone else’s idea in their exact words)

 copy (reproduce a diagram, table or any other graphic).

The in-text reference is shown each time you refer to an idea or information and should include:

 the author’s or editor’s family name (or organisation responsible). Do not include given

names or initials

 the year of publication

 page numbers if appropriate and where available.

There are two main ways to present an in-text reference.

1. in brackets, outside your sentence structure:

Many factors are known to affect the successful outcomes for students at university (Johnston

2003).

2. using the author’s name as part of your sentence structure, with the date in brackets:

Johnston (2003) claims that there are many factors that are known to affect the success of

students at university.

Page numbers are included when you:

 use a direct quote from an original source

 summarise an idea from a particular page

 copy tables or figures, or provide particular details like a date.

McLaine (2002, p. 16) stated that productivity was found to be affected by work related stress

in 69% of workers.

The reference list

Each citation must have a matching entry in the reference list. It must have the full bibliographic details

so that readers can find the source.

The reference list is not a bibliography. A bibliography lists everything you may have read, while a

reference list is limited to the in-text references in your assignment. A bibliography is not needed

unless specifically asked for by your lecturer.

The reference list is:

 titled ‘References’

 arranged alphabetically by author’s family name, or title if a source has no auth

 a single list—books, journal articles and electronic sources are listed together and not arranged
in separate lists.

Developed by Learning Advisers and Librarians © UniSA, November 2009 3

Setting out items in a reference list

The main elements required for all references are the author, the date, the title and the publication

information.

The basic formats are shown in the examples below. These should be followed exactly, paying special

attention to details of capitalisation, punctuation, italics and wording.

Example of a book

The basic format required for books is:

Author’s family name, Initial(s) year, Title of book, Publisher, Place of publication.

Daly, J 2004, Nursing leadership, Elsevier, Sydney.

Component Explanation

Daly, J The author’s name, family name first, followed by a comma and an initial.

2004, Year of publication followed by a comma, no parentheses/brackets.

Nursing leadership, Title in italics, followed by a comma. Upper case used for first letter; lower case for
the rest.

Elsevier, Publisher followed by a comma.

Sydney. Place of publication. If more than one place is listed give only the first listed. If there
is another place of the same name or if the place is little known add the state or
country. Full stop at the end.

Example of an academic journal article

The basic format required for journal articles is:

Author’s family name, Initial(s) year, ‘Title of article,’ Title of Journal, vol and issue numbers, page
range.

Davis, L, Mohay, H & Edwards, H 2003, ‘Mothers’ involvement in caring for their premature infants:

an historical overview,’ Journal of Advanced Nursing, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 578–86.

Component Explanation

Davis, L, Mohay, H & Edwards, H Author’s family name followed by a comma, then initial(s) with no
punctuation after the initials. Ampersand (&) joins second or last
author— no comma after last author’s initials.

2003, Year of publication followed by a comma, no brackets.

‘Mothers’ involvement in caring for their
premature infants: an historical
overview,’

Title of the article in single inverted commas, (capital for first word
only), followed by a comma.

Journal of Advanced Nursing, Title of the journal capitalised and in italics, followed by a comma.

vol. 42, Volume number of the journal followed by a comma.

no. 6, Number of the issue followed by a comma.

pp. 578–86. Page numbers of the article, with an En dash between.

Developed by Learning Advisers and Librarians © UniSA, November 2009 4

Example of an electronic publication

The basic format required for electronic sources is:

Author’s family name, Initial(s) year date, Title of document or website, date viewed, .

Thomas, S 1997, Guide to personal efficiency, Adelaide University, viewed 6 January 2004,
.

Component Explanation

Thomas, S Author’s family name followed by a comma, then initial(s) with no
punctuation after the initials.

1997, Year of publication followed by a comma, no brackets.

Guide to personal efficiency, Title of the source in italics, followed by a comma.

Adelaide University, The document’s publisher, if known.

viewed 6 January 2004, Date the document was viewed with a comma after year.

The internet address (URL or Uniform Resource Locator) is enclosed in < and >, with the full address and followed by a full stop if at the end.

Frequently asked questions

1. How do I reference an idea or information by one author (Author 1) which occurs in a book or

journal article by another author (Author 2)?

The rule is that you should mention both authors (Author 1 and Author 2) in your in-text

reference; but in your reference list you only list the item you read, that is, by Author 2. For

example, if you read about an idea by Lim (Author 1) in a book by Strauss (Author 2) you need to

mention both in your in-text reference. So the in-text reference would be written as:

Lim (Strauss 2004, p. 71) stated that … or

Lim’s study (cited in Strauss 2004, p. 71) indicates that … or

Lim’s 1972 study (Strauss 2004, p. 71) shows that … or

Strauss (2004, p. 71) in reporting Lim’s study, emphasized the aspect …

In the reference list you list only Strauss (Author 2 – the source you read) and not Lim (whose idea

you only read about in Strauss).

2. How do I present exact quotations?

Short quotations of fewer than thirty words should be enclosed in single quotation marks (‘….’) as
part of your own sentence accompanied by an in-text reference including a page number. For
example:

A recent report showed that ‘…universities are forced to expect a significant level of independence

from students in their learning’ (Pokorny & Pokorny 2005, p. 449).

Long quotations of more than thirty words should be written without any quotation marks,

indented (using Tab key) at the left, and introduced in your own words. A font one size smaller

should be used followed by an in-text reference including a page number. For example:

Developed by Learning Advisers and Librarians © UniSA, November 2009 5

Australians have developed:

an emerging interest in values, vision, meaning and purpose which is the common characteristic of

societies facing the end of a chronological era … each new decade is approached as if it holds some

new promise (Mackay 2005, p. 231).

The three dots after the word ‘era’ show that a word or words have been left out.

3. How do I reference two or three authors?

When there are two or three authors for a reference, all their family names are included in the in-
text reference. For example:

According to Cooper, Krever and Vann (2007) the use of this process leads to greater accuracy.

The use of this process leads to greater accuracy (Cooper, Krever & Vann 2007).

4. How do I reference more than three authors?

If there are four or more authors for a reference you use ‘et al.’ (which is Latin for ‘et alia’
meaning ‘and the others’) in the in-text reference, after the first family name listed on the source.
For example:

This has been suggested by Sandler et al. (2002) in their first Australian study.

Use ‘et al.’ for the first and every time you give an in-text reference for more than three authors.
However, all the authors are listed in your reference list in the same order that they are listed in the
original reference.

Can’t find an example to match your resource?

If none of the examples (pages 6 to 13) match the resource you want to reference. Identify the:

 type of resource you want to reference (book, journal article, web page, blog, wiki, video etc).
A book in electronic form is still categorised as a book

 author or authors. An author can be an individual, a number of individuals, an editor
(abbreviated to ed.) or a number of editors (eds), or an organisation (such as a business, a

government department). If there is no author, use the title (in italics)

 year the resource was produced. If there is no date the use the abbreviation n.d. which stands
for ‘no date’

 title of the resource.

Go to the example pages of this Guide, find a similar type of reference to use as a model. Then,

construct your reference using the main elements you have identified, including the:

 author

 year of publication

 title

 publication information.

Developed by Learning Advisers and Librarians © UniSA, November 2009 6

Examples of referencing using Harvard

Books

Basic format for books: Author’s family name, Initial(s) year, Title of book, Publisher, Place of publication

Example An example of an in-text reference The entry in the reference list

Book with single author Escritt (2006) argues that… Escritt, S 2006, Art nouveau, Phaidon, London.

Book with two or three
authors

According to Cooper, Krever and Vann (2002) …

It has been argued (Cooper, Krever & Vann 2002) that
…

Cooper, GS, Krever, E & Vann, RJ 2002, Income taxation: commentary and materials,
4th edn, Australian Tax Practice, Sydney, NSW.

Book with more than
three authors

As suggested by Sandler et al. (1999, p. 14)… Sandler, MP, Patton, JA, Coleman, RE, Gottschalk, A, Wackers, FJ & Hoffere, PB
1999, Diagnostic nuclear medicine, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.

Book with no author As shown in Networking essentials plus (2009) … Networking essentials plus 2009, Microsoft Press, Redmond, Washington.

Book with no date This has been emphasised by Seah (n.d.) when … Seah, R n.d., Micro-computer applications, Microsoft Press, Redmond, Washington.

Electronic book Trochim (2004) maintains that… Trochim, WM 2004, The research methods knowledge base, 2nd edn, viewed 14
November 2009, .

Second or later edition
of a book

Several characteristics support this (Derham 2001, p. 46)
and …

Derham, F 2001, Art for the child under seven, 7th edn, Australian Early Childhood
Association, Watson, ACT.

Translated book Popularity of the novel Les Enfants Terribles (Cocteau
1961) increased after it was translated …

Cocteau, J 1961, Les enfants terribles, trans. R Lehmann, Penguin, London.

Edited (ed.), revised
(rev.) or compiled
(comp.) book

Walpole (ed. 2001) questions whether … Walpole, M (ed.) 2001, Tax administration in the 21st century, Prospect Media, St
Leonards, NSW.

Edited book with more
than three authors

… key diagnostic tools (eds Sandler et al. 1999) Sandler, MP, Patton, JA, Coleman, RE, Gottschalk, A, Wackers, FJ & Hoffer, PB (eds)
1999, Diagnostic nuclear medicine, 3rd edn, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.

Developed by Learning Advisers and Librarians © UniSA, November 2009 7

One volume of a multi-
volume set of books

It has been implied (Einax 1995) that … Einax, J 1995, Chemometrics in environmental chemistry: applications, vol. 2,
Handbook of environmental chemistry, Springer, Berlin.

Encyclopaedia or
Dictionary – with
author

Chilvers (1998, p. 225) demonstrates that … Chilvers, I 1998, ‘Funk art’, in The Oxford dictionary of twentieth century art, Oxford
University Press, Oxford, p. 225.

Encyclopaedia or
Dictionary – no author

The Hutchinson encyclopaedia (2007) defines ethics as
…

No entry is required in the reference list because you have the name and date of the
encyclopaedia or dictionary as an in-text reference.

Book sponsored by an
institution, corporation
or other organisation

Deni Green Consulting Services (2008) has compiled … Deni Green Consulting Services 2008, Capital idea: realising value from
environmental and social performance, Deni Green Consulting Services, North
Carlton, Victoria.

Chapter in an edited
book

In conclusion, Cicourel (1999) emphasises … Cicourel, AV 1999, ‘The interaction of cognitive and cultural models in health care
delivery’, in Talk, work and institutional order: discourse in medical, mediation and
management settings, eds S Sarangi & C Roberts, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 183–
224.

Developed by Learning Advisers and Librarians © UniSA, November 2009 8

Journal articles
Basic format for journal articles: Author’s family name, Initial(s) year, ‘Title of article,’ Title of Journal, vol and issue numbers, page range.

Example An example of an in-text reference The entry in the reference list

Journal article with
single author

This procedure has received support (O’Hara 2009, p.
1548) and …

O’Hara, MJ 2009, ‘Flood basalts, basalt floods or topless bushvelds? Lunar
petrogenesis revisited,’ Journal of Petrology, vol. 41, no. 11, pp. 1545–1651.

Journal article with two
or three authors

Williams, Sewell and Humphrey (2002, p. 18)
acknowledge …

It has been acknowledged (Williams, Sewell &
Humphrey 2002, p.18) that …

Williams, RA, Sewell, D & Humphrey E 2002, ‘Perspectives in ambulatory care.
Implementing problem-based learning in ambulatory care,’ Nursing Economics, vol.
20, no. 3, pp. 135–141.

NOTE: If the article is accessed using a database (e.g Ebsco, Academic Science Direct)
there is no need to refer to the database in the reference. Journals which have an
electronic form may be accessed using different databases and these can vary from
library to library.

Journal article with
more than three
authors

The fact that alpha-bungarotoxin isotoxins are not
derived from edited mRNAs (Chang et al. 2008, p.
3971) suggests that …

Chang, L, Lin, S, Huang, H & Hsiao, N 2008, ‘Genetic organisation of alpha-
bungarotoxins from Bungarus multicinctus (Taiwan banded krait): evidence showing
that the production of alpha-bungarotoxin isotoxins is not derived from edited
mRNAs,’ Nucleic Acids Research, vol. 27, no. 20, pp. 3970–75.

NOTE: The use of italics for Bungarus multicinctus is a scientific convention with
species and genera.

Journal article with no
author

Such a strategy is already in use (‘Building human
resources instead of landfills’ 2000) and …

‘Building human resources instead of landfills’ 2000, Biocycle, vol. 41, no. 12, pp. 28–
29.

Journal article from an
electronic journal

… and this has been established by Garcia (2004) who
…

Garcia, P 2004, ‘Pragmatic comprehension of high and low level language learners,’
TESL–EJ, vol. 8, no. 2, viewed 2 December 2009, .

Journal article accessed
using an electronic
database

Carpenter and Feroz (2003) link this idea with … Carpenter, VL & Feroz, EH 2003, ‘Institutional theory and accounting rule choice: an
analysis of four US state governments’ decisions to adopt generally accepted
accounting principles,’ Accounting, Organizations and Society, vol. 26, nos 7–8, pp.
565–596.

Developed by Learning Advisers and Librarians © UniSA, November 2009 9

Electronic publications
Basic format for electronic publications: Author’s family name, Initial(s) year date, Title of document or website, date viewed, .

Example An example of an in-text reference The entry in the reference list

Electronic book Trochim (2000) maintains that… Trochim, WM 2004, The research methods knowledge base, 2nd edn, viewed 14
November 2009, .

Journal article from an
electronic journal

… and this has been established by Garcia (2004) who … Garcia, P 2004, ‘Pragmatic comprehension of high and low level language learners,’
TESL–EJ, vol 8, no. 2, viewed 2 December, 2009, .

NOTE: If the article is accessed using a database (e.g Ebsco, Academic Science
Direct) there is no need to refer to the database in the reference. E-Journals may be
accessed using different databases and these can vary from library to library.

A World Wide Web
site

The Department of Immigration and Multicultural and
Indigenous Affairs’ website (2009) has details of …

Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs 2009, The
Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs, Canberra,
viewed 7 March 2009, .

Document on World
Wide Web

This is clarified by desJardins (2005) who identifies … desJardins, M 2005, How to succeed in postgraduate study, Applied Ecology
Research Group, University of Canberra, viewed 26 April 2009,
.

Document on World
Wide Web with no
author

An overview of lung cancer was provided in Lung Cancer
(2004) and …

Lung Cancer 2004, msn Health, viewed 12 June 2009,
.

Document on World
Wide web with no date

This is clarified by desJardins (n.d.) who identifies … desJardins, M n.d., How to succeed in postgraduate study, Applied Ecology
Research Group, University of Canberra, viewed 26 April 2009,
.

Document on World
Wide Web, without an
author but with a
sponsoring body

In discussing the issues related to Mp3s (Mp3-mac.com
2008) the …

Mp3-mac.com 2008, What is Mp3?, viewed 15 October 2009, .

Document on World
Wide Web with no
author or no date

If a resource from the web has no author and no date you may need to reconsider whether it is a suitable source for academic work.

Developed by Learning Advisers and Librarians © UniSA, November 2009 10

Electronic thesis (ADT
collection)

Price (2005) has argued that … Price, K 2005, ‘Exploring what the doing does: a poststructural analysis of nurses’
subjectivity in relation to pain,’ Department of Nursing and Midwifery, PhD thesis,
University of South Australia, viewed 10 May 2009, Australian Digital Theses
Project, .

Media release on the
World Wide Web

The Minister confirmed this (Pirelli 2009) in a media
release issued in the same week that the questions were
raised in Parliament.

Pirelli, A (Minister for Transport and Regional Services) 2009, CASA approves new
safety measures, media release, 1 April, Department of Transport and Regional
Services, Canberra, viewed 14 April 2009,
.

Discussion lists,
newsgroups

Patterson (2009) acknowledged this in a posting on the … Patterson, S 2009, ‘Something’s got to give,’ list server,
29 January, National Association of Sceptics, viewed 8 February 2009,
.

Email Davenport confirmed this by email on 1 August 2003. Emails are dealt with in the same way as personal communications. The document
is mentioned in the text but no entry is given in the reference list. It is important to
get permission of the person being referred to before mentioning them.

Computer program A program was developed (MathWorks 2001) to … MathWorks 2001, MATLAB, ver. 6, computer program, The MathWorks Inc.,
Natick, MA, USA.

Blog These comments were echoed in a post (Alford 2099) that
…

Alford, D 2009, ‘Stormy Mondays: Zen Tricksters salute,’ Hidden track, 26
October, viewed 27 October 2009,

The date after the title of the blog is the day and month of the individual post. If no
proper name is given for the author the user name may be presented instead.

Podcast In federal Parliament the issues was raised (House of
Representatives Question Time 2009) by the …

House of Representatives Question Time 2009, podcast, 29 October, viewed
511/2009, .

Wiki This British group (‘Monty Python’ 2009) was influenced ‘Monty Python’ 2009, Wikipedia, viewed 27 September 2009,
.

YouTube In order to have some control over the use of their
material the group set up a YouTube channel (Monty
Python’s Channel 2008) which contains a selection …

Monty Python’s Channel 2008, YouTube, viewed 29 September 2009,
.

Developed by Learning Advisers and Librarians © UniSA, November 2009 11

Special publications and materials

Basic format for special publications and materials: Author’s family name, Initial(s) year, Title of item, description of item, publisher, place of publication

Example An example of an in-text reference The entry in the reference list

Conference paper It has been shown (Hills 2000) that … Hills, QG 2000, ‘Relative timing of deformation, metamorphism and mineralisation
within the Willyama Complex, New South Wales,’ in Proceedings of the 14th
Victorian Universities Earth Sciences Conference, Geological Society of Australia,
Melbourne, pp. 38–42.

Newspaper article

(with author)

As Ionesco described (2001) in his article… Ionesco, J 2001, ‘Federal election: new Chipp in politics,’ Advertiser 23 October,
p.10.

Note: An initial ‘the’ in English language newspaper titles is omitted

Newspaper article (no
author)

… in the Advertiser (23 October 2001, p. 10). Advertiser 2001, ‘Federal election: new Chipp in politics,’ 23 October, p. 10.

Online Newspaper
article

(with author)

Victorian universities (Perkins 2009) have been unable to
increase the number of equity undergraduate students …

Perkins, M 2009, ‘Unis fail to make gains on equity,’ Age 10 November, viewed 11
November 2009, .

Government report The Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission
(1997) considered that …

Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, 1997, Bringing them home:
report of the National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander Children from their Families, (R Wilson, Commissioner), Human Rights
and Equal Opportunity Commission, Sydney.

Legislation: Acts,
Ordinances and
Regulations

The Commonwealth Constitution Act 1900 was passed to
establish the commonwealth of Australia.

Inconsistent States and Territory legislation was overridden
(Racial Discrimination Act 1975) and …

Constitution Act 1900 (Cwlth)

Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cwlth)

Bills before parliament The Human Rights (Mandatory Sentencing of Juvenile
Offenders) Bill 1999 was proposed in response to a
perceived shift in …

Human Rights (Mandatory Sentencing of Juvenile Offenders) Bill 1999 (Cwlth).

Developed by Learning Advisers and Librarians © UniSA, November 2009 12

Legal case Three representatives of the Meriam people brought the
action (Mabo and Others v Queensland 1992) before the
High Court …

Mabo and Others v Queensland (no.2) 1992 175 CLR1.

Patent Ultimately Tadayuki, Kazuhisa and Atsushi (1999) took
out a patent in Japan in 1999.

Tadayuki, O, Kazuhisa, Y & Atsushi, N 1999, Hard butter composition and its
production, Japanese Patent 99–78710.

Video, DVD or
television recording

The processes involved have been well documented (They
did it their way, 1998).

They did it their way 1998, video recording, BBC for The Open University.

OR if it is a broadcast television program it would be:

They did it their way 1998, television program, SBS television, Sydney, 5 May.

Radio program The recent broadcast of The War of the Worlds (2006) did
not cause the panic that resulted from the original in 1938.

The War of the Worlds 2006, radio program, ABC National, 17 March.

Pamphlet or brochure Additional resources are identified in the pamphlet …
(Online resources, publications, training 2001).

Online resources, publications, training 2001, Australian Copyright Council,
Redfern, NSW.

Compact disk (CD) &
Audio cassette

The original broadcast (War of the worlds 1999) in 1938 is
said to have caused mass panic amongst listeners.

War of the worlds 1999, Mercury Theatre On The Air, audio CD, Radio Spirits,
ASIN: B00002R145.

Standard Ultimately the Standards Association published a standard
covering colour in chocolate in 1996 (Standards Association
of Australia 1996).

Standards Association of Australia 1996, Colour Standards for general purposes:
Chocolate (AS 2700S-1996 (X64)), Standards Australia, North Sydney.

Personal
communication

It has been confirmed by Seow (2003, pers. comm. 3 July)
that this practice is widespread.

For personal communications such as conversations, letters, email s and faxes, the
document is mentioned in the text but no entry is given in the reference list. It is
important to get permission from the person being referred to.

Thesis Pope (1996, p. 78) argued exactly this … Pope, JJ 1996, ‘The nature and origin of magnetite-rich zones in the Mount Fort
Constantine Volcanics, adjacent to the Ernest Henry Cu-Au-Co deposit, NW
Queensland,’ MSc. thesis, University of Leicester.

Unpublished report Such habitats have been studied extensively by, for
example, Sinclair, Knight and Merz (1999)

Sinclair, J, Knight, G & Merz, R 1999, ‘Video transect analysis of subtidal habitats
in the Dampier Archipelago,’ Museum of WA.

Unpublished
conference paper

…and Wolff (2000) has argued this point at some length. Wolff, L 2000, ‘Corporate compliance and human rights in Japan,’ paper presented
at the Australasian Law Teachers’ Association Conference, University of Canberra,
2-5 July.

Developed by Learning Advisers and Librarians © UniSA, November 2009 13

Document on
microfiche

Richard (2001) suggests that… Richard, P 2001, Towards the goal of full employment: trends, obstacles and
policies, microfiche, International Labour Office, Geneva, Educational Resources
Information Center, Washington, ED 477814.

Thesis on microfiche Dance is seen as having an important educational role
(Dominiak 1998).

Dominiak, KM 1998, The role of dance making for the older adult, microfiche,
MappSci. thesis, Texas Woman’s University, Microform Publications, University of
Oregon.

Image

Artwork: painting

Seven Sisters, Milky Way Dreaming (Nungurrayi 2002)
depicts the …

Nungurrayi, GP 2002, Seven Sisters, Milky Way Dreaming, painting, held at Art
Gallery of South Australia.

Image in another source

Artwork in a book

Dream People, an etching by Hanrahan, is one of the works
that Carrol (1986, p. 64) describes as part of her second
printmaking phase…

Carrol A 1986, Barbara Hanrahan Printmaker, Wakefield Press, Netley, South
Australia.

Graph or diagram An example of referencing a graph:

Modes of support, (Wachmeister 2009, p. 11)

Wachmeister, J 2009, ‘The support for learning by celestial bodies,’ Future
Learning, vol 1, no.2, pp.1 -24.

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Structural Analysis6

Engineering Mechanics:

Statics in SI Units, 12e

Chapter Objectives

• Determine the forces in the members of a truss using

the method of joints and the method of sections

• Analyze forces acting on the members of frames and

machines composed of pin-connected members

Chapter Outline

1. Simple Trusses

2. The

Method of Joints

3. Zero-

orce Members

4. The

Method of Sections

5. Space Trusses

6. Frames and Machines

6.1 Simple Trusses

• A truss composed of slender members joined together

at their end points

Planar Trusses

• Planar trusses used to support roofs and bridges

• Roof load is transmitted to the truss at joints by means

of a series of purlins

• The analysis of the forces developed in the truss

members is 2D

• Similar to roof truss, the bridge truss loading is also

coplanar

Assumptions for Design

1. “All loadings are applied at the joint”

– Weight of the members neglected

2. “The members are joined together by smooth pins”

– Assume connections provided the center lines of the

joining members are concurrent

Simple Truss

• Form of a truss must be rigid to prevent collapse

• The simplest form that is rigid or stable is a triangle

6.2 The Method of Joints

• For truss, we need to know the force in each

members

• Forces in the members are internal

forces

• For external force members, equations of equilibrium

can be applied

• Force system acting at each joint is coplanar and

concurrent

• ∑Fx = 0 and ∑Fy = 0 must be satisfied for equilibrium

Procedure for Analysis

• Draw the FBD with at least 1 known and 2 unknown

forces

• Find the external reactions at the truss support

• Determine the correct sense of the membe

• Orient the x and y axes

• Apply ∑Fx = 0 and ∑Fy =

• Use known force to analyze the

unknown forces

Example 6.1

Determine the force in each member of the truss and

indicate whether the members are in tension or

compression.

Solution

• 2 unknown member forces at joint B

• 1 unknown reaction force at joint C

• 2 unknown member forces and 2 unknown reaction

forces at point A

For Joint B,

)(500045cos

)(1.707045sin500

CNFNFN

BABABC

BCBC











For Joint C,

For Joint A,

NCNC

TNFNF

CACA

500045sin1.707

)(500045cos1.707

;0










NAAN

F
NAAN
F
yy
y

5000500

;0
5000500
;0





Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Solution
For Joint C,
For Joint A,
NCNC
F
TNFNF
F
yy
y
CACA
x
500045sin1.707
;0
)(500045cos1.707
;0






NAAN
F
NAAN
F
yy
y
xx
x
5000500
;0
5000500
;0





• FBD of each pin shows the effect of all the connected

members and external forces applied to the pin

• FBD of each member shows only the effect of the end

pins on the member

6.3 Zero-Force Members

• Method of joints is simplified using zero-force

members

• Zero-force members is supports with no loading

• In general, when 3 members form a truss joint, the 3rd

member is a zero-force member provided no external

force or support reaction is applied to the joint

Example 6.4

Using the method of joints, determine all the zero-force

members of the Fink roof truss. Assume all joints are pin

connected.

For Joint G,

GC is a zero-force

member.

For Joint D,



GCy

00 



DFx

For Joint F,

For Joint B,

0,90

0cos0





FCy

F
FF






0,90
0cos0


FC
FCy
F
FF






FHC satisfy ∑Fy = 0 and therefore HC is not a zero-force

member.

6.4 The Method of Sections

• Used to determine the loadings within a body

• If a body is in equilibrium, any part of the body is in

equilibrium

• To find forces within members, an imaginary section is

used to cut each member into 2 and expose each

internal force as external

• Consider the truss and section a-a as shown

• Member forces are equal and opposite to those acting

on the other part – Newton’s Law

Free-Body Diagram

• Decide the section of the truss

• Determine the truss’s external reactions

• Use equilibrium equations to solve member forces at

the cut session

• Draw FBD of the sectioned truss which has the least

number of forces acting on it

• Find the sense of an unknown member force

Equations of Equilibrium

• Summed moments about a point

• Find the 3rd unknown force from moment equation

Example 6.5

Determine the force in members GE, GC, and BC of the

truss. Indicate whether the members are in tension or

compression.

• Choose section a-a since it cuts through the three

members

• Draw FBD of the entire truss

NANNAF

NDmDmNmNM

NAANF

yyy

yyA

xxx

30009001200 ;0

9000)12()3(400)8(1200 ;0

4000400 ;0







• Draw FBD for the section portion

)(5000
5

3
300 ;0

)(8000)3()8(300 ;0

)(8000)3()3(400)4(300 ;0

TNFFNF

CNFmFmNM

TNFmFmNmNM

GCGCy

GEGEC

BCBCG









6.5 Space Trusses

• Consists of members joined together at their ends to

form 3D structure

• The simplest space truss is a tetrahedron

• Additional members would be redundant in supporting

force P

• Members of a space truss is treated as 2 force

members provided the external loading is at the joints

• When weight of the member is considered, apply it as

a vertical force, half of its magnitude applied at each

end of the member

Method of Joints

• Solve ∑Fx = 0, ∑Fy = 0, ∑Fz = 0 at each joint

• Force analysis has at least 1 unknown force and 3

unknown forces

• When imaginary section is passes through a truss it

must satisfied

∑Fx = 0, ∑Fy = 0, ∑Fz = 0

∑Mx = 0, ∑My = 0, ∑Mz = 0

• By proper selection, the unknown forces can be

determined using a single equilibrium equation

Example 6.8

Determine the forces acting in the members of the space

truss. Indicate whether the members are in tension or
compression.

0577.0577.0577.04

0
;0

)577.0577.0577.0(

,,}4{























kFjFiFkFjFj

FFFP

kjiF

r
FF

kFFjFFkNjP

AEAE

AEACAB

AE
AEAE

ACACABAB















To show,

)(2

)(66.5

0707.02;0

045sin4;0

0707.045cos;0













CEDCDE

BEB

BEBDz

BEBx

FFF

CkNF

TkNFR

FFF

FRF




6.6 Frames and Machines

• Composed of pin-connected multi-force members

• Frames are stationary

• Apply equations of equilibrium to each member to

determine the unknown forces

• Isolate each part by drawing its outlined shape

– show all forces and couple moments act on the part

– identify each known and unknown force and couple

moment

– indicate any dimension

– apply equations of equilibrium

– assumed sense of

unknown force or moment

– draw FBD

Example 6.9

For the frame, draw the free-body diagram of (a) each

member, (b) the pin at B and (c) the two members

connected together.

Part (a)

• BA and BC are not two-force

• AB is subjected to the resultant forces from the pins

Part (b)

• Pin at B is subjected to two forces, force of the

member BC and AB on the pin

• For equilibrium, forces and respective components

must be equal but opposite

• Bx and By shown equal and opposite on members AB

Part (c)

• Bx and By are not shown as they form equal but

opposite internal forces

• Unknown force at A and C must act in the same sense

• Couple moment M is used to find reactions at A and C

QUIZ

1. One of the assumptions used when analyzing a simple

truss is that the members are joined together by

__________.

A) Welding B) Bolting C) Riveting

D)Smooth pins E) Super glue

2. When using the method of joints, typically

_________ equations of equilibrium are applied at every

joint.

A) Two B) Three

C) Four D) Six

3. Truss ABC is changed by decreasing its height from H

to 0.9 H. Width W and load P are kept the same. Which

one of the following statements is true for the revised

truss as compared to the original truss?

A) Force in all its members have decreased.

B) Force in all its members have increased.

C) Force in all its members have remained the same.

D) None of the above.

4. For this truss, determine the number of zero-force

members.

A) 0 B) 1 C) 2

D) 3 E) 4

F
F

5. Using this FBD, you find that FBC = – 500 N. Member

BC must be in __________.

A)Tension

B) Compression

C) Cannot be determined

6. For the same magnitude of force to be carried, truss

members in compression are generally made _______ as

compared to members in tension.

A) Thicker

B) Thinner

C) The same size

7. In the method of sections, generally a “cut” passes
through no more than _____ members in which the forces
are unknown.

A) 1 B) 2

C) 3 D) 4

8. If a simple truss member carries a tensile force of T
along its length, then the internal force in the member is
______ .

A) Tensile with magnitude of T/2

B) Compressive with magnitude of T/2

C) Compressive with magnitude of T

D) Tensile with magnitude of T

9. Can you determine the force in member ED by making

the cut at section a-a? Explain your answer.

A) No, there are 4 unknowns.

B) Yes, using  MD = 0 .

C) Yes, using  ME = 0 .

D) Yes, using  MB = 0 .

10. If you know FED, how will you determine FEB ?

A) By taking section b-b and using  ME = 0

B) By taking section b-b, and using  FX = 0 and  FY = 0

C) By taking section a-a and using  MB = 0

D) By taking section a-a and using  MD = 0

11. As shown, a cut is made through members GH, BG

and BC to determine the forces in them. Which section

will you choose for analysis and why?

A) Right, fewer calculations.

B) Left, fewer calculations.

C) Either right or left,

same amount of work.

D) None of the above,

too many unknowns.

12. When determining the force in member HG in the

previous question, which one equation of equilibrium is

best to use?

A)  MH = 0

B)  MG = 0

C)  MB = 0

D)  MC = 0

13. When determining the reactions at joints A, B, and C,

what is the minimum number of unknowns for solving this

problem?

A) 3 B) 4

C) 5 D) 6

14. For the above problem, imagine that you have drawn

a FBD of member AB. What will be the easiest way to

write an equation involving unknowns at B?

A)  MC = 0 B)  MB = 0

C)  MA = 0 D)  FX = 0

Class Today

• Print notes and examples

• Trusses

– Definition

– Working with Trusses

– Truss Analysis

• Example Problems

• Group Work Time

http://www.mst.edu/~ide50-3/printable_notes/13_Trusses

http://www.mst.edu/~ide50-3/printable_notes/13_Trusses_examples

…these are cool trusses

Norman Foster
Sainsbury Centre

Santiago Calatrava
Turning Torso

Shigeru Ban
Japanese Pavilion

KMR

… be inspired!

Renzo Piano
Kansai International Airport

Rem Koolhaas
The Shenzhen Stock Exchange

KMR

So what are trusses?

http://bridgehunter.com/story/1109/

http://www.americanpoleandtimber.com/img/wood-timber-trusses-park-BIG

http://www.hndszj.com/eng/uploads/201008101822313

Trusses are …
• Structures designed to support loads:

− Will transmit loads through the joints of the structure

− Will ultimately transmit loads to the foundation

• Cost effective in design because:

− Weight is minimized (weight of members is typically

light compared to loads carried, so it is often

neglected)

− Strength to weight ratio is maximized

Working with Trusses:
Assumptions

• All loads are applied / transmitted at joints

• All members are joined by pin connections

• Consist entirely of two-force members

(review section 5.4)

• Can contain zero-force members

Zero-force Members

What are zero-force

members?

• Structural members that carry no force

Why do we use them?

• Used to provide stability

– During construction

– If (intermittent) loading of the

truss

changes

• Shortens chord length and increases

buckling capacity of compression members

Zero-force Members: Case 1

Zero-force Members: Case 2

10
http://www.tatasteelconstruction.com/static_files/Images/Construction/Reference/

architectural%20studio/elements/Structural%20steel%20trusses/j2

http://www.tboake.com/SSEF1/rose2.shtml

http://sluggyjunx.com/rr/georgetown_branch/gallery/04_16_0

3_gb_canal_bridges/04_16_03-gb_canal_br-34

Gusset plate

Joint Connections

Welded

connection http://www.tatasteelconstruction.com/en/reference/teaching-
resources/architectural-teaching-resource/elements/connections/connections-

in-trusses

http://civildigital.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Rocker-Type-Bearing

http://www.dot.state.mn.us/historicbridges/bridge-pictures.html

Rocker

support Truss

Supports

Roller supports

Working with Trusses:
So what is the objective of an analysis?

• To determine

the support

reactions.

• To determine

the forces

supported by

individual

members of the

truss. 12

FBDs of each

pin and each

member.

(exploded view

showing tension

and compression

forces in a truss)

FBD of

whole

truss

Working with Trusses:
Analyzing Structural Forces in Truss Members

• Truss members will carry either

– axial tension (T) forces or

– axial compression (C) forces

• There are two methods of evaluating

trusses.

– Method of Joints (static equilibrium of a point)

– Method of Sections (static equilibrium of a

rigid body)

Truss Analysis: Method of Joints

Evaluate an individual joint or pin connection.

• Treat each joint as a 2D particle in equilibrium

• Can have a maximum of two unknowns

• Can sum forces in x & y direction

Truss Analysis: Method of Sections

Evaluate a section including multiple joints.

• Treat as 2D rigid body in equilibrium

• Must cut through structural members to evaluate the force.

• Maximum of three unknowns (to solve everything)

• Can sum forces in x & y direction

• Can sum moments

Method of Approach for Truss

Problems
1. Solve for support reactions if needed.

2. Mark all members on the truss that need to be

solved.

3. Pick the joint / section for which you will draw your

FBD. Make sure you have the appropriate number

of unknowns.

4. ALWAYS assume unknown forces to be in

TENSION.

5. Be sure to designate answers as (T) or (C)

6. In subsequent FBDs, draw known forces in the

direction they actually act.

Trusses
Free Body Diagram Practice

Draw the correct FBD to

solve for the forces in

members CD, CJ and IJ.

Trusses: More FBD Practice

Assuming the necessary support

reactions have already been

found, draw the correct FBD to

solve for the forces in members

DE, JM and JH.

Trusses: More FBD Practice

Assuming the necessary support reactions have already been

found, draw the correct FBD to solve for the forces in members CD

and DE.

Can trusses have curved

members?

• Two-force members do not have to be

straight…

• The ideal answer is NO, but …

• Yes, if the members are sufficiently stiff

so that moments developed at the

connections are negligible.

• Curved members are not as cost-

effective.
21

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