history civ homework

1. Name:China and SE Asia Assignment
2. InstructionsThis is not an essay quiz.  This is a 100 point short answer assignment.  Your answers must be complete and concise full sentences.  Answer the questions fully.Download the China and SE Asia PowerPoint in this section.  I have also attached the file to this assignment.Read the following questions and use the PowerPoint to answer the following questions:1. How did the Sui and Tang dynasties unite and expand China?2. How did the Song dynasty strengthen China’s government?3. What were some Tang and Song cultural achievements?4. How was this period a time of prosperity and social change?5. Why is Empress Wu met with disdain by many Chinese historians?6. How did Chinese innovations affect world history?7. How did foot binding reflect changes in attitudes toward women in China?8. How were the Mongols able to build a vast empire across much of Eurasia?9. How did Mongol rule in the Yuan dynasty affect life for the Chinese?10. What geographic factors have influenced Japan’s history and culture?11. How did Chinese influences affect Japan during this period?12. What were the major events and periods in early Korean history?13. How did trade influence Southeast Asia?14. How did development of early Vietnam differ from the development of kingdoms and empires in the rest of Southeast Asia?

World History
Cultures of East Asia
Fall 2012

Chinese Empires
Starting Points Map: East Asia
Main Idea / Reading Focus
Sui and Tang Dynasties
Faces of History: Wu Zhao
The Song Dynasty
Map: Tang and Song Dynasties

The Big Picture
Beginning in the 500’s AD A series of dynasties reunified China and produced a prolonged golden age. The influence of China’s advanced civilization spread across East Asia.
In Korea, kingdoms borrowed from Chinese culture and made it their own.
In Japan, rulers borrowed from both China and Korea to produce a cultural flowering. In Southeast Asia, several kingdoms and empires thrived while borrowing from both India and China

Theme: Migration and Diffusion
During this presentation, you should note how Chinese and Indian cultures spread, or diffused, through trade, conquest, migration and religious missionaries to influence Japan, Korea and Southeast Asia.
Nomadic Mongols then spread their culture through conquest as well.

Cultures of East Asia

Reading Focus
How did the Sui and Tang dynasties reunify China?
How did the Song dynasty strengthen China?
What were some Tang and Song cultural achievements?
How was this period a time of prosperity and social change?
Main Idea
The Sui dynasty reunified China, after which the Tang and Song dynasties produced an age of prosperity and achievement.
Chinese Empires

The Period of Disunion lasted more than 350 years, ending when a northern ruler named Wendi reunified China, founding the Sui dynasty.
The Han dynasty ruled China from 206 BC to AD 220—more than 400 years. After the dynasty collapsed, military leaders split China into rival kingdoms. These events began a period of disorder and warfare that historians call the Period of Disunion.
Sui and Tang Dynasties
Nomads invaded northern China, formed own kingdoms
Many northern Chinese fled south to region of Yangzi River
A number of southern dynasties rose, fell
The Period of Disunion
Despite these events, Chinese civilization thrived, developed
Nomadic invaders in north adopted aspects of Chinese civilization
Northern Chinese immigrants’ culture blended with local cultures in south; arts, philosophy flowered
Civilization Thrived

The Sui Dynasty
Greatest accomplishment of Sui dynasty, completed during reign of Yangdi, Wendi’s son
1,000 mile waterway linked northern, southern China
Yangdi forced millions of peasants to work on canal; led to discontent, rebellion
618, Yangdi assassinated, Sui dynasty ended
Grand Canal
Wendi worked to build centralized government
Restored order, created new legal code, reformed bureaucracy
Created policies to provide adult males with land, ensure availability of grain

Centralized Government

Period of Brilliance
Tang dynasty ruled 618 to 907; Chinese influence spread
China experienced period of brilliance, prosperity, cultural achievement
Government, other institutions served as models across East Asia
Civil Service
To obtain talented officials, Tang expanded civil service examination system
People had to pass written exams to work for government
Created flexible law code; model for law codes in Korea, Japan
Built on Sui Foundations
Established capital at Chang’an, Sui capital
Second capital located at Luoyang
Government control remained centralized, based on bureaucracy of officials
The Tang Dynasty

Expansion
Much of expansion occurred during reign of Taizong, 626 to 649
Taizong relied on talented ministers to help govern
In addition to military conquests, Taizong had schools built to prepare students for civil service exams
After his death, one of his sons became emperor
Foreign Affairs
Tang expanded China, Chinese influence
Regained western lands in Central Asia, gained influence over Korea
Contact with Japan increased; Japanese scholars came to China to study
Expansion, increased contact with others grew foreign trade

Wu Zhao
New emperor was weak, sickly
Emperor’s wife, Wu Zhao gained power
Following death of husband
Wu Zhao ruled through her sons
Eventually became emperor herself—the only woman to do so in Chinese history
Wu Zhao overthrown, 705
Dynasty reached height under Xuanzong
During reign, 712 to 756, empire prospered

Question for thought!
Why is Empress Wu met with disdain by many Chinese historians?

From India
Buddhism first came to China from India during Han times
During Period of Disunion many Chinese turned to Buddhism
Taught people could escape suffering, appealed to people in turmoil
Tang Decline
750s, decline began, government weak, nomadic invasions, rebellions
Military defeats lost Tang lands in Central Asia and the north
907, emperor killed, Tang dynasty ended
State Religion
Under Tang rule, Buddhism became state religion
Buddhist temples appeared across land, missionaries spread Buddhism
400 to 845 in China, Age of Buddhism; ended when lost official favor
The Age of Buddhism

Summarize
How did the Sui and Tang dynasties unite and expand China?
Answer(s): built centralized government; reformed laws and policies; built Grand Canal; Tang regained land in Central Asia and gained influence over neighboring states; increased contact with other peoples

The Song Dynasty
Song established capital at Kaifeng, restored centralized government control
Enlarged government bureaucracy, reformed civil service examination system
Neo-Confucianism gained favor, emphasizing Confucian ethics, spiritual matters
Government and Civil Service
China split apart after Tang dynasty
Did not reunify until 960 with Song dynasty
Song ruled for about 300 years, created achievement, prosperity
Under Song, Chinese civilization became most advanced in world
After Tang Dynasty

Southern Song
Song rulers never regained northern, western lands lost by Tang
Tried to buy peace with threatening nomads by sending lavish gifts
1120s, nomadic people, Jurchen, conquered northern China, founded Jin empire
Song continued in south as Southern Song dynasty 150 more years
Civil Service Exams
Extremely difficult to pass; those who did became scholar-officials
Scholar-officials received good salary, were respected
Civil service exams became more open to ordinary people
Exams became pathway to gaining wealth, status

Compare
How did the Song strengthen China’s government?
Answer(s): established capital at Kaifeng and restored centralized government control, enlarged bureaucracy, reformed civil service exam

The Tang and Song dynasties were periods of great cultural achievement. Art and literature flourished, and many inventions and advances occurred in science and technology.
Cultural Achievements
Tang period produced some of China’s greatest poets
Du Fu, Li Bo, two most famous
Poems of Confucian ideals, joys of life
Literature and Art
Reached new heights
Wu Daozi, murals celebrating Buddhism, nature
Landscapes of great beauty
Some used only black ink
Painting
Exquisite objects made from clay
Tang: pottery figurines, often to go in tombs
Song: excelled at making porcelain
Admired, sought after worldwide
Artisans

Architecture
Indian Buddhist temples influenced design of Chinese pagoda
Featured roofs at each floor curving upwards at corners
Magnetic Compass
Major Tang technical advance
Uses Earth’s magnetic field to show direction
Revolutionized sea travel, contributed to world exploration
Inventions
During Tang, Song periods, China became a world leader in technology, science
Gunpowder major invention, used in fireworks, weapons
Printing
Paper, ink invented earlier
Tang period, developed woodblock printing
Text carved into wood, coated with ink, pressed on paper
Inventions and Innovations

Paper Money
Another Song invention
Had used bulky metal disks placed on strings
As economy grew, lighter, more useful form of currency developed
Paper money light, easy to use, quickly spread in use in China
Moveable Type
Song dynasty invented another type of printing, moveable type
Uses blocks on which letters, characters carved
Blocks rearranged, reused to print many things
Faster than woodblock, spread to Europe, revolutionized printing

Identify Cause and Effect
How did Chinese innovations affect world history?
Answer(s): Gunpowder dramatically affected how wars were fought; the compass allowed for world navigation; printing innovations led to increased sharing of ideas.

In addition to cultural achievements, the Tang and Song periods were a time of growth and prosperity.
Prosperity and Society
Chinese agriculture became more productive
New irrigation techniques
New variety of rice
Production of cotton, tea increased
Increased food production contributed to population growth
Tang population 60 million, Song population 100 million
Agriculture
Improvements in roads, canals increased trade within China
Foreign trade expanded, mostly over land routes like Silk Roads
Late Tang: advances in sailing, shipbuilding helped sea trade
Song: merchants became important in society; money, banking began to develop
Trade

As farming, trade grew so did China’s cities
China had largest cities in world at the time
Tang capital, Chang’an, population more than 1 million, many cultures
Song dynasty, several cities had million or more; sea trade caused port cities to boom
Despite urban growth, most Chinese still lived, farmed in countryside
City Life
Power of aristocratic families declined during period
New class developed, gentry
Included scholar-officials, leading landowners
Most still peasants, farmers
Paid most of taxes, little schooling
Society
Status of women declined, most visibly in upper classes
Desire for small, dainty feet led to custom of footbinding
Painful process to keep feet from growing, deformed feet over time
Symbol of husband’s authority
Women

Draw Conclusions
How did footbinding reflect changes in attitudes toward women in China?
Answer(s): became symbol of husband’s authority over wife; women’s status declined

The Mongol Empire
Main Idea / Reading Focus
The Mongols
The Yuan Dynasty
Map: Mongol Empire
End of the Yuan Dynasty
Faces of History: Kublai Khan

Reading Focus
How did the nomadic Mongols build an empire?
How did China change under the Mongol rulers of the Yuan dynasty?
Why did the Yuan dynasty decline and finally end?
Main Idea
The Mongols built a vast empire across much of Asia, founded the Yuan dynasty in China, and opened China and the region to greater foreign contacts and trade.
The Mongol Empire

In the 1200s a nomadic people called the Mongols burst forth from Central Asia to create the largest land empire in history.
The Mongols
Vast steppes, grasslands, stretch across north-central Eurasia, home to nomadic peoples
Steppes too dry for farming
Nomads relied on herds of domesticated animals
Often traded; but also swept down on settlements, took what they wanted
Nomads from the Steppe
Like Huns, Turks, the Mongols emerged as powerful nomadic people on Central Asian steppes
Herded sheep, goats
Skilled with horses
Accustomed to living in harsh environment, competing for scarce resources
Tough people, fierce warriors
Fierce Warriors

Separate Clans
Mongols divided into separate clans, each led by a khan, chief
Khans rose to power through military skills, ability to lead
1100s, Temujin, powerful khan, began to conquer rivals, unite Mongol clans
Campaign of Conquest
Mongol forces began bloody campaign of conquest; highly mobile armies
Employed brutality, psychological warfare; burned towns, killed inhabitants
Sent agents ahead to instill fear; soon people surrendered without a fight
Genghis Khan
1206, Temujin completed task, took name Genghis Khan, “Universal Ruler”
Set out to build empire, organized Mongols into powerful military machine
Strict discipline, demanded loyalty, rewarded those who pleased him
The Universal Ruler

The Mongol Empire
Genghis Kahn’s empire divided into four khanates, heir ruled each region; new Great Khan ruled over whole empire
Grandsons resumed efforts to complete conquests of China, Korea, Persia
1236, Golden Horde, or Tartars, began conquering Russia, Poland, Hungary

Khanates
Genghis Kahn led Mongols in conquering much of Asia
Mongols learned art of siege warfare, gunpowder in fights against Chinese, Turks
At Genghis Kahn’s death, 1227, Mongols controlled much of northern China, Central Asia
Sons, grandsons took up challenge of world conquest

The Mongol Empire

The Golden Horde
Golden Horde stood ready to invade western Europe
Grandson Batu learned of Great Kahn’s death, suddenly turned back
India, Western Europe escaped Mongol wrath
Most of Eurasia devastated
Millions had died, entire cities annihilated

Stability in Asia
Mongol Empire established peace, stability across Asia
Some historians call period Pax Mongolica, “Mongol Peace”
Guarded trade routes across Asia, allowed trade to increase; people, goods, ideas flowed across Asia
Some believe Black Plague spread from Asia to Europe during period
The Mongol Peace
Mongols built empire with brutality, ruled peacefully
Tolerated local beliefs, ways of life, allowed local rulers to stay in power as long as they paid tribute to Mongols
Some Mongols adopted aspects of more civilized cultures; Mongols in Central Asia, Persia, adopted Islam

Identify Supporting Details
How were the Mongols able to build a vast empire across much of Eurasia?
Answer(s): army was skilled and well organized, rules promoted loyalty and obedience; tactics involved brutality and psychological warfare; built fear in those they conquered

Great Kahn
1260, Kublai Khan became Great Kahn of Mongol Empire
Determined to complete conquest of China begun in 1235
Kublai Kahn Rules China
As emperor, Kublai Khan tried to gain loyalty of Chinese subjects
Adopted Chinese practices, gave dynasty Chinese name
Southern Song
Mongols ruled northern China
Southern Song dynasty ruled in south, fiercely resisted Mongols
1279, Song defeated; Kublai Khan created Yuan dynasty
New Capital
Kublai Khan moved capital to near what is now Beijing
Built Chinese-style walled city, lavish palace, adopted Chinese court ceremonies
The Yuan Dynasty

Mongol Identity
Kublai Khan tried to rule as Chinese emperor
But took care to see Mongols not absorbed into Chinese culture
Mongols lived apart from Chinese, had little in common
Limited Power
Kublai Khan distrusted Chinese, limited power
Chinese officials served at local level, could not hold high government posts
Mongols invited foreigners to hold government office
Separation
Individual friendships between Mongols, Chinese discouraged
Mongols forbidden to marry Chinese
Different laws, taxes for Chinese; could not own weapons, serve in military
Kublai Khan Rules China

Mongols burdened Chinese with heavy taxes
Large part of taxes supported public-works projects
Chinese laborers built new roads, extended Grand Canal
Improvements made shipping rice, other goods from southern China to northern China easier, more reliable
Taxes to Trade
Mongols posted soldiers throughout China to keep peace
Feared rebellions, particularly in south where many Chinese remained loyal to Song dynasty
Peace
Foreign trade increased
Pax Mongolica made land travel safer for merchants
Sea trade improved; foreign merchants welcomed to China’s ports
Foreign Trade

Some scholars question whether Polo reached China or just related stories he heard in his travels, but his tales increased interest in China.
As a result of Kublai Khan’s foreign trade policies, many merchants, travelers and missionaries came to China. Most were from Southwest Asia and India. However a few came from Europe as well. One of the most famous of these Europeans was Marco Polo.
Europeans to China
Marco Polo, Italian trader visited Yuan court
Kublai Kahn sent Polo on several missions; traveled in, around China for 17 years
1295, Polo imprisoned in Venice, recounted tales to fellow prisoner
Marco Polo in China
Polo’s tales published as book
Book fascinated many Europeans
Polo described grand palace, with walls covered in silver, gold
Noted efficiency of postal system, use of paper money
Awed by size, splendor of cities
Accounts of China

Summarize
How did Mongol rule in the Yuan dynasty affect life for the Chinese?
Answer(s): made the Chinese subordinate to the Mongols; limited their power

The Yuan dynasty weakened during the last part of Kublai Khan’s reign. One cause was a number of military defeats. All of his invasions into Southeast Asia failed, and Mongol armies suffered huge losses.
End of the Yuan Dynasty
Kublai Khan had set sights on conquering Japan
Tried to invade Japan twice
Disastrous results each time
Japan
First attempt: 900 ships attacked Japan, storm destroyed fleet
Second attempt: Khan sent larger fleet, severe storm again wiped out fleet
Attacks
After two fleets destroyed by storms, Mongols never attempted Japanese invasion
Japanese called storms that saved them kamikaze, “divine wind”
Kamikaze

Military and Monetary Losses
1294, Kublai Khan died, power struggles erupted; Khan’s successors lacked talent for leadership
Floods, rising taxes further increased discontent
1300s, Chinese rebelled, defeated Mongols
Mongols fled to Manchuria, ending foreign rule in China
End of Dynasty
Huge military losses in Japan weakened Mongol forces that controlled, protected China
Large amounts spent on public-works projects weakened economy
Weaknesses, Chinese resentment of Mongols, left empire ripe for rebellion
Weaknesses

Identify Cause and Effect
What factors led to the end of the Yuan dynasty?
Answer(s): military defeats and failed invasions; lack of good leadership; power struggles; Chinese discontent

Japan and Korea
Main Idea / Reading Focus
Early Japanese Civilization
Map: Japan
Foreign Influences on Japan
The Heian Period
Korea
Map: Korea

Reading Focus
What factors shaped early Japanese civilization?
How did foreign influences shape life in early Japan?
What characteristics defined Japan’s Heian period?
What were the main events in the history of early Korea?
Main Idea
Geography and cultural borrowing from China shaped the early civilizations of Japan and Korea.
Japan and Korea

Only a small part of Japan is suitable for farming. Most Japanese have always lived in the river valleys and coastal plains.
The Japanese call their country Nippon, meaning “Land of the Rising Sun.” Japan sits on the eastern edge of the Pacific Ocean, at what feels like the origin of the sunrise in the east. This location and the geography of Japan has shaped life there since the earliest times.
Early Japanese Civilization
The nation of Japan consists of some 3,000 islands
Largest four islands form an archipelago, large island chain
Chain extends more than 1,500 miles and lies on Ring of Fire—zone of volcanoes, earthquakes
The Land
Japan home to hundreds of volcanoes, many active
Experiences frequent earthquakes
Subject to tsunamis, huge waves from underwater earthquakes
Typhoons also strike late in summer, early autumn
The Elements

Separated from Neighbors
Japan separated from Korea by 100 miles of water, from China by 400 miles of water—large enough distances to prevent invasions
Only successful invasion of Japan occurred in World War II
Early Japanese developed own culture in relative isolation
China, Korea close enough to influence Japan’s culture later in time
The Sea
Nearness of sea has also shaped development of Japan
People never far from sea, even on larger islands
Early Japanese turned to sea for food, transportation
Sea also protected, isolated Japan during much of history

Migration
Scientists think first people to settle in Japan migrated from Asian mainland
Early people hunters, gatherers; developed societies with distinct cultures
Oldest known Japanese culture, Ainu
Clans
People on islands south of Ainu became the Japanese
Clans developed, came to rule many villages
Each clan worshipped nature spirits, kami, believed to be their ancestors
Ainu
Ainu’s origin unknown, did not resemble other East Asians
More people migrated to Japan, Ainu driven onto northernmost island
Culture almost disappeared
Early Japan

Shinto Religion
Religious beliefs developed into Shinto religion
Shinto, “way of the kami”
Shinto religion:
Everything in nature has a kami
No sacred text, formal structure
Shrines:
Built to kami, ceremonies performed there
Located in natural settings; red gateway, torii, marks entrance

The Yamato Clan
In time Japan’s emperors claimed to be living gods
Other clans eventually gained power over the Yamato
Did not remove Yamato emperor, but controlled him
As result, emperor often had no real authority, served as figurehead; this political system continued until 1900s
Emperors
Amaterasu, the sun goddess, was one of most revered kami
First Japanese emperor said to be grandson of sun goddess
Emperor member of Yamato clan, which lived in rich farming region on island of Honshu
Did not control all Japan, but Yamato chiefs began to call themselves emperors of Japan
Powerful Clan

Identify Supporting Details
What geographic factors have influenced Japan’s history and culture?
Answer(s): geologically active region; steep mountains, thick forests, limited but fertile farmland, islands surrounded by the sea

By the mid-500s, Japan had increased contact with its neighbors, Korea and China. Their cultures began to influence Japan.
Foreign Influences on Japan
Korean traders, travelers brought foreign influences; most originated in China
Korean scribes introduced Chinese writing to Japan
Korean monks introduced religion of Buddhism
Buddhism influenced Japanese art, architecture
Korean Influences
Prince Shotoku helped spread Buddhism in Japan
Served as regent to Japanese empress, his aunt
Shotoku admired China, sent scholars to learn from Chinese
Knowledge from missions to Tang dynasty changed Japan in many ways
Chinese Influences

Tang Influences
Chinese fashions, foods, tea became popular in Japan
Tang styles of art, music, dance, gardening also popular
Government Influences
Japanese adopted Tang ideas, including stronger central government, bureaucracy
Adopted law code similar to China’s, not civil service system
Confucian Influences
Japanese adopted many Confucian ideas about family
Wives should obey husbands
Children should obey parents
End of Influences
800s, Tang dynasty declined, Japanese stopped sending missions to China
Transformed what they had learned, to create own culture, society
Changes in Japan

Find the Main Idea
How did Chinese influences affect Japan during this period?
Answer(s): gave Japan a written language; Buddhism spread from China to Japan; Chinese fashion and foods became popular; Japanese adopted some Chinese ideas about government

In 794 Japan’s emperor moved the capital to Heian, now called Kyoto. Many nobles moved to Heian, where they developed an elegant and stylish court society. At the Heian court, Japanese culture flowered.
The Heian Period

Heian nobles lived in beautiful palaces, enjoyed lives of privilege
So removed from common people, many called selves “dwellers among the clouds”
Life in the Heian Period
Rules governed all aspects of court behavior, dress
Elaborate silk gowns for women
Proper way to write note, an art form
Everyone expected to write poetry
Etiquette
Women enjoyed writing, reading fictional prose
Lady Murasaki Shikibu greatest writer; The Tale of Genji, world’s first full-length novel, describes court life
Women

The Fujiwaras
Fujiwara family controlled Japan for most of Heian period
Many Fujiwaras served as regent
Fujiwaras often married daughters to heirs of throne
Rich landowners with private armies eventually challenged Fujiwaras, Japan’s central government

Summarize
Why was the Heian period a golden age of culture in Japan?
Answer(s): A court culture grew; writing and art flourished.

Korean Peninsula
Juts from East Asian mainland, China to southwest, Japan to east
Location made Korea bridge for passage of people, culture, ideas
Also left region open to invasion
Early Korea
First Koreans nomadic peoples from northeastern Asia; formed clans
Developed own culture; but influenced by China’s Han dynasty, 108 BC
Adopted Confucianism, Chinese writing, political, agricultural methods
Geography
Much of peninsula covered by rugged mountains, limits land for agriculture
Mountain ranges run north and south along east coast
Main population centers in west; land flattens to plains
Korea

After China’s Han dynasty, three rival kingdoms controlled Korea
600s, rulers of one kingdom, Silla, allied with China, conquered rest
Silla then turned on Chinese; ruled all Korea by 670
Agreed to pay tribute to China to ensure harmony, good will
Embraced many aspects of Chinese civilization, promoted Buddhism, created central government, bureaucracy based on Tang model
Silla
935, rebels defeated Silla Kingdom, founded Koryo dynasty, which lasted until 1392
Continued to adopt Chinese ideas, worked for distinct Korean features
Civil service exam like China’s but only nobles could take test
The Koryo Dynasty
Society divided between powerful nobility and the rest of the people
Culture thrived, artisans created pottery covered with celadon glaze
Improved on Chinese woodblock printing, created moveable type
Printed Buddhist texts
Society, Culture

Mongol Occupation
1200s, Mongols of Yuan China invaded, occupied Korea
Forced Koryo’s rulers to pay immense tributes, enslaved many Koreans
Took artisans to China
Forced men to serve in Yuan military
1300s, Yuan dynasty weakened
Koreans rebelled against Yuan
1392, Korean general founded new dynasty

Sequence
What were the major events and periods in early Korean history?
Answer(s): period of Han dynasty influence; period when Silla kingdom allied with Chinese; Koryo dynasty

Civilizations of Southeast Asia
Main Idea / Reading Focus
Influences on Southeast Asia
Map: Southeast Asian Kingdoms
Early Kingdoms and Empires
Visual Study Guide / Quick Facts
Video: The Impact of Chinese Culture on Japan

Reading Focus
What factors influenced early civilizations in the region of Southeast Asia?
What early kingdoms and empires developed in Southeast Asia?
Main Idea
The early civilizations of Southeast Asia were influenced by geography and the cultures of India and China.
Civilizations of Southeast Asia

India and China shaped the development of civilization in the region of Southeast Asia. Geography and trade also played important roles.
Influences on Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia divided in two parts—mainland Southeast Asia, and island Southeast Asia
Mainland—modern nations of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, part of Malaysia
Island—Sumatra, Borneo, Java, rest of Malaysia, Brunei, East Timor, Indonesia, Philippines, Singapore
Two Parts of Southeast Asia
Several rivers flow south on mainland
Valleys, deltas of rivers supported farming, home to early civilizations
Separating rivers, rugged mountains, limited contact among people
Islands surrounded by seas, straits; provided sources of food, travel, served as trade routes
Geography

Winds
Monsoons, seasonal winds, shaped trade
Winds blow northeast in summer, southwest in winter
Ships relied on monsoons to sail from place to place, often had to wait in port until winds shifted to resume voyage
Many Southeast Asian port cities became important economic centers
Trade
Southeast Asia waterways, main trade routes between India, China
Two most important: Malacca Strait between Malay Peninsula, Sumatra; Sunda Strait, between Sumatra, Java
Control of these, other important trade routes, brought wealth, power

Sea Trade in Southeast Asia
By AD 100s, Indian merchants had begun prosperous sea trade with Southeast Asia
Overland trade routes through Central Asia more dangerous after fall of Han dynasty, 220
Seaborne trade between China, India increased
Traders passed through Southeast Asia; exchanged goods for local products

India and China
Indian ideas on writing, science, government, art spread to Southeast Asia
Ancient Indian language, Sanskrit, came into wide use
Chinese influences spread by conquest, trade, migration
China controlled northern Vietnam at different times, strongly influenced that region

Other Influences
Chinese, Indian traders influenced Southeast Asia
Indian influence spread through trade, missionaries
Indian missionaries introduced Hinduism, Buddhism; many kingdoms adopted the religions, built temples in Indian style
Eventually Indians brought Islam; remains strong today

Traders and Missionaries

Identify Cause and Effect
How did trade influence Southeast Asia?
Answer(s): Ports became the economic centers of Southeast Asia; Indian and Chinese influence spread to Southeast Asia through trade

Small but Powerful
Several early kingdoms, empires arose in Southeast Asia
Most small, a few quite powerful
Blended influences from India, China to create own unique societies, cultures
Conquests
1057, Anawrahta united much of what is now Myanmar under his rule
Conquests provided Pagan with access to trading ports
Anawrahta’s kingdom prospered
The Pagan Kingdom
AD 800s, Burmans established kingdom of Pagan, in what is now Myanmar
Located in fertile Irrawaddy River valley, ideal for rice farming
First king, Anawrahta, ruled 1044 to 1077, conquered surrounding areas
Early Kingdoms and Empires

The Pagan Kingdom
Anawrahta, successors supported Theravada Buddhism, built thousands of Buddhist temples
Pagan became center of Buddhist learning
1287, Kublai Khan’s Mongols demanded tribute from Pagan; king refused and attacked; was crushed
One of king’s own sons killed him, then agreed to pay tribute to the Mongols
Pagan survived, but lost power
Today Myanmar people consider Pagan classical age of history, culture

Powerful Khmer empire arose southeast of Pagan, in what is now Cambodia
Early 800s, Khmer people began to conquer kingdoms around them, build great empire
Empire reached height between 850 and 1250, controlled much of Southeast Asian mainland
Expensive building projects, invaders contributed to empire’s decline
The Khmer Empire
Khmer Empire reflected strong Indian influence
Adopted Hindu, Buddhist beliefs, ruled as gods
Empire’s capital city, Angkor, symbolized shape of Hindu universe, temple at its center
Indian Influence
Built vast temple complexes; Angkor Wat ruins still stand
Empire grew prosperous from rice farming
Built irrigation system covering 12.5 million acres, grew several crops per year
Rich from Rice

Trading Kingdoms
Several developed on islands of Southeast Asia
Kingdom of Sailendra on Java flourished, 750 to 850
Relied on agriculture, trade
Srivijaya
Wealthy empire on Sumatra, flourished 600s to 1200s
Gained wealth from control of overseas trade through Malacca, Sunda straits
Also Buddhist learning center
Sailendra
Adopted Mahayana Buddhism, known for impressive Buddhist art, architecture
Borobudur monument with terraced levels most famous
Control Reduced
1025, empire attacked by Indian kingdom
Empire survived, but weakened
Control of trade reduced
Islam spread; Muslims came to dominate trade in region
Trading Kingdoms

In hopes of regaining their independence, the Vietnamese sometimes rebelled when Chinese rule grew weak.
While most of Southeast Asia was strongly influenced by India, Vietnam was strongly influenced by China. In 111 BC the Han dynasty of China conquered the kingdom of Nam Viet, in what is now northern Vietnam. They ruled the region off and on for the next 1,000 years.
Vietnam
Chinese forced Vietnamese to adopt Chinese language, clothing, hairstyles
Confucianism, Daoism influenced Vietnamese society
Adopted Chinese government features, including bureaucracy
Chinese Rule
Vietnam embraced Buddhism, but still maintained traditional customs
Continued to worship nature spirits alongside other belief systems
Chinese rule shaped life in early Vietnam, but people determined to preserve own culture, identity
Traditional Customs

Rebellion
AD 39, one of most famous Vietnamese rebellions took place
Two sisters, Trung Trac, Trung Nhi raised army, briefly drove Chinese out
Chinese soon regained control; sisters remain heroes in Vietnam today
Dai Viet
Rulers of Dai Viet sent tribute to China, but remained independent
Chinese failed in attempts to reconquer Vietnam; 1285, Mongols invaded; Dai Viet prince Tran Quoc Toan defeated them, became a hero
Independence
Early 900s, fall of China’s Tang dynasty provided Vietnamese another chance at independence; this time successful
939, established independent kingdom in what is now northern Vietnam
Rebellion in Vietnam

Contrast
How did the development of early Vietnam differ from the development of kingdoms and empires in the rest of Southeast Asia?
Answer(s): was ruled by China; influenced by China rather than India