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Rough Draft of the Final ReportYou are required to develop a rough draft for your Final Lab Report, which covers the drinking water quality experiment from the Week Two Lab assignment “Lab 2: Water Quality and Contamination.” Please use the Week Three Assignment Template for preparing your rough draft to insure that you include all required components in a well-organized manner. Before completing this Template, view the Tutorial on the
Rough Draft of the Final Lab Report Template
so that you have a clear picture on how to use the template most effectively. This rough draft must also be reviewed using the Grammarly (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. tool from the Writing Center to help you identify and correct any mistakes to your rough draft. Be sure to submit a screen shot of the Grammarly report and the corrected rough draft to the Week Three Assignment box. This resource will show you how to take a screen shot on your computer and upload it to Waypoint successfully.For a written transcript, click
here
.Complete the following steps to submit both reports:Carefully read the instructions for your Final Lab Report assignment located within Week Five of the course..Download the Rough Draft of the Final Lab Report Template and utilize this form to ensure correct formatting and inclusion of all required material.View the Tutorial on the Rough Draft of the Final Lab Report Template so that you can apply the template with success. Use at least two scholarly sources, two credible sources, and your lab manual to support your points.The rough draft must be three to five pages in length (excluding title and reference pages) and formatted according to APA style. For information regarding APA samples and tutorials, visit the
Ashford Writing Center (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
.Use the Grammarly tool to proofread your paper before submitting it for grading. Grammarly is a free proofreading program available to all Ashford students. To learn how to set up and use Grammarly, watch the
Grammarly tutorial (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
.Upload your paper to Grammarly and take a screen shot of your reviewed paper. Need help taking a screen shot? See this
handout
. Save the Grammarly screenshot to your computer and submit it along with your assignment. This means that you will submit two documents to Waypoint: the Grammarly screen shot and your corrected rough draft.Note: Need help using Grammarly? Email the Writing Center at
writing@ashford.edu
. Note: Please do not use www.grammarly.com to sign up as you will get limited feedback. Ashford University pays for additional fabulous Grammarly services so you don’t have to. If you encounter any problems or technical issues, please contact:
support@grammarly.com
The Rough Draft of the Final Lab Report must contain the following seven sections in this order:Title Page – This page must include the title of your report, your name, course name, instructor, and date submitted.Introduction – This section should discuss why the experiment was conducted. At a minimum, it should contain three paragraphs. One paragraph must cover background information of similar studies that have already been done in the area. This is accomplished by citing existing literature from similar experiments and explaining their results. A second paragraph should discuss an objective or a reason why the experiment is being done. Why do we want to know the answer to the question we are asking? A third paragraph should provide a hypothesis for the experiment conducted, along with your rationale behind that hypothesis.Materials and Methods – This section should provide a detailed description of the materials used in your experiment and how they were used. A step-by-step rundown of your experiment is necessary; however, it should be done in paragraph form, not in a list format. The description should be exact enough to allow for someone reading the report to replicate the experiment, but it should be in your own words and not simply copied and pasted from the lab manual.Results – This section should include the data and observations from the experiment. All tables and graphs should be present in this section. Additionally, there should be at least one paragraph explaining the data in paragraph form. There should be no personal opinions or discussion beyond the results of your experiments located within this section.Discussion – This section should interpret or explain the meaning of your data and provide conclusions. At least three paragraphs should be outlined here. First, a paragraph should be present that addresses whether your hypothesis was confirmed or denied and how you know this. Second, you are to discuss the meaning of your findings in this area utilizing scholarly sources to put the paper into context. For example, how do your results compare with the findings of similar studies? Also, you should discuss if there are any outside factors (i.e., temperature, contaminants, time of day) that affected your results. If so, how could you control for these in the future? Finally, you should discuss any future questions arising from your results and how you might test them with new experiments.Conclusions – This section should provide a brief summary of your work. What are the key take-away points from your study?References – Provide a list of at least two scholarly sources, two credible sources, and your lab manual that will be used in the Final Lab Report. Format your references according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.Note: An abstract must be included in the Final Lab Report. However, the abstract should not be included in the rough draft as it is to be written last after the entire paper is fully written. Do not forget this in your Final Lab Report.In addition to the
Grammarly (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
tool, you have three tutoring services available: Paper Review, Live Chat, and
Tutor E-mail
. Click on the Writing Center (AWC) tab in the left-navigation menu, in your online course, to learn more about these tutoring options and how to get help with your writing.
WaterQuality and Contamina on
22
Usable water
Ground water
Surface water
Ground water contaminates
Water treatment
Drinking water quality
Figure 1: At any given moment, 97% of the planet’s water is in oceans. Only a small fraction of
the remaining freshwater is usable by humans, underscoring the importance of treating our wa-
ter supply with care.
It is no secret that water is one of the most valuable resources on Earth. Every plant and animal requires wa-
ter to survive, not only for drinking, but also for food production, shelter creation, and many other necessities.
Water has also played a major role in transforming the earth’s surface into the varied topography we see to-
day.
While more than 70% of our planet is covered in water, only a small percentage of this water is usable fresh-
water. The other 99% of water is composed primarily of salt water, with a small percentage being composed
23
of glaciers. Due to the high costs involved in transforming salt water into freshwater, the earth’s population
survives off the less than 1% of freshwater available. Humans obtain freshwater from either surface water or
groundwater.
Surface water is the water that collects on the ground as a result of precipitation. The water that does not
evaporate back into the atmosphere or infiltrate into the ground is typically collected in rivers, lakes, reser-
voirs, and other bodies of water, making it easily accessible.
Groundwater, on the other hand, is located underneath the ground. This water is stored in pores, fractures,
and other spaces within the soil and rock underneath the surface. Precipitation, along with snowmelt, infil-
trates through the ground and accumulates in available underground spaces.
Aquifers are areas in which water collects in sand, gravel, or permeable rock from which it can be extracted
for usable freshwater. The depth of aquifers varies from less than 50 feet to over 1,500 feet below the sur-
face. The water within an aquifer typically does not flow through, as it would through a river or stream, but in-
stead soaks into the underground material, similar to a sponge. As aquifers are depleted by human use, they
are also recharged from precipitation seeping into the ground and restoring the water level. However, many
times the recharge of the aquifers does not equal the amount of water that has been extracted. If that cycle
continues, the aquifer will eventually dry up and will no longer be a viable source of groundwater.
Evapora on
Cloud forma on
Precipita on
Groundwater
Evapora on
Transpira on
Precipita on
Precipita on
Figure 2: Water is a renewable source, purified and
delivered across the planet by the hydrological cycle.
24
While the water that precipitates in the form of rain is relatively pure, it does not take long for it to pick up con-
taminants. There are natural, animal, and human-made sources of water pollutants. They can travel freely
from one location to another via streams, rivers, and even groundwater. Pollutants can also travel from land
or air into the water. Groundwater contamination most often occurs when human-made products, such as mo-
tor oil, gasoline, acidic chemicals, and other substances, leak into aquifers and other groundwater storage
areas. The most common source of contaminants come from leaking storage tanks, poorly maintained land-
fills, septic tanks, hazardous waste sites, and the common use of chemicals, such as pesticides and road
salts.
The dangers of consuming contaminated water are
high. Many deadly diseases, poisons, and toxins can
reside in contaminated water supplies, severely affect-
ing the health of those who drink the water. It is also
believed that an increased risk of cancer may result
from ingesting contaminated groundwater.
With the many contaminants that can infiltrate our wa-
ter supply, it is crucial that there be a thorough water
treatment plan in place to purify the water and make it
drinkable. While each municipality has its own water
treatment facility, the process is much the same at
each location.
The process begins with aeration, in which air is added
to the water to let trapped gases escape while increasing the amount of oxygen within the water. The next
step is called coagulation or flocculation, in which chemicals, such as filter alum, are added to the incoming
Water is the only substance
that is found naturally in
three forms: solid, liquid,
and gas
If the entire world’s supply
of water could fit into a one-
gallon jug, the fresh water
available to use would equal
less than one tablespoon
Approximately 66% of the
human body consists of wa-
ter – it exists within every
organ and is essential for its
function
Figure 3: Sedimentation tanks, such as those shown
above, are used to settle the sludge and remove oils
and fats in sewage. This step can remove a good por-
tion of the biological oxygen demand from the sew-
age, a key step before progressing with the treat-
ments and eventually releasing into the ground or
body of water.
25
water and then stirred vigorously in a powerful mixer. The alum causes
compounds, such as carbonates and hydroxides, to form tiny, sticky clumps
called floc that attract dirt and other small particles. When the sticky clumps
combine with the dirt, they become heavy and sink to the bottom. In the next
step, known as sedimentation, the heavy particles that sank to the bottom
during coagulation are separated out and the remaining water is sent on to
filtration. During filtration, the water passes through filters made of layers of
sand, charcoal, gravel and pebbles that help filter out the smaller particles
that have passed through until this point. The last step is called disinfection,
in which chlorine and/or other disinfectants are added to kill any bacteria
that may still be in the water. At this point, the water is stored until it is dis-
tributed through various pipes to city residents and businesses.
After the water goes through the treatment process, it must also pass the
guidelines stated in the Safe Drinking Water Act, in which various compo-
nents are tested to ensure that the quality of the water is sufficient for drink-
ing. There are currently over 65 contaminants that must be monitored and maintained on a regular basis to
keep local drinking water safe for the public. Some of these chemical regulations include lead, chromium,
selenium, and arsenic. Other components, such as smell, color, pH, and metals, are also monitored to ensure
residents are provided clean and safe drinking water.
Figure 4: Fresh water is essen-
tial to humans and other land-
based life. Contaminated water
must be treated before it can be
released into the water supply.
26
Bottled water is a billion dollar industry in the United States. Still, few people know the health benefits, if any,
that come from drinking bottled water as opposed to tap water. This experiment will look at the levels of vari-
ous different chemical compounds in both tap and bottled water to determine if there are health benefits in
drinking bottled water.
1. Before beginning, record your hypothesis in post-lab question 1 at the end of this procedure. Be sure to
indicate which water source you believe will be the dirtiest and which water source will be the cleanest.
2. Label three 250 mL beakers Tap Water, Dasani®, and Fiji®. Pour 100 mL of each type of water into the
corresponding beakers.
3. Locate the ammonia test strips. Begin by placing a test strip into the Tap Water sample and vigorously
moving the strip up and down in the water for 30 seconds, making sure that the pads on the test strip are
always submerged.
Dasani® bottled water
Fiji® bottled water
Jiffy Juice
Ammonia test strips
Chloride test strips
4 in 1 test strips
Phosphate test strips
Iron test strips
(3) 250 mL Beakers
(3) 100 mL Beakers
(1) 100 mL Graduated Cylinder
Permanent marker
Stopwatch
Parafilm®
Pipettes
(3) Foil packets of reducing powder
*Tap water
*You must provide
27
4. Remove the test strip from the water and shake off the excess water.
5. Hold the test strip level with the pad side up for 30 seconds.
6. Read the results by turning the test strip so the pads are facing away from you. Compare the color of the
small pad to the color chart at the end of the lab. Record your results in Table 1.
7. Repeat the procedure for both Dasani® and Fiji|® bottled water. Record your results for both in Table 1.
8. Locate the chloride test strips. Begin by immersing all the reaction zones (“the pads”) of a test strip in the
Tap Water sample for 1 second.
9. Shake off the excess liquid from the test strip. After 1 minute, determine which color row the test strip
most noticeably coincides with on the color chart at the end of the lab. Record your results in Table 2.
10. Repeat the procedure for both Dasani® and Fiji® bottled water. Record your results for both in Table 2.
11. Locate the 4 in 1 test strips. Begin by dipping a test strip in the Tap Water for 5 seconds with a gentle
back and forth motion.
12. Remove the test strip from the water and shake once, briskly, to remove the excess water.
13. Wait 20 seconds and use the color chart at the end of this lab to match the test strip to the Total Alkalini-
ty, Total Chlorine, and Total Hardness on the color chart. Be sure to do all of the readings within seconds
of each other. Record your results in Table 3.
Note: You will not be using the pH reading obtained from the 4 in 1 test strips. The pH will be
determined at the end of this experiment using a different method.
14. Repeat the procedure for both Dasani® and Fiji® bottled water. Record your results for both in Table 3.
15. Locate the phosphate test strips. Begin by dipping a test strip into the Tap Water for 5 seconds.
16. Remove the test strip from the water and hold it horizontally with the pad side up for 45 seconds. Do not
shake the excess water from the test strip.
28
17. Compare the results on the pad of the test strip to the color chart at the end of this lab. Record your re-
sults in Table 4.
18. Repeat the procedure for both Dasani® and Fiji® bottled water. Record your results for both in Table 4.
19. Now, label the three 100 mL beakers Tap Water, Dasani®, and Fiji®. Use the 100 mL graduated cylinder
to measure 30 mL of the Tap Water from the 250 mL beaker. Pour the Tap Water into the 100 mL beaker.
Repeat these steps for the Dasani® and Fiji® bottled water.
20. Beginning with the Tap Water, open one foil packet of reducing powder and add it to the 100 mL beaker.
Cover the beaker with a piece of Parafilm® and shake the beaker vigorously for 15 seconds.
21. Locate the iron test strips. Remove the Parafilm® and dip the test pad of an iron test strip into the Tap Wa-
ter sample, rapidly moving it back and forth under the water for 5 seconds.
22. Remove the strip and shake the excess water off. After 10 seconds, compare the test pad to the color
chart at the end of this lab. If the color falls between two colors on the color chart, estimate your result.
Record your results in Table 5.
23. Repeat the procedure for both Dasani® and Fiji® bottled water. Record your results for both in Table 5.
24. Use your 100 mL graduated cylinder to measure and remove 45 mL of the Tap Water from the 250 mL
beaker. Discard this water. Your 250 mL beaker should now contain 25 mL of Tap Water. Repeat these
step with the Dasani® and Fiji® bottled water.
25. Use a pipette to add 5 mL of Jiffy Juice to the Tap Water. Mix gently with the pipette or by swirling the liq-
uid.
26. Compare the color of the Tap Water to the pH chart in the key. Record the pH in Table 6.
27. Repeat the procedure with both the Dasani® and Fiji® bottled water and record your results in Table 6
29
0 10 30 60 100 200 40
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
≥3000
Ammonia (mg/L)
Chloride (mg/L)
4-in-1 Test Strip:
*Note there are 4 pads on this test strip. From top to bottom (with the bottom of the strip being the handle),
the pads are: pH, Chlorine, Alkalinity, and Hardness. Remember that the pH is not to be measured using the
strip.
pH Chlor. Alk. Hard.
0 0.2 1.0 4.0 10.0
0 40 80 120 180 240 500
0 50 120 250 425 1000
Soft Hard Very Hard
Total Chlorine (mg/L)
Total Alkalinity (mg/L)
Total Hardness (mg/L)
30
0 0.15 0.3 0.6 1 2 5
0 10 25 50 100
Phosphate (ppm)
Total Iron (ppm)
pH
1-2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11-12
Lab 2 – Water Quality and Contamination
Experiment 1: Drinking Water Quality
Bottled water is a billion dollar industry in the United States. Still, few people know the health benefits, if any, that come from drinking bottled water as opposed to tap water. This experiment will look at the levels of a variety of different chemical compounds in both tap and bottled water to determine if there are health benefits in drinking bottled water.
POST-LAB QUESTIONS
1. Develop a hypothesis regarding which water sources you believe will contain the most and least contaminants, and state why you believe this. Be sure to clearly rank all three sources from most to least contaminants.
The water source I believe that will contain the most contaminants is Tap water due to the amount of chemical exposed in the water from pipes and other ground items . Fiji bottle water would be second and Dasani water being least contaminated .
Table 1: Ammonia Test Results
Water Sample
Test Results (mg/L)
Tap Water
0mg/L
Dasani® Bottled Water
0mg/L
Fiji® Bottled Water
0mg/L
Table 2: Chloride Test Results
Water Sample
Test Results (mg/L)
Tap Water
0mg/L
Dasani® Bottled Water
500mg/L
Fiji® Bottled Water
500mg/L
Table 3: 4 in 1 Test Results
Water Sample
Total Alkalinity
(mg/L)
Total Chlorine
(mg/L)
Total Hardness
(mg/L)
Tap Water
40mg/L
0mg/L
0mg/L
Dasani® Bottled Water
40 mg/L
0.2mg/L
50mg/L
Fiji® Bottled Water
0mg/L
0.2mg/L
0mg /L
Table 4: Phosphate Test Results
Water Sample
Test Results (ppm)
Tap Water
50 ppm
Dasani® Bottled Water
10 ppm
Fiji® Bottled Water
100 ppm
Table 5: Iron Test Results
Water Sample
Test Results (ppm)
Tap Water
0.15 ppm
Dasani® Bottled Water
0.15 ppm
Fiji® Bottled Water
0 ppm
Table 6: pH Results
Water Sample
Test Results
Tap Water
6 pH
Dasani® Bottled Water
5pH
Fiji® Bottled Water
7pH
2. Based on the results of your experiment, would accept or reject the hypothesis you produced in question 1? Explain how you determined this.
Accept/reject = After during the experiment I would reject my hypothesis I determine this because Dasani bottle water tested higher more likely contain contaminates. I was surprised because , I thought that pipes and sewers would more likely contaminate tap water than bottle water.
3. Based on the results of your experiment, what specific differences do you notice among the Dasani®, Fiji®, and Tap Water?
Answer = I notice that the tap water did not have any chlorine which poses a risk of being contaminated and making people sick. I noticed that the Fiji bottle water had 0mg/L of Alkalinity which poses a threat of being unsafe to drink. Based on the overall test results all three of the waters are safe to drink because the total hardness in each water source or type is between 0-50mg/L. Which meets the standards of safe drinking water .
4. Based upon the fact sheets provided (links at the end of this document), do any of these samples pose a health concern? Use evidence from the lab to support your answer.
Answer = Based on these samples tap water and Dasani concern because it’s PH levels are 5 and 6 . Fiji bottle water is safer to drink because the PH levels is 7 which is more safer than tap and Dasani .For the overall test results each water is Fiji bottle water have less contaminate than tap water and Dasani bottle of water .
5. Based on your results, do you believe that bottled water is worth the price? Use evidence from the lab to support your opinion.
Answer = Based on the test results , I don’t believe that bottle of water is worth the price .I learned a lot about bottle of water and tap water and believe that bottle of water had more contaminates than I originally expected. Tap water is not as bad as I thought though I will be drinking more tap water in the future.
**NOTE: Be sure to complete steps 1 – 32 of Lab 3, Experiment 1 (the next lab) before the end of this week. Lab 3 involves planting seeds, and if the work is not started this week, your plants will not have time to grow and the lab will not be finished on time.**
FACT SHEETS: Please refer to these to answer Question 3. If you use information from any of these, don’t forget to cite and reference it in APA format in your lab. You are also welcome to use additional or alternative credible resources that you locate online if you wish.
Ammonia
https://www.wqa.org/Portals/0/Technical/Technical%20Fact%20Sheets/2014_Ammonia
Chloride
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chloride
Phosphate
http://osse.ssec.wisc.edu/curriculum/earth/Minifact2_Phosphorus
Iron
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/iron
pH
https://www.watersystemscouncil.org/download/wellcare_information_sheets/potential_groundwater_contaminant_information_sheets/9709284pH_Update_September_2007
Alkalinity
http://www.freedrinkingwater.com/water_quality/quality1/28-08-alkalinity.htm
Chlorine
http://www.watertechonline.com/testing-for-chlorine-in-drinking-water/
Hardness
http://des.nh.gov/organization/commissioner/pip/factsheets/dwgb/documents/dwgb-3-6
References
http://osse.ssec.wisc.edu/curriculum/earth/Minifact2_Phosphorus
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/iron
https://www.watersystemscouncil.org/download/wellcare_information_sheets/potential_groundwater_contaminant_information_sheets/9709284pH_Update_September_2007
http://www.freedrinkingwater.com/water_quality/quality1/28-08-alkalinity.htm
http://des.nh.gov/organization/commissioner/pip/factsheets/dwgb/documents/dwgb-3-6
© eScience Labs, 2016
Running Head:
Title
1
Title 2
Title
Name
SCI 207: Our Dependence upon the Environment
Instructor
Date
*This template will provide you with the details necessary to begin a quality Final Lab Report. Utilize this template to complete the Week 3 Rough Draft of the Final Lab Report and ensure that you are providing all of the necessary information and proper format for the assignment. Before you begin, please note the following important information:
1. Carefully review the Final Lab Report instructions before you begin this assignment.
2. The Final Lab Report should cover only the first experiment (Drinking Water Quality) from your Week Two Lab.
3. As you plan your final paper, think about how you can present a fact-based story about water quality issues. For example, consider what common concerns might be regarding water quality, and the role drinking water standards play in protecting our water supplies.
4. For further help, see the Sample Final Lab Report for an example of a final product on a different topic.
5. You may simply replace the text following the bold terms with the appropriate outline information to complete this assignment. Make sure to pay close attention to the information called for and provide all necessary material. Please delete this purple text before submitting your rough draft.
Title
Introduction
Body Paragraph #1 – Background: The rough draft of the introduction should describe the background of water quality and related issues using cited examples. You should include scholarly sources in this section to help explain why water quality research is important to society. When outlining this section, make sure to at least list relevant resources in APA format that will be used in the final paper to develop the background for your experiment.
Body Paragraph # 2 – Objective: The rough draft of the introduction should also contain the objective for your study. This objective is the reason why the experiment is being done. Your rough draft should provide an objective that describes why we want to know the answer to the questions we are asking. Make sure the objective ties back to ideas you discussed in the Background, above.
Body Paragraph # 3 – Hypothesis: Finally, the introduction should end with your hypothesis. This hypothesis should be the same one that you posed before you began your Drinking Water Quality experiment. You may reword it following feedback from your instructor to put it in better hypothesis format; however, you should not adjust it to reflect the “right” answer. You will not lose points if your hypothesis was wrong; scientists often revise their hypotheses based on scientific evidence following an experiment. In addition to stating the hypothesis, offer your rationale for it; in other words, why did you make that particular hypothesis?
Materials and Methods
Body Paragraph # 1: The rough draft of the materials and methods section should provide a brief description of the specialized materials used in your experiment and how they were used. This section needs to summarize the instructions with enough detail so that an outsider who does not have a copy of the lab instructions knows what you did. However, this does not mean writing every little step like “dip the phosphate test strip in the water, then shake the test strips,” these steps can be simplified to read “we used phosphate test strips to measure phosphate levels in parts per million”, etc. This section should be written in the past tense and in your own words and not copied and pasted from the lab manual. Think cookbook recipe here; you should explain enough of what you did for others to repeat the experiment, but with nothing extra added.
Results
Tables: The rough draft of the results section should include all the tables used in your experiment. All values within the tables should be in numerical form and contain units (except pH, which does not have any). For instance, if measuring the amount of chloride in water you should report your measurement as 2 mg/L or 0 mg/L, not as two or none.
Body Paragraph # 1: The rough draft of the results section should also highlight important results in paragraph form, referring to the appropriate tables when mentioned. This section should only state the results; no personal opinions should be included. A description of what the results really mean should be saved for the discussion. For example, you may report, 0mg/L of chlorine were found in the water, but should avoid personal opinions and interpretations such as, “No chlorine was found in the water, showing it to be cleaner than the other samples.”
Discussion
Body Paragraph #1 – Hypothesis: The rough draft of this section should interpret your data and provide conclusions. Start by discussing if your hypothesis was confirmed or denied and how you know this. Then consider some of the implications of your results. Given the chemical differences you may have noted between the water samples, are any of the differences causes for concern?
Body Paragraph # 2 – Context: The rough draft of your discussion should also relate your results to bigger water concerns and challenges. For example, based on your experiment you might discuss how various bottled water companies use different filtration systems. Or, you could discuss the billion dollar bottled water industry. For example, do you think it is worth it to buy bottled water? Why or why not? Your outline should at least list some of the resources that you plan to utilize in your final paper to put your results into context.
Body Paragraph #3 – Variables and Future Experiments: Finally, the rough draft of your results section should also address any possible factors that affected your results, such as taking measurements over two different days instead of all at once. If possible sources of error were present, how might you control for these in the future? You should also propose some new questions that have arisen from your results and what kind of experiment(s) might be devised to answer these questions.
Conclusions
Body Paragraph #1: This section of your rough draft should briefly summarize the key points of your paper. What main message would you like people to take way from this report?
References
Include at least 2 scholarly and 2 highly credible sources as well as your lab manual, in APA format.
