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PY3350 Research Methods

James C. Guy, Ph.D.

Summarize and Synthesize Assignment

This assignment has four main goals:

1. To demonstrate your ability to use the online library

2. To properly “summarize and synthesize” information from sources

3. To properly cite information

4. To correctly format papers in APA

INSTRUCTIONS: Locate at least three professional research articles on the topic of chocolate and psychology. Write 1-2 paragraphs using the sources you find and submit a correctly formatted and cited APA paper which includes a title page, body, and reference page. You do not need to include an abstract for this assignment. See the more detailed instructions as follows:

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For the assignment, you are to locate at least three PROFESSIONAL, peer-reviewed original research articles on any research conducted on chocolate and some aspect of psychology in the PSYCINFO database found in the online library. There has been a good deal of research on chocolate and mood, or chocolate and self-control for example. You may even want to search for chocolate and libido to see if there is a reason chocolate is associated with Valentine’s Day. Your specific area of psychology is up to you, but it must be connected to chocolate and include at least three of correct articles of the correct type.

Do not use the internet or other sources for this assignment, even though you can often find sources using Google Scholar or similar academic search engines. ONLY professional, peer-reviewed journals will be accepted. Using non-professional sources such as Wikipedia, SimplyPsychology, or internet blogs will result in a “F” for the assignment. Also, keep in mind that original research will not include terms such as “a review” or “book review” in the title. Be sure the articles are from authors who actually conducted the original research. It will usually be clear in the abstract and methodology. For example, “We surveyed 200 children…..; We found that…..; In the current research, it was hypothesized…..”

Your paper must be correctly formatted in APA and submitted as a Word document in Bb. It should include a title page, a reference page, and a body that includes 1-2 paragraphs, all in APA format. The information must be SUMMARIZED AND SYNTHESIZED and properly cited. It should include ONLY ONE quote, and several other citations of the information included.

Keep in mind that when you SUMMARIZE information, you do not simply restate what the author said. You can include quotes, but they should be kept to a minimum (Include only one for this assignment). A summary requires you to process and understand the information you are reading. You then SYNTHESIZE the information in a logical and clear way so that your reader can see how you put the information together. A synthesis is not simply a string of information. Rather it is a “coming together” of the information in a logical way. A good way to see how that is done is to read professional articles and see how they do this. Most do a good job of SUMMARIZING and SYNTHESIZING. See the example below from Shimizu, F., and Suzuki, M. (2015). Notice there are several different sources summarized and cited in one paragraph. Notice also how the authors SYNTHESIZED the information by pulling together information from various sources into a cohesive thought and discussion.

Now, have fun practicing this with your assignment. You may even want to eat some chocolate as you do it!

Role development is defined as an emergent process,
which can be influenced by predefined role expectations,
changing organizational requirements, individual
needs, and ongoing interactions among actors
in a particular role set (Miller, Joseph, & Apker,
2000). Some of the factors that affect nurses’ role
development include skills, knowledge development
(Ellis & Chater, 2012; Rasmussen, Henderson,
& Muir-Cochrane, 2014), turbulent interactions
(Heitz, Steiner, & Burman, 2004), personal characteristics,
previous experience (Jones, 2005), support
from others (Ellis & Chater, 2012; Jones, 2005), and
communication (Boström, Hörnsten, Lundman,
Stenlund, & Isaksson, 2013). The stages of nurses’
role development have been reported, but only
among nurses working in hospitals (Benner, Tanner,
& Chesla, 2009) and the community (Clancy,
Oyefeso, & Ghodse, 2006).

Shimizu, F., and Suzuki, M. (2015). Role development of nurses for technology-dependent children attending mainstream schools in Japan. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, (20), 87-97. doi: 10.1111/jspn.12105

Running head: SHORT TITLE OF PAPER (50 CHARACTERS OR LESS) 1

SHORT TITLE OF PAPER (50 CHARACTERS OR LESS) 5

Comment by jcguy:
Formatting the running head and page number can be tricky. Go to “insert header”and select “different first page”. Put in the page numbering first (top right of page) using the auto page number feature. Then paste or type the running head in front of the page number. You will then need to space between the head and the page number to get them in the correct locations.
Then, scroll down to page 2 (while still in the “insert header” mode), and remove the words “Running head:”. You will probably need to remove additional spacing before and/or after the text to get it in the correct location. Be sure to locate the page number back 1-2 extra spaces to allow space for multiple digit numbers.
Then, exit out of the insert header mode and the running head and page numbers should be correct.

How to Format an APA Paper
James C. Guy
Course Name and/or Number
Liberty University
[Date as applicable]

© 2011-2013 James C. Guy
Abstract (if needed)
Your abstract is often optional in short academic papers, unless the assignment requirements specify that you should include one. One is often required for most research articles submitted for publication, many research proposals, and other larger works. An abstract is normally 150-250 words that summarize the content of your paper. It is left-justified without indentation, and the heading is not bold. Normally, it does not include any references or citations unless absolutely necessary. See chapter two of the APA manual for more information.
How to Format an APA Paper Comment by jcguy:
Note that the full title of your paper goes here in non-bold font for your introduction, or you can leave it blank. You should NOT use a heading labeled “Introduction”. The first part of your paper is presumed to be the Introduction. In the rare event one is not included, an appropriate content heading would indicate such.
This paper provides a sample of how to properly write and format an APA style paper. Note that the when the first paragraph of your paper is an introduction, you do not label it as such. Instead, it simply contains the title of your paper or nothing at all. The first paragraphs of your paper are assumed to be the introduction unless there is a heading indicating something different. Your paper should be double-spaced all the way through, should contain the running head and page numbers as shown here, and should have 1-inch margins throughout the paper. Be sure the phrase Running head appears only on the first page as shown, and that the shortened title portion of it is in ALL CAPS. Comment by jcguy:
Pay close attention to these instructions concerning these basic format issues.
Setting Up Your Paper
You can use a template such as this one to set up your paper. However, please be aware that many templates are incorrect, including some that come with Word. In fact, Word 2007 can be very problematic if you use it to set up your paper. One of the primary issues with it is that it automatically adds additional space at the end of paragraphs. Your entire paper should be double-spaced (except certain specially formatted elements). You can change this under the line-spacing options. Change the numeric value shown under after paragraph setting (usually 10 pt.) to zero. Comment by jcguy:
Double space between all lines of the paper. This includes the elimination of any extra spacing before or after the paragraph (Chapter 8, 8.03, p. 229). The default setting in Microsoft Word is to add extra spacing after paragraphs. You can change this setting under the page layout tab in Microsoft Word 2007.
Remember that just because you use a template, regardless of the source, you are responsible to see that your paper is formatted correctly. It is not only important to be able to understand information, but also to be able to share it in a professional manner. Do not get creative or flashy in your paper format. Instead, strive to follow the currently established rules and format your paper correctly. Notice also that there should be two spaces after each sentence punctuation rather than the one as specified in earlier versions of APA formatting.
Writing Style Comment by jcguy:
In the case where a heading is hanging at the bottom of the page, you should add an additional line so that the heading appears with the first lines of the paragraph.
Headings should not hang by themselves. When necessary, add additional space above a heading at the bottom of a page to force it to reside with the first lines of text. Comment by jcguy:
Avoid short paragraphs (i.e., less than four sentences). Reserve the use of short paragraphs for introductions, conclusions, and lists.
You should not use first person language for any academic paper unless specified in the instructions, or allowed by your professor. You should also not write in casual or dramatic language. Remember, you are writing an academic paper, not a novel. For example, to write, “In this paper I will discuss the psychology of children” is both first-person and somewhat casual. Instead, try, “In this paper, research concerning the psychology of children is discussed.” An example of casual language would be as follows: “Children are the apple of God’s eye. They are like seeds lying in the ground just waiting to burst open. That is why studying the mind of a child is so important.” Remember to write professionally and academically. This previous sentence does not meet either of those requirements. Comment by jcguy:
Please pay close attention to the instructions in this paragraph regarding first-person and casual writing.
Sources and Citations Comment by jcguy:
Notice that headings are used throughout the paper and it is well organized by topic and paragraph
It is important to properly cite your work. Any information you get from another source, meaning it is not original with you, you must cite. Any quotes should be in quotation marks to note it is a quote, and properly cited with page or paragraph number if available. Refer to chapter six of the APA Manual for help with citations, and to chapter seven for help with properly formatting references on the Reference Page (American Psychological Association, 2010). Comment by jcguy:
The APA Manual is cited as a corporate author. See the reference list for the correct format there. You will often see some variety in how it is formatted, but this form fits the correct APA format.
Your writing should always be in your own words. Do not simply change a word or two from a source and present it as though it were your own writing. For example, consider the following fictitious sentence from a source: Driving while intoxicated is correlated with higher incidences of traffic accidents, often leading to death. If you re-write the sentence to say, Driving drunk is correlated with higher incidences of traffic accidents that are often fatal, you have plagiarized. Instead, write it in your own words and still cite the source where you got that information. Or, note clearly that the information is from a source and cite that source in text. For example, the above sentence would not be plagiarism if written in the following manner: As the author notes,
driving drunk is correlated with higher incidences of traffic accidents that are often fatal (Smith, 2011
). This makes it clear that the information as written is from the source, and the source is clearly cited. Comment by jcguy: Note: to avoid extra line space at the bottom of some pages, in some versions of Word, go to “line spacing options” and turn off the “window/orphan control” option under the “line and page breaks” tab.
Comment by jcguy:
Note that this is a fictitious source. However, check the reference list to be sure that this source in included in the list. Every citation in text should be included in the list, and every source in the list must have been cited at least once in the text.
The preferred means of writing is to summarize and further discuss information from a source. Quotations and repeated information from a source does not make for a clear and professional paper.

Conclusion
Though the scripture I am about to include is not relative to this paper (except that it does mention a conclusion), I am including it here to demonstrate how to cite the Bible in text. The Bible says, “Now all has been heard; here is the conclusion of the matter: Fear God and keep his commandments, for this is the whole [duty] of man” (Ecclesiastes 12:13 New International Version). Note that the Bible does not appear in your reference list. It is considered a classical reference. These are cited in text with the version used the first time it is cited. The version is not used after the first time unless you change versions. Comment by jcguy:
Classical works should contain the abbreviation “trans.” followed by year of translation or the word version and the year of the version used. For religious texts, cite the specific passage followed by the translation (e.g. 1 Peter 1:1 (New American Standard)), (Chapter 6, 6.18, p. 178-179).
This is only a partial tutorial of proper APA style. There are many more elements of APA format that should be followed. To know these, please review your manual and follow it closely. It helps to use the sample paper in the APA manual as a format guideline, and to have the sample references open to follow. Remember to include the doi number when available. Also, be sure that you do not have the first printing of the APA manual which contained many errors and should be discarded. Formatting and citing in correct APA style can seem a great task, but by paying attention to the details, it will not be as difficult as it may seem.
References Comment by jcguy:
The reference page heading should be in non-bold regular font. It is not considered in the levels of headings for the paper.
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Smith, J. (2011). A mock article on alcoholism. Not a Real Title of a Journal, 1(4), 1-100. doi:10.8675309.ABC/123 Comment by jcguy:
An example of a typical reference of a periodical is as follows: Andrew, B. C. (2009). A study of child learning styles. Children Science Quarterly, 2(3), 120-142. The author surname and initials appear first with the year of publication in parentheses after it, article title appears second, journal name appears third in italics followed by volume number also in italics, issue number in parentheses, and page numbers at the end (Chapter 6, sections 6.27-6.30, p. 184-186).

(Remember that references should be formatted in hanging indented style. That means if they take more than one line, the second line is indented as in the example of this sentence. Use the AUTO formatting to do this rather than manually tabbing which usually causes errors. Remember also that they should be double spaced and in the same font as the paper).

(Use your APA MANUAL for the correct way to format all sources. Different types should be formatted in different ways.)