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1
Milestone
4
Milestone 4
Tonimarie Giordano
Southern
N
ew Hampshire University
PSY
5
2
0-
R
esearch & Methods
Method
Participants
The research participants consist of graduate students at Southern New Hampshire University. The sample size of students from Southern New Hampshire University will be at least
7
students from PSY5
10
and/or PSY520; I gathered
15
surveys. The appropriate research methodology for this study would be a survey. A survey is chosen because it is the most convenient way to sample students online. Students naturally cluster in a classroom so by choosing a class to survey this would provide the necessary number of students needed for the research. The data that will be collected will be administered through a survey that the students will complete. This survey will have
11
questions to eng
age
the subjects.
Materials
The materials are a questionnaire, which will include the following; what is your age? What is your gender? What is your race/ethnicity? What is your concentration in psychology? Operationalization of the independent variables; age will be an open-ended question since the population of Southern New Hampshire University students varies in age. As for gender, it will be either
male
or
female
. The race will be split into Cauc
asian
, African American, Hispanic, Asian, and
other
.
F
inally, the question about your concentration in psychology will be either. The dependent variables survey questions will include; how many people suffer from mental illness? This question will have four opitions (1)
1 in 5
(2)
1 in 10
(
3
)
1 in 50
(4) 1 in 100. Following, dependent variables survey questions will include; Do mass murderers have past criminal histories of other crimes? Is mental illness the leading cause of violent crimes? does gender plays a role in mental health and committing mass murders? Does substance abuse combined with a mental illness lead to mass murders? Does being bullied causes someone to commit mass murders? The questions above will be based on the Likert scale and will be answered by using the scale; (1)
strongly
dis
agree
, (2)
disagree
, (3)
somewhat disagree
, (4)
neither agree nor disagree
, (5)
somewhat agree
, (
6
) agree, (7)
strongly agree
. The final two question that will be asked are; In your opinion, what factors in a social environment shape a mass murderer? What do you think mass murderers base their motives on? These you will check one option or all if it applies.
Procedures
The students will be told about the study that is being conducted. There is no penalty for students who do not participate in the study. For those who are will participate they will then click on the link to bring them to the online survey through Qualtrics Survey Software (we used this website to create a survey). They will then follow the directions to complete the survey. Using a website to survey will help protect the identity of the students who participated as well as those who did not participate.
Ethical Concerns
First, issue we have to address is that of consent. I would have to create the consent form and make sure it is written in a language that all can understand; as well as asking for their permission to use the data in the study that is being conducted. After that, I would explain the procedure of the survey and the purpose for why this research is being conducted. They also have to be told that this is a voluntary research project so if they wish to withdraw they can do so at any time during the research.
Another major ethical issue that will come from this research would be whether there is confidentiality. Confidentiality is a big concern because they also may fear that if the information was given to the researcher and the researcher tells other of the results it could affect how they may be treated. So I have to assure the participants that no information will be disclosed and they will remain anonymous. There is a joint contract between the participant and the researcher acts as a legal document. So you the researcher have to ensure them that what you say is going to happen, ends up happening and nothing more in order to achieve ethical procedure.
Data Analysis
Procedure
I will analyze my data in SPSS. First, I will start by inputting my data that I collected in my surveys done by students at Southern New Hampshire University. Following the input of the data that was collected; I will start to run the analysis of my data. Finally, once all, the test are run then I will have to interpret the graphs in my results.
I will start by running a descriptive test on my (age) demographic. With a descriptive test, it will give you the mean of the ages you have surveyed. Following that I will run frequencies test on (gender, race/ethnicity, and major) demographic; this can tell the number of missing values, outliers, and extreme values and central tendency. Next, I ran a test for my dependent variables and my independent variables. Lastly, I will run a t-test; which will compare mean between unrelated variables.
Results
B
elow are some frequency tables. They frequency tables descried specific information worth is the quantity of times the information esteem happens.
|
criminalhistory |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Frequency |
Percent |
Valid Percent |
Cumulative Percent |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Valid |
strongly disagree |
1 |
6.7 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| disagree | 3 |
20.0 |
26.7 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| somewhat disagree |
46.7 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| neither agree nor disagree |
53.3 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| somewhat agree | 5 |
33.3 |
86.7 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| agree |
9 3.3 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| strongly agree |
100.0 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Total |
15 |
|
violentcrimes |
||||||||||||||||||||
|
strongley disagree |
2 |
13.3 |
||||||||||||||||||
|
40.0 |
||||||||||||||||||||
|
60.0 |
||||||||||||||||||||
|
menviolentcrimes |
||
| 9 |
|
alcoholdrugs |
||||
| 7 | ||||
|
73.3 |
||||
|
80.0 |
||||
|
bullied |
||||
| 4 | ||||
Descriptive Statistics
The descriptive statistics would be running on gender, age and concentration in psychology this will provide an understanding of the sample that the study way conducted on. As for the descriptive statistic that would provide the most information into answering my research question would be the question; does substance abuse combined with a mental illness lead to mass murders and does being bullied causes you to commit mass murders. The reason these will be the most informative because this will show whether people agree or disagree with the statement and whether it supports my hypothesis or not.
|
Descriptive Statistics |
|||||||||||||
| N |
Minimum |
Maximum |
Mean |
Std. Deviation |
|||||||||
| age |
14 |
24.00 |
57.00 |
35.5714 |
10.83949 |
||||||||
|
Valid N (listwise) |
As seen in Table 1, the variable age ranged from a minimum of 24 years to a maximum of 57 years. The mean age of the students in my sample was 36.
|
gender |
|
| male | |
| female |
12 |
As seen in Table 2, my sample was split between 80 % females and 20% males.
|
race |
|
|
caucasian |
11 |
|
african american |
|
| asian | |
| other |
As seen in Table 3… Of the 15 people that were surveyed 73% of them where Caucasian while the next largest race was African American 13%, followed by Asian with 7%, other with 7% and Hispanic with 0%.
|
major |
|
| PSY | 1 |
|
PSY-Forensic Psychology |
|
|
PSY-IO |
6 |
|
PSY-Child & Adolescents Dev. |
As seen above in Table 4… subjects that were surveyed were all psychology majors but had a number of concentrations 40% had a concentration in I/O, following that 27% with a concentration in forensic psychology and child and adolescent dev. and the other 7% were just psychology majors with no concentration majors.
|
menatalillness |
| 1 in 5 |
| 1 in 10 |
| 1 in 50 |
According to the table above 60% believe that 1 in 5 people suffer from mental illness, 27% believe that 1 in 10 people could suffer from mental illness, following that 13% say that 1 in 50 people could suffer from mental illness.
Statistical Test
|
Correlations |
||||||||||||||||
|
factorsenvironment_educatio |
factorsenvironment_poorliving |
factorsenvironment_poverty |
factorsenvironment_lackoffriends |
|||||||||||||
|
Pearson Correlation |
.491 |
.722** |
-.123 |
|||||||||||||
|
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.063 |
.002 |
.662 |
|||||||||||||
|
.764** |
-.262 |
|||||||||||||||
|
.001 |
.346 |
|||||||||||||||
|
.185 |
||||||||||||||||
|
.510 |
||||||||||||||||
|
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). |
Based on the results from table, there was a significant correlation between education and poverty, r = .72, n = 15, p<.002, two tails. Also there was a significant correlation between poor living and poverty, r = .76, n =15, p<.001, two tails.
|
mt_physicalabuse |
mt_mentalproblems |
mt_socialproblems |
mt_substanceabuse |
mt_childhood |
||||||||||
|
.732** |
-.026 |
.472 |
.661** |
|||||||||||
|
.926 |
.075 |
.007 |
||||||||||||
|
.756** |
||||||||||||||
|
.277 |
-.277 |
|||||||||||||
|
.317 |
||||||||||||||
|
.500 |
||||||||||||||
|
.058 |
||||||||||||||
According the results from table, there was a significant correlation between physical abuse and mental problems, r = .73, n = 15, p<.002, two tails. There was a significant correlation between physical abuse and childhood, r = .66, n =15, p<.007, two tails. Next, we have a significant correlation between mental problems and substance abuse, r = .76, n =15, p<.001, two tails. Lastly, there was a significant correlation between physical abuse and childhood, r = .66, n =15, p<.007, two tails.
|
Model Summary |
|||||||||||||
| Model | R |
R Square |
Adjusted R Square |
Std. Error of the Estimate |
|||||||||
|
.537a |
.289 |
.004 |
1.63554 |
||||||||||
|
a. Predictors: (Constant) , factorsenvironment_lackoffriends, factorsenvironment_educatio, factorsenvironment_poorliving, factorsenvironment_poverty |
|
ANOVAa |
|||||||||||
|
Sum of Squares |
df |
Mean Square |
F | Sig. | |||||||
|
Regression |
10.850 |
2.712 |
1.014 |
.445b |
|||||||
|
Residual |
26.750 |
10 |
2.675 |
||||||||
|
37.600 |
|||||||||||
|
a. Dependent Variable: violentcrimes |
|||||||||||
|
b. Predictors: (Constant), factorsenvironment_lackoffriends, factorsenvironment_educatio, factorsenvironment_poorliving, factorsenvironment_poverty |
|
Coefficientsa |
||||||
|
Unstandardized Coefficients |
Standardized Coefficients |
t | ||||
| B | Std. Error |
Beta |
||||
| (Constant) |
4 .250 |
2.827 |
1.504 |
.164 |
||
|
1.250 |
1.581 |
.387 |
.791 |
.447 |
||
|
-1.750 |
1.994 |
-.551 |
– .877 |
.401 |
||
|
-.250 |
-.077 |
-.092 |
.928 |
|||
| .250 |
.070 |
.158 |
.877 | |||
| a. Dependent Variable: violentcrimes |
The R-squared of this model is .289 and it tells us that there is about 29% of the variance in mental illness being the leading cause of violent crimes is explained by our four predictor variables. This gives you and overall look at how well your model predicts the dependent variable.
The analysis was found to be statistically significant F(4,10) = 1.01, p <.445, indicates that these are no good predictors of mental illness being the leading cause of violent crimes . This multiple regression accounts for 29% of the variability, as indexed by the adjusted R^2 statistic.
|
.731a |
.534 |
.275 |
1.39576 |
|
a. Predictors: (Constant), mt_childhood, mt_socialproblems, mt_substanceabuse, mt_physicalabuse, mt_mentalproblems |
|
20.067 |
4.013 |
2.060 |
.163b |
|
17.533 |
1.948 |
||
|
b. Predictors: (Constant), mt_childhood, mt_socialproblems, mt_substanceabuse, mt_physicalabuse, mt_mentalproblems |
|
1.733 |
1.907 |
.909 |
||
|
2.583 |
1.192 |
.814 |
2.167 |
|
|
-2.417 |
1.547 |
-.762 |
-1.562 |
.153 |
|
-.167 |
1.336 |
-.036 |
-.125 |
.903 |
|
7.458E-16 |
1.396 |
.000 |
1.000 |
|
|
1.350 |
1.219 |
.402 |
1.108 |
.297 |
The R-squared of this model is .534 and it tells us that there is about 53% of the variance in mental illness being the leading cause of violent crimes is explained by our five predictor variables. This gives you and overall look at how well your model predicts the dependent variable.
The analysis was found to be statistically significant F(5,9) = 2.06, p <.163, indicates that these are good predictors of mental illness being the leading cause of violent crimes . This multiple regression accounts for 53% of the variability, as indexed by the adjusted R^2 statistic.
Principles and Standards
My proposed data analysis methods are ethical because according to the APA principles I followed integrity and the respect for people’s rights. The integrity will be ethical because I will be honest and truthful with the results of my study. According to the APA code of ethics, psychologists respect the dignity and worth of all people, and the rights of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination. I will be doing this by providing the online survey method to protect the participant’s privacy.
Predictions
All studies have limitations, and mine is no exception. Specifically, I had limitations due to the fact that we could only survey Southern New Hampshire University students and only students that were in PSY510 and/or PSY520study; there is not much diversity in the study so this will also affect the validity. If we were able to ask people outside of Southern New Hampshire population or outside of the two classes I think my results would have been different. My study will also be limited because of the number of surveys that we need for this research were low. A standard that is ethical in my study is privacy and confidentiality that is stated above but doing the online survey. I believe that my results from this study will support my data research; if this is to be true this will support my literature
References
Aitken, L., Oosthuizen, P., Emsley, R., & Seedat, S. (2008). Mass murders: Implications for mental health professionals. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 38(3), 261-9. Retrieved from
http://ezproxy.snhu.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/docview/196304539?accountid=3783
Auxemery, Y. (2015). The mass murderer history: Modern classifications, sociodemographic and psychopathological characteristics, suicidal dimensions, and media contagion of mass murders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 56, 149-54. doi: http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.snhu.edu/10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.09.003
Declercq, F., & Audenaert, K. (2011). A case of mass murder: Personality disorder, psychopathology and violence mode. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16(2), 135-143.
Dutton, D. G., White, K. R., & Fogarty, D. (2013). Paranoid thinking in mass shooters. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 18(5), 548-553.
Levin, J. (2013). Mass Murder in Perspective: Guest Editor’s Introduction. Homicide Studies, 18(1), 3-6.
Lurigio, A. J., & Harris, A.z J. (2009). Mental Illness, Violence, and Risk Assessment: An Evidence-Based Review. Victims & Offenders, 4(4), 341-347. doi:10.1080/15564880903260561
Knoll, James L,I.V., M.D., & Meloy, J. R. (2014). Mass murder and the violent paranoid spectrum. Psychiatric Annals, 44(5), 236-243. doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.snhu.edu/10.3928/00485713-20140502-07
Meloy, J. R., Hempel, A. G., Gray, B. T., Mohandie, K., Shiva, A., & Richards, T. C. (2004). A comparative analysis of North American adolescent and adult mass murderers. Behavioral Sciences & The Law, 22(3), 291-309. doi:10.1002/bsl.586
Ritchie, G., Weldon, S., Freeman, L., MacPherson, G., & Davies, K. (2011). Outcomes of a drug and alcohol relapse prevention programme in a population of mentally disordered offenders. British Journal Of Forensic Practice, 13(1), 32-43.
Swanson, J.W., Swartz, M.S., Essock, S.M.,Osher, F., Wagner, H.R., Goodman, L.A., el al. (2002). The social-environmental context of violent behavior in persons treated for severe mental illness. American Journal of Public Health, 92, 1523-1531
https://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/workplace-violence
