Biology

Please answer all questions as well as # 1-16 on page 151 that I also uploaded. DO NOT WORRY ABOUT THE # 16-36 THAT THEPAGE STATES TO BE ABLE TO ANSWER.  Thank you.

Biology 106

Journal 3 ( Mader 13)

Lvmphatic System and Immunity Chapter

Read Chapter 7 and Infectious Diseases Supplement (enclosed) or use ebook in Connect Plus

DO: chapter questions page 151
Questions 1-10-16

17. What is Lupus? How did Abigail get the disease? Should she worry? Why is it called an
autoimmune disease?
18. What are some common autoimmune diseases? What reaction in the body causes
autoimmune diseases? Can they be treated?

Be able to answer the multiple choice questions 16-36. Check your answers!!

Read: The Vaccine Controversy. Truth or Consequences
And answer the following questions:

1. What is a vaccine?
2. What is Hib meningitis? When did a vaccine to prevent this disease become available?
3. In 1796, Edward Jenner developed a vaccine against what disease? How?
4. In 1998, a backlash against childhood immunizations began, why? Did scientists find

any validity against the claims? How were they disproven?
5. What are some myths and misconceptions about vaccines and what is the truth?
6. What is herd immunity? Why is it important to vaccinate as many members of a

community as possible?
7. How many cases of measles occurred in France 2-3 years ago? This year? Why?
8. What is pertussis, and what are its symptoms? Why are we getting new outbreaks in a

disease that was once under control?
9. What are some vaccinations that you had?
10. Should unvaccinated children be permitted in public schools?

~IDS Discussion
A. Handouts
B. Infectious disease Supplement
C. web sites These may help you – you may use any reputable website.

http://www. aidsinfo. nih. gov/

www.amfar.org/

Read and bring in any new information that you find and wish to share. Information on
AIDS is constantly being updated.

1. What is a virus? What is a host
2. What does the acronym AIDS represent. How about HIV virus?
3. What are retroviruses? What are some other retroviruses?
4. How is AIDS transmitted? What 3 enzymes do they contain that allow replication to occur
5. What is an opportunistic infection? What opportunistic infections or diseases might a person

with AIDS get?
6. Why is AIDS considered such a global health issue?
7. What are the special problems of AIDS in poor and developing countries?
8. What treatments are currently available. What is the problem with the available treatments

(side effects)?
9. What is the status of an AIDS vaccine?
10. Do we still need to worry about AIDS and can we stop being cautious?

Using the Supplement
Answer

1. What are the effects of tuberculosis? Do we need to worry about it anymore?
2. What is the cause of malaria? What is the best way to prevent it? Can people in the US

get malaria?
3. Where do emerging diseases come from?
4. What causes SARS?
5. What causes MRSA? What are the symptoms ofMRSA? How can we reduce the

incidence ofMRSA?

• Activated T cells undergo clonal expansion until the illness has
been stemmed. Then, most of the activated T cells undergo

“\,.,……- apoptosis. A few cells remain, however, as memory T cells.
• The two main types ofT cells are cytotoxic T cells and helper

T cells.
• Cytotoxic T cells kill virus-infected cells or cancer cells on

contact because they bear a nons elf protein. They are involved
in the process of cell-mediated immunity.

• Helper T cells produce cytokines and stimulate other immune
cells.

• Some activated T cells remain as memory T cells to combat
future infections by the same pathogen.

7.5 Acquired Immunity
• Active immunity can be induced by immunization using

vaccines when a person is well and in no immediate danger
of contracting an infectious disease. Active immunity depends
upon the presence of memory cells in the body.

• Passive immunity is needed when an individual is in
imme~iate danger of succumbing to an infectious disease.
Passive immunity is short-lived because the antibodies are
administered to-and not made by-the individual.

• Cytokines, including interleukins, are a form of passive
immunity used to treat AIDS and to promote the body’s ability
to recover from cancer.

7.6 Hypersensitivity Reactions
Allergies occur when the immune system reacts vigorously to
allergens, substances not normally recognized as foreign.

__ • Immediate allergic responses, usually consisting of coldlike

—c

symptoms, are due to the activity of antibodies. One example is
anaphylactic shock.

• Delayed allergic responses, such as contact dermatitis, are due
to the activity ofT cells.

• Tissue rejection occurs when the immune system recognizes a
tissue as foreign. Immunosuppressive drugs may inhibit tissue
rejection. Xenotransplantation is the use of animal tissue in
place of human tissue.

• Immune deficiencies can be inherited or can be caused by
infection, chemical exposure, or radiation. One example
is severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), in which
adaptive responses are inoperative.

• Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system reacts
to tissues/ organs of the individual as if they were foreign.
Examples are rheumatic fever, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic
lupus erythematosus, myasthenia gravis, and multiple
sclerosis (MS).

ASSESS :-~-~~:;~- ~

Testing Your Knowledge of the Concepts

1. Describe the basic characteristics of bacteria. Explain how five
particular features contribute to the ability of bacteria to cause
disease. (pages 132-133)

2. What is the structure of a virus? Is a virus living? Explain how a
virus is able to reproduce. (pages 133-134)

3. What are prions, and how do they cause disease? (page 134)

4. Why are the red bone marrow and the thymus termed primary
lymphatic organs? (page 135)

5. In what ways are the spleen and lymph nodes similar, and in
what ways are they different? (pages 136-137)

6. How do chemical and physical barriers protect the body? (page 138)

7. How do innate defenses differ from adaptive defenses?
(pages 137, 140)

8. Describe the steps that occur during an inflammatory response.
(pages 138-139)

9. How do the roles of B cells and T cells differ in the adaptive
defenses? (page 140)

10. What is the clonal selection model as it applies to B cells? What
becomes of the clones that are produced? (pages 140-141)

ll. Describe the structure of an antibody. What are the five main
classes, where are they found, and what are their functions?
(page 142)

12. Discuss the production of monoclonal antibodies and their
applications. (pages 142-143)

13. Explain how T cells recognize an antigen. What are the types
ofT cells, and how do they function in immunity?
(pages 143-144)

14. How is active immunity achieved? How is passive immunity
achieved?(pages145-146)

15. Discuss allergies, tissue rejection, and autoimmune diseases as
they relate to the immune system. (pages 14 7-149)

16. Which of the following is a function of the spleen?
a. produces T cells
b. removes worn-out red blood cells
c. produces immunoglobulins
d. produces macrophages
e. regulates the immune system

17. Which of the following is a function of the thymus?
a. production of red blood cells
b. secretion of antibodies
c. production and maintenance of stem cells
d. site for the maturation ofT lymphocytes

18. Which of the following is a function of the secondary lymphatic
organs?
a. transport oflymph
b. clonal selection ofB cells
c. located where lymphocytes encounter antigens
d. All of the choices are correct.

19. Defense mechanisms that function to protect the body against
many infectious agents are called
a. adaptive.
b. innate.
c. barriers to entry.
d. immunity.

20. Which of the following is most directly responsible for the
increase in capillary permeability during the inflammatory
reaction?
a. pain
b. white blood cells
c. histamine
d. tissue damage /