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my prof said it is not related to thermodynamic ….. he needs the PDF with references page about the topic i wrote to him last time … just try to send me the references of the page you got the information and pdf please I have hard time to explain to my prof

(( How CO2 Emission Is Associated with Biomass and Bioenergy and Involved Thermodynamics Process……… add all the references …

How CO2 Emission Is Associated with Biomass and Bioenergy and Involved Thermodynamics Process?

I need to tell my professor that is related to thermodynamic and the reference you put in the last page is right

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How CO2 Emission Is Associated with Biomass and Bioenergy and Involved Thermodynamics Process?

Introduction

Nowadays there are many factors threatening human livings seriously since people over exploit natural source and using so much chemical toxics. One of the most concerned issues in our world today that deal with human beings is the fact that there are many activities that involve the process of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission, one of the process that harm our atmosphere. In our earth, we have plenty of source from which we can have CO2 emissions, ranging from bioenergy to other biogenic sources which can be generated during the combustion or decomposition of biologically-based material. There are plenty of ways that produce CO2 from biogenic emissions source, all of which must have undergone thermodynamics process, such as the generation of CO2 from the biological decomposition of waste in landfills, wastewater treatment or manure management processes, the combustion of biogas collected from biological decomposition of waste in landfills, fermentation during ethanol production, the combustion of the biological fraction of municipal solid waste or biosolids and tire-derived fuel, or the combustion of biological material, including all types of wood and wood waste, forest residue, and agricultural material. As far as we concerned, CO2 emission has long-term effect on the atmosphere we are living, therefore may take severe harm to human beings and creature on earth. Therefore, by learning how CO2 is associated with biomass and bioenergy, people can learn from human’s mistake of overusing chemical substance and hence will be able to use biofuel wisely so we will not run out of the bioenergy source.

Body

How CO2 emission is associated to the concept of biomass and bioenergy has been studied by many researchers long time ago. As far as we are concerned, the fact that CO2 emissions can be resulted from biomass and bioenergy production have been excluded from most emission inventories because bioenergy is mostly made of carbon and climate neutral as long as CO2 emissions from biofuel combustion are sequestered by growing biomass such as plants. Its climate impact has not therefore been considered. Jonas M. Joelsson together with his coauthors who work for Ecotechnology and Environmental Science, Department of Engineering and Sustainable Development in Mid Sweden University has written an article in the journal Biomass and Bioenergy and mentioned that he has compared different options for the use of lignocellulosic biomass to reduce CO2 emission and oil use, focusing on polygeneration of biomass-based motor fuels and electricity, and discuss methodological issues related to such comparisons. After the experiment, they has concluded that the use of biomass can significantly reduce CO2 emission and oil use, as there is a trade-off between the reductions in CO2 emission and oil use. This idea use many chemical thermodynamics concept as bioelectricity from plants that stand along replacing coal-based electricity reduced CO2 emission by 99 kg per GJ biomass input but gave no oil use reduction. In addition to his result, Jonas include many interesting facts in his article such as stand-alone plants produced methanol replacing diesel reduced the CO2 emission with 38 kg and the oil use with 0.67 GJ per GJ biomass, indicating that a potential CO2 emission reduction of 90 kg is lost per GJ oil reduced. CO2 emission and oil use reduction for alternatives co-producing fuel and electricity fall between the stand-alone alternatives. His study also has shown that plug-in hybrid-electric vehicles using bioelectricity reduced CO2 emission by 75–88 kg and oil use by 0.99–1.2 GJ, per GJ biomass input. That implies the estimated relationship between the amount of biomass input and the CO2 emission, which helps us to estimate the amount of CO2 generated by any given bioenergy source, hence we are able to reduce pollution or anything that can affect humans’ life. By the end of Jonas’ article, he jumped up to the solution that biomass can also reduce CO2 emission and the using of oil more efficiently if fossil-fuel-fired boilers or electric heating is replaced by district heating from biomass-based combined heat and power generation. Biomass gasification is an important technology to achieve large reductions, irrespective of whether CO2 emission or oil use reduction is prioritized. That results from Jonas has indicated a wise way to use bioenergy source that will reduce the amount of CO2 and hence reduce to the least risk for human beings. Also, it has been noticed that there is actually a major link between the amount of CO2 emitted and the oil use, according to Jonas’ article. He has provided a way in which biomass can reduce CO2 emission by using fossil fuel wisely.

Another research by Isaac R. Emery and his teammate has been carried out in order to study the relationship between CO2 emission and biomass and bioenergy source. . By taking care of the greenhouse, which is one of the most common sources that produce CO2 and he want to learn about how to control CO2 emission in terms of greenhouse in order to benefit human beings. In his article related to Biomass and Bioenergy, he has argued in favor of benefiting human beings

” Life cycle inventory models of greenhouse gas emissions from biofuel production have become tightly integrated into government mandates and other policies to encourage biofuel production.”

In fact, greenhouse is the process of generating CO2 including chemical thermodynamics process and including those following equation, according to Isaac:

C2H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O

where C2H12O6 is a kind of monosaccharide that is present in biomass such as greenhouse plants. As the heat increase in the greenhouse, a combustion process takes place so organic compounds in plants are burnt and hence carbon dioxide is produced. Or another equation is provided by Isaac that explains what happens during the greenhouse effect:

This equation also explain the process in which biomass such as plants absorb CO2 and provide heat as the greenhouse effect occurs.

In fact, CO2 emission through greenhouse effect is a whole process that involves chemical thermodynamics because during the process, there are heat loss due to thermal reduction through the glass and plastic or other building materials of the greenhouse, which would make the net energy in the greenhouse increases. In fact the atmosphere inside the greenhouse has been heated up due to incoming solar radiation when the heat from sun is absorbed by biomass such as plants in the building. Hence, there is some energy trapped inside the greenhouse and the energy belongs to the biomass such as plants so we have bioenergy. And this energy would lead to CO2 emission, which is also a well-known fact about the greenhouse. Current models do not include life cycle impacts of biomass storage or reflect current literature on emissions from soil and biomass decomposition. Rather, Isaac claimed that his results have showed that biomass stability is a key parameter affecting life cycle greenhouse gas emissions, in which the majority gas emitted is CO2. According to him, the greater understanding of biomass storage losses and greenhouse gas fluxes, the more accurately he can assess biomass storage options to ensure that the design of biomass supply logistics systems meet CO2 reduction.

Another important application that involves CO2 emission is the using of electric power plant, and that study was taken care by J.A. Ruiz and his friends. In his article that also belongs to journal Biomass and Bioenergy, he mentioned that biomass is so diverse field connected to human beings in which special care must always be taken in designing plants to handle biomass-based fuels and in the process for its collection, preparation and transportation, because its energy density is such that far greater volumes need to be transported than in the case of fossil fuels. This means higher costs and more associated CO2 emissions. He and his researchers started to examine the following points concerned with the logistics of biomass: optimum biomass transport distances to plants, transport costs, CO2 emissions relative to CO2 avoided and the surface areas required to grow or collect biomass. After some of his experiments together with the data he mentioned in his article, he has ended up with the graph that states the significant connection between the amount of biomass and bioenergy used to the amount of CO2 emission that can be represented as below:

By looking at the graph, it can be easily seen that the sequence starting from bioenergy consumption to the CO2 emission. In other words, CO2 emission is a major result of using bioenergy source taken from biomass.

Also, the bar graphs below show the relationship between the cost of transporting biomass and the amount of CO2 emitted altogether with the amount of CO2 they are trying to avoid its emission.

Form this we can easily see that there is actually a wide application of the relationship between CO2 emission and bioenergy on how to build electric power plant. Hence, again, studying how CO2 emitted is associated with biomass and biofuel is strongly important to human beings.

Later on, another research by Claudia Sheinbaum-Pardo studied and evaluated the potential use of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil (WCO) in Mexico and its CO2 emission reduction potential for the Mexican transport sector and associated costs. As he has done deep research, he has founded that, based on 2010 data, that the potential of biodiesel from WCO represents between 1.5% and 3.3% of petro-diesel consumption for the road transport sector and can reduce between 1.0%–2.7% of CO2-associated emissions, depending on the recovery ratio of WCO from vegetable oil consumption for cooking and considering CO2 emissions for biodiesel production and methanol emissions during production and combustion in the blend. Furthermore, he provided the relationship between the bioenergy used and CO2 by mentioning that if the annual production of biodiesel in BD plant: 288,000 L, then the amount CO2 emissions during combustion 2647.6 gCO2 L−1. His goal is actually proposing a policies that reduced the illegal marketing of waste cooking oil as well as the recollection of waste cooking oil for biodiesel production, which would certainly change the amount of CO2 emitted dramatically, hence make our living planet less polluted.

Agriculture is one of the most major industries in our world, in which the concept of CO2 emission and how it is related to biomass and bioenergy has been involved. Bernd Kuemmel, who belongs to Department of Agricultural Sciences and , The Royal Veterinary and AgriculturalUniversity has carried out an experiment by introducing his integrated agricultural system in order to neutralize the CO2 emission from agriculture by considering the option of substituting fossil with biofuel energy produced on mandatory set-aside areas. According to him, “agriculture is one of the industries most exposed to climate change and is also a contributor of anthropogenic CO2 emissions to the atmosphere”, so he has taken this issue seriously in order to find a solution that help reduce CO2 emission in the most effective way.

Further thermodynamics analysis was taken into account in the study of Brazilian sugarcane bagasse, investigated by Micheal Kruesi and his guys, a professor belongs to Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering and Solar Technology Laboratory in Switzerland, has founded that “energy and exergy analyses revealed the potential benefits of solar-driven over conventional autothermal gasification that included superior quality of syngas composition and higher yield per unit of feedstock.” In his experiment, the reaction rates for the gasification were measured by using thermodynamics analysis. Testing was performed in an electric furnace with the final aim to supply heat by concentrated solar radiation. Experimental runs at reactor temperatures of 1073–1573 K and a biomass feed rate of 0.48 g/min yielded molar ratios H2/CO = 1.6 and CO2/CO = 0.31, and heating values of 15.3–16.9 MJ/kg. His theory supported the potential benefits of solar-driven over autothermal gasification. This can be compared with the work of Matthew Langholtz about CO2 in Florida, when he found that using biofuel on fast growing, short-rotation tree crops would reduce the amount of CO2 emission remarkably associated with electricity generation. Both of Micheal Kruesi’s and Matthew Langholtz’s research looked for the most efficient way to avoid CO2 emission significantly, which would affect human living.

Finally, Nicolas T. Cartin, who belongs to TexasA&MUniversity, has written an article about bioenergy from coal plants with cattle biomass, in which he mentioned that “coal plants that reburn with catttle biomass can reduce CO2 emissions and save on coal purchasing costs”. The objective of his study is to model potential CO2 emission and from reburning coal with cattle biomass and compare those savings against competing technologies. A spreadsheet computer program was developed by Nicolas to model capital, operation, and maintenance costs for cattle biomass reburning, and that great increase in overall cost for cattle biomass reburning was found to come from biomass drying and processing operations. At the end of his article he also concluded that the profitability of a cattle biomass reburning system retrofit on an existing coal-fired plant improved with higher coal prices and higher valued CO2 emission credits. Again, Nicola’s research has pointed out that the amount of CO2 emission is linked with biomass and bioenergy used and thermodynamics process is involved as the gas of CO2 is emitted.

Conclusion

In conclusion, CO2 emission has actually played a vital role in human beings, which can brought about severe affect, even damaging to human life if careful researches have not been carried out. By learning how CO2 emission is related to the use of biomass and energy, we are able to reduce the amount of CO2 emitted and hence the amount of pollution by using biological energy source, which is fundamental and abundant in our earth, such as oil use and fossil fuel. As we can see from our daily lives, there are plenty of sources in nature such as waste in landfills, processes, the combustion of biogas collected and biological decomposition of waste in landfills, wastewater treatment, or manure management processes, fermentation during ethanol production, or the combustion of all types of wood and wood waste, forest residue, and agricultural material as well as there are many applications of CO2 emission such as electric power plants, greenhouse effect in which biomass is involved, using biodiesel or biofuel as bioenergy sources, in which the thermodynamics processes have been involved. In fact we can get CO2 emitted and by deeply examine the relationship between CO2 emission and biofuel, as we can utilize those sources carefully, which will help us to save our planet, because the earth is indeed damaging and exhausting in every second we are living.

References

Bernd Kuemmel, Vibeke Langer, Jakob Magid, Andreas De Neergaard & John R Porter. Energetic, economic and ecological balances of a combined food and energy system. Biomass and Bioenergy, Volume 15, Issues 4–5, 11 October 1998, Pages 407-416.

Claudia Sheinbaum-Pardo, Andrea Calderón-Irazoque & Mariana Ramírez-Suárez. Potential of biodiesel from waste cooking oil in Mexico. Biomass and Bioenergy, Volume 56, September 2013, Pages 230-238.

Isaac R. Emery, Nathan S. Mosier. The impact of dry matter loss during herbaceous biomass storage on net greenhouse gas emissions from biofuels production. Biomass and Bioenergy, Volume 39, April 2012, Pages 237-246.

J.A. Ruiz, M.C. Juárez, M.P. Morales, P. Muñoz & M.A. Mendívil. Biomass logistics: Financial & environmental costs. Case study: 2 MW electrical power plants. Biomass and Bioenergy, Volume 56, September 2013, Pages 260-267

Jonas M. Joelsson & Leif Gustavsson. Reduction of CO2 emission and oil dependency with biomass-based polygeneration. Biomass and Bioenergy, volume 34, issue 7, July 2010, pages 967-984.

Laurence Tock, Martin Gassner & François Maréchal. Thermochemical production of liquid fuels from biomass: Thermo-economic modeling, process design and process integration analysis. Biomass and Bioenergy, volume 34, issue 12, December 2010, pages 1838-1854.

Matthew Langholtz, Douglas R. Carter, Donald L. Rockwood & Janaki R.R. Alavalapati. The influence of CO2 mitigation incentives on profitability of eucalyptus production on clay settling areas in Florida. Biomass and Bioenergy, Volume 33, Issue 5, May 2009, Pages 785-792.

Michael Kruesi, Zoran R. Jovanovic, Elena C. dos Santos, Hyung Chul Yoon & Aldo Steinfeld. Solar-driven steam-based gasification of sugarcane bagasse in a combined drop-tube and fixed-bed reactor – Thermodynamic, kinetic, and experimental analyses. Biomass and Bioenergy, volume 52, May 2013, pages 173-183.

Nicholas T. Carlin, Kalyan Annamalai, Wyatte L. Harman, John M. Sweeten. The economics of reburning with cattle manure-based biomass in existing coal-fired power plants for NOx and CO2 emissions control.Biomass and Bioenergy, Volume 33, Issue 9, September 2009, Pages 1139-1157.

Roger Renström. The potential of improvements in the energy systems of sawmills when coupled dryers are used for drying of wood fuels and wood products. Biomass and Bioenergy, Volume 30, Issue 5, May 2006, Pages 452-460.

S.C Bhattacharya, San Shwe Hla & Hoang-Luang Pham. A study on a multi-stage hybrid gasifier-engine system. Biomass and Bioenergy, Volume 21, Issue 6, December 2001, Pages 445-460.