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Write an argument for or against production logging (Clear Cutting).
Produce an opening statement, provide evidence to support your argument, then a closing statement to tie it all together. Should be roughly 3-4 solid paragraphs long in total.
TECH 320 – Non-Metallic Processes
Lumber Lecture
Deacon Band
Logging
Harvesting Trees
Felling
Severing the tree from the stump and bringing it to the ground.
Extraction
Pulling the tree from the forest area to a landing or roadside.
Processing
Delimbing and topping the tree, and then cutting the stem into logs (‘bucking’).
Loading
Sort, stack and then load out onto logging trucks.
Trucking
Deliver the logs from the landing to the mill for final processing.
Logging
Felling – The modern way
Logging
Extraction
Logging
Loading and Trucking
Lumber Mill
Logs are scaled “Log Scaler”
Determines volume and grade of the wood
Logs are debarked
Logs are decked
Sorting by species, size, and end use
Lumber, plywood, chips
Lumber Mill
Head Saw “Head Rig”
Breaks log into cants and flitches with a smooth edge
Cants: Unfinished logs to be further processed
Cants may be further broken down by a resaw or gang edger into multiple flitches and/or boards
Flitches: Unfinished planks
Edging
Takes the flitches and trims off all irregular edges
The result is 4-sided or Dimensional lumber
Lumber Mill
Trimming
Squares the ends of the lumber at typical lengths
8’, 10’, 12’, 16’. Etc…
Drying
Lumber Drying
Kiln 2-3 weeks
Done in oven in 3 basic steps:
Step 1: high humidity, low heat.
Step 2: low humidity, raise heat.
Step 3: low humidity, high heat.
Air
2-3 years
Moisture Content
Furniture lumber 8% M.C. or less.
Construction lumber 12% M.C. or less.
Sticking
Allows for air space and movement of air through the stack of lumber
Planing
Smoothes surface of the lumber leaving a uniform width and thickness.
Lumber Classifications
Use Classifications.
Yard lumber: sizes & grades used for ordinary construction and building, 2” or less in thickness.
Structural lumber: 2” or more in thickness and width.
Factory & shop lumber: lumber produced for remanufacturing purposes.
Lumber Classifications
Manufacturing Classifications.
Rough lumber: lumber that has not been dressed (surfaced).
Dressed lumber: has been surfaced; S1S, S2S, S4S, S1E, S2E.
Worked lumber: has been dressed and also matched, ship lapped or patterned.
Lumber Grading
Hardwood
Firsts: best grade, free of surface defects (91 2/3%).
Seconds:83 1/3% free of defects.
Selects: 4” wide & 6’ long.
Commons: #1, #2, sound wormy, #3A, #3B, below grade.
Lumber Grading
S1S
Surfaced one side
S2S
Surfaced two sides
S4S
Surfaced four sides
S1E
Surfaced one edge
S2E
Surfaced two edges
Lumber Grading
F.A.S.: Firsts and seconds (most common usage)
Lumber Grading
Softwood.
#1 & #2 clear.
Selects C&D.
Commons, grades 1-5.
1 – Construction: paints well, paneling
2 – Standard: larger knots, paints fair
3 – Utility: many knots, sheathing, subfloor
4 – Economy: splits, concrete formwork
5 – Economy: very rough, concrete forms
Wood Scrap Products
Hardboard: made from wood fibers and glue under pressure and heat.
Standard and Tempered: tempered is like standard, only with more heat and pressure.
Standard Hardboard
Tempered Hardboard
Wood Scrap Products
Flakeboard: made from wood flakes and glue.
Particle board: wood chips and glue.
Low,medium, and high density; density determined by the chip size.
Fiberboard: wood fibers and glue (very little pressure).
Flakeboard
Oriented Strand Board (OSB)
Particle Board
Low Density
Particle Board
Medium Density
Particle Board
High Density
Fiber Board
Wood flakes and glue
Plywood Types
Lumber core: solid wood is in the middle (hardwood).
Veneer core: veneer core plys.
Particle board: particle board core with plys.
Lumber Core
Veneer Core
Particle/mdf Core
Veneer Grades
Hardwood
G1S: good one side.
G2S: good two sides.
Veneer Grades
Softwood:
Board Feet
Board feet: depth(T) x width(W) x length(L) / 144(inches) = Board Feet
A measurement of volume of lumber
One Board Foot
Non-Metallics
TECH 320
Lumber Processing Flow Chart
Lumber Processing Flow Chart
Debarked Tree Trunk
Solid Lumber
Veneer
Wood Scraps
Plain
Quarter
Rift
Hogs
Sawed/
Sawed/
Sawed
Flat
Edge
Grained
Grained
Peeler
Dried
Classified
Rotary
Flat
Quarter
Cut
Sliced
Sliced
Dried
Dried
Kiln
Air
Veneer
Plywood
Graded
Lumber
Veneer
Particle
Core
Core
Board
Core
Graded
Hard
Flake
Fiber
Particle
Board
Board
Board
Board
Tempered
Standard
Low
Medium
High
Density
Density
Density
Sheet1
Interior Plywood Grades
Panel Grade Face Back Inner Plies Most Common Usages
N-N N N C Cabinet doors/furniture where both sides show
N-A N A C Cabinet doors/furniture where both sides show
N-B N B C Cabinet doors/furniture where one side shows
N-D N D D Cabinet doors/furniture where one side shows
A-A A A D Cabinet doors, built-ins, and furniture where both sides show
A-B A B D Alternate for A-A. Face is finish grade; back is solid and smooth.
A-D A D D Finish grade face for paneling, built-ins, and backing.
B-B B B D Two sides paintable.
B-D B D D Utility grade. One paintable side. Used for backing/cabinet sides.
C-D C D D Sheathing, temporary structural uses, and subfloor. Unsanded.
Underlayment C plugged D C,D For underlayment/subfloor-underlayment under tile and carpeting.
Exterior Plywood Grades
Panel Grade Face Back Inner Plies Most Common Usages
A-A A A C Outdoors, where appearance of both sides is important.
A-B A B C
A-C A C C Soffits, fences, base for coatings
B-C B C C For utility uses such as farm buildings, some kinds of fences, base for coatings.
C-C plugged C C plugged C Excellent base for tile, backing for wallcoverings, high-performance coatings.
C-C C C C Unsanded, for backing and rough construction exposed to weather.
Veneer Quality
N Intended for natural finish. Selected all heartwood or all sapwood. Free of open defects.
A Used for natural finish in less demanding applications. Smooth and paintable. Neatly made repairs only.
B Solid surfaced veneer. Can be painted. Repair plugs and tight knots allowed.
C Sanding defects permitted that do not impair strength or serviceability.
C plugged Improved C grade, closer limits on knotholes/splits.
D Used only in interior type. Knots/knothole to 2 1/2″ max dimension. Limited splits allowed.
&LNon-Metallics&CTECH 320-01&RPlywood Grades
Sheet2
Sheet3
Sheet1
Interior Plywood Grades
Panel Grade Face Back Inner Plies Most Common Usages
N-N N N C Cabinet doors/furniture where both sides show
N-A N A C Cabinet doors/furniture where both sides show
N-B N B C Cabinet doors/furniture where one side shows
N-D N D D Cabinet doors/furniture where one side shows
A-A A A D Cabinet doors, built-ins, and furniture where both sides show
A-B A B D Alternate for A-A. Face is finish grade; back is solid and smooth.
A-D A D D Finish grade face for paneling, built-ins, and backing.
B-B B B D Two sides paintable.
B-D B D D Utility grade. One paintable side. Used for backing/cabinet sides.
C-D C D D Sheathing, temporary structural uses, and subfloor. Unsanded.
Underlayment C plugged D C,D For underlayment/subfloor-underlayment under tile and carpeting.
Exterior Plywood Grades
Panel Grade Face Back Inner Plies Most Common Usages
A-A A A C Outdoors, where appearance of both sides is important.
A-B A B C
A-C A C C Soffits, fences, base for coatings
B-C B C C For utility uses such as farm buildings, some kinds of fences, base for coatings.
C-C plugged C C plugged C Excellent base for tile, backing for wallcoverings, high-performance coatings.
C-C C C C Unsanded, for backing and rough construction exposed to weather.
Veneer Quality
N Intended for natural finish. Selected all heartwood or all sapwood. Free of open defects.
A Used for natural finish in less demanding applications. Smooth and paintable. Neatly made repairs only.
B Solid surfaced veneer. Can be painted. Repair plugs and tight knots allowed.
C Sanding defects permitted that do not impair strength or serviceability.
C plugged Improved C grade, closer limits on knotholes/splits.
D Used only in interior type. Knots/knothole to 2 1/2″ max dimension. Limited splits allowed.
&LNon-Metallics&CTECH 320-01&RPlywood Grades
Sheet2
Sheet3
Sheet1
Interior Plywood Grades
Panel Grade Face Back Inner Plies Most Common Usages
N-N N N C Cabinet doors/furniture where both sides show
N-A N A C Cabinet doors/furniture where both sides show
N-B N B C Cabinet doors/furniture where one side shows
N-D N D D Cabinet doors/furniture where one side shows
A-A A A D Cabinet doors, built-ins, and furniture where both sides show
A-B A B D Alternate for A-A. Face is finish grade; back is solid and smooth.
A-D A D D Finish grade face for paneling, built-ins, and backing.
B-B B B D Two sides paintable.
B-D B D D Utility grade. One paintable side. Used for backing/cabinet sides.
C-D C D D Sheathing, temporary structural uses, and subfloor. Unsanded.
Underlayment C plugged D C,D For underlayment/subfloor-underlayment under tile and carpeting.
Exterior Plywood Grades
Panel Grade Face Back Inner Plies Most Common Usages
A-A A A C Outdoors, where appearance of both sides is important.
A-B A B C
A-C A C C Soffits, fences, base for coatings
B-C B C C For utility uses such as farm buildings, some kinds of fences, base for coatings.
C-C plugged C C plugged C Excellent base for tile, backing for wallcoverings, high-performance coatings.
C-C C C C Unsanded, for backing and rough construction exposed to weather.
Veneer Quality
N Intended for natural finish. Selected all heartwood or all sapwood. Free of open defects.
A Used for natural finish in less demanding applications. Smooth and paintable. Neatly made repairs only.
B Solid surfaced veneer. Can be painted. Repair plugs and tight knots allowed.
C Sanding defects permitted that do not impair strength or serviceability.
C plugged Improved C grade, closer limits on knotholes/splits.
D Used only in interior type. Knots/knothole to 2 1/2″ max dimension. Limited splits allowed.
&LNon-Metallics&CTECH 320-01&RPlywood Grades
Sheet2
Sheet3
Lu
m
ber
Processing
Flo
w
C
h
art
Deba
rk
ed
T
r
ee
T
r
un
k
So
l
i
d
Lumbe
r
Venee
r
Wood
Sc
r
aps
Pl
ai
n
Qua
r
te
r
Ri
f
t
Hogs
Sawed/
Sawed/
Sawed
Fl
a
t
Edge
G
r
ained
G
r
ained
P
ee
l
e
r
D
r
ied
C
l
assi
f
ied
Rota
r
y
Fl
a
t
Qua
r
te
r
Cut
S
l
iced
S
l
iced
D
r
ied
D
r
ied
K
i
l
n
Ai
r
Venee
r
Pl
ywood
G
r
aded
Lu
m
be
r
Vene
e
r
P
a
r
tic
l
e
Co
r
e
Co
r
e
B
oa
r
d
Co
r
e
G
r
aded
Ha
r
d
Fl
a
k
e
F
ibe
r
P
a
r
tic
l
e
B
oa
r
d
B
oa
r
d
B
oa
r
d
B
oa
r
d
Te
m
pe
r
ed
Standa
r
d
Low
M
ediu
m
High
Density
Density
Density
Interior Plywood Grades
Panel Grade
Face
Back
Inner Plies
Most Common Usages
N-N
N
N
C
Cabinet doors/furniture where both sides show
N-A
N
A
C
Cabinet doors/furniture where both sides show
N-B
N
B
C
Cabinet doors/furniture where one side shows
N-D
N
D
D
Cabinet doors/furniture where one side shows
A-A
A
A
D
Cabinet doors, built-ins, and furniture where both sides show
A-B
A
B
D
Alternate for A-A. Face is finish grade; back is solid and smooth.
A-D
A
D
D
Finish grade face for paneling, built-ins, and backing.
B-B
B
B
D
Two sides paintable.
B-D
B
D
D
Utility grade. One paintable side. Used for backing/cabinet sides.
C-D
C
D
D
Sheathing, temporary structural uses, and subfloor. Unsanded.
Underlayment
C plugged
D
C,D
For underlayment/subfloor-underlayment under tile and carpeting.
Exterior Plywood Grades
Panel Grade
Face
Back
Inner Plies
Most Common Usages
A-A
A
A
C
Outdoors, where appearance of both sides is important.
A-B
A
B
C
Alternate for A-A, where appearance of one side is less important. Face is finish grade.
A-C
A
C
C
Soffits, fences, base for coatings
B-C
B
C
C
For utility uses such as farm buildings, some kinds of fences, base for coatings.Ê
C-C plugged
C
C plugged
C
Excellent base for tile, backing for wallcoverings, high-performance coatings.Ê
C-C
C
C
C
Unsanded, for backing and rough construction exposed to weather.Ê
Veneer Quality
N
Intended for natural finish. Selected all heartwood or all sapwood. Free of open defects.
A
Used for natural finish in less demanding applications. Smooth and paintable. Neatly made repairs only.
B
Solid surfaced veneer. Can be painted. Repair plugs and tight knots allowed.
C
Sanding defects permitted that do not impair strength or serviceability.
C plugged
Improved C grade, closer limits on knotholes/splits.
D
Used only in interior type. Knots/knothole to 2 1/2″ max dimension. Limited splits allowed.
